Myth and reality of labour flexibility in India

The Indian Journal of Labour Economics - Tập 59 Số 1 - Trang 1-38 - 2016
Ravi Srivastava1
1Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Anant, T.C.A. (2009), “Revisiting Labour Market Regulation”, The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 195–202

Anant, T.C.A., Rana Hasan, P. Mohapatra, R. Nagaraj and S.K. Sasikumar (2006), “Labour Markets in India: Issues and Perspectives”, in Jesus Felipe and Rana Hasan (eds.), Labour Markets in Asia: Issues and Perspectives, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 205–300.

Auer, Peter (2007), “Security in labour markets: Combining flexibility with security for decent work”, Economic and Labour Market Papers, 2007 / 12, Employment Analysis and Research Unit, Economic and Labour Market Analysis Department, International Labour Organization, Geneva.

Banerjee, Debdas, (2008), “Labour Regulation and Industrial Development in West Bengal”, in General Series no. 8, T.S.Papola (ed.), Labour Regulation in Indian Industry, Institute for Studies in Industrial Development, New Delhi.

Barrientos, S. (2008),“Contract Labour: The ‘Achilles Heel’ of Corporate Codes in Commercial Value Chains”, Development and Change, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 977–990.

Barrientos, S. (2013), “‘Labour Chains’: Analysing the Role of Labour Contractors in Global Production Networks”, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 49, No. 8, pp. 1058–1071.

Besley, Timothy and Robin Burgess (2004), “Can Labour Regulation Hinder Economic Performance? Evidence from India”, (The) Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 119, No. 1, pp. 91–134.

Betcherman, G., A. Luinstra and M. Ogawa (2001), “Labor Market Regulation: International Experience in Promoting Employment and Social Protection”, Discussion Paper Series No. 0128, Employment Policy Primer, World Bank, Washington D.C.

Bhattacharjea, Aditya (2006), “Labour Market Regulation and Industrial Performance in India: A Critical Review of the Empirical Evidence”, The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 211–32.

Bhattacharjea, Aditya (2009), “The Effects of Employment Protection Legislation on Indian Manufacturing”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 44, No. 22, pp. 55–62.

Blinder, Alan S. (1973), “Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates”, The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 436–455.

Bose, A. J. C. (2012), “Labour Relations in a Liberalised Industry: A study of the Indian Automobile Workers”, Ph. D. Thesis, B.R. Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar.

Brimon, Katherine B. (2010), “Flexibility and Security at Work: Seeking a Balance of Interests”, ILS Discussion Paper Series 2010. Geneva: Institute of Labour Studies.

Chamarbagwala, R. (2006), “Economic liberalization and wage inequality in India”, World Development, Vol. 34, No. 12, pp. 1997–2015.

Chang, Dae-oup (2009), “Informalising Labour in Asia’s Global Factory”, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 161–179.

Chaurey, R. (2015), “Labor Regulations and Contract Labor Use: Evidence from Indian Firms”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 114, pp. 224–232

D’ Souza, Errol (2008), “Labour Market Institutions in India: Their Impact on Growth and Employment”, ILO Asia Pacific Working Paper Series, May, Sub-regional Office for South Asia, International Labour Organization, New Delhi.

Debroy, Bibek (2005), “Issues in Labour Law Reform”, in Bibek Debroy and P.D. Kaushik (eds.), Reforming the Labour Market, Academic Foundation, New Delhi.

Deshpande, L. K., A. N. Sharma, A.K Karan and S. Sarkar (2004), Liberalisation and labour – Labour flexibility in Indian Manufacturing, Institute for Human Development, Manohar, New Delhi.

Dougherty, Sean, Veronica C. Frisancho Robles and Kala Krishna (2011), “Employment Protection Legislation and Plant-Level Productivity in India”, NBER Working Paper No. 17693, The National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts Avenue, USA.

Dougherty, S. (2008), “Labour Regulation and Employment Dynamics at the State Level in India”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 624, OECD Publishing, France.

Dougherty, Sean (2009), “Labour Regulation and Employment Dynamics at the State Level in India”, Review of Market Integration, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 295–337.

European Commission (2006), “Modernising labour law to meet the challenges of the 21st century”, Green Paper No. COM (2006) 708 final (Brussels, European Commission).

European Commission (2013), “Labour market developments in Europe 2013”, European Economy 6/2013 (Brussels, European Commission).

Fallon, P.R. and R.E.B. Lucas (1993), “Job Security Regulation and the Dynamic Demand for Labour in India and Zimbabwe”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. XL, pp. 241– 275.

Freeman, Richard B. (2005), “Labour Market Institutions without Blinders: The Debate Over Flexibility And Labour Market Performance”, Working Paper No. 11286, National Bureau Of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.

Galli, R. and D. Kucera (2004), “Labor Standards and Informal Employment in Latin America”, World Development, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 809–828.

Ghose, A.K. (2014), “Employment in a time of High Growth”, Sunday Business Standard, 16 February, New Delhi.

Gobbi, Maria Sabrina de (2007), “Flexibility and security in labour markets of developing countries: in search of decent work for all Employment”, Employment Policy Papers 2007/6, International Labour Office, Employment Policy Department, ILO, Geneva.

Hasan, R. and Karl Robert L.Jandoc (2012), “Labor Regulations and the Firm Size Distribution in Indian Manufacturing”, Working Paper 212–3, Columbia Program on Indian Economic Policies, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York.

Heitmueller, Axel and Kirsty Inglis (2007), “The earnings of informal careers: Wage differentials and opportunity costs”, Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 821–841.

Hoda, Anwarul, and Durgesh K.Rai (2015), “Labour Regulations and Growth of Manufacturing and Employment in India: Balancing Protection and Flexibility”, Working Paper No. 298, International Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi.

International Labour Organisation (2008), Is Asia adopting flexicurity? A survey of employment policies in six countries, International Labour Office, Geneva.

International Labour Organisation (2009), “Private employment agencies, temporary agency workers and their contribution to the labour market”, Issues paper for discussion at the Workshop to promote ratification of the Private Employment Agencies Convention, 1997 (No. 181), International Labour Office, Geneva.

International Labour Organisation (2012), “Statistical Update on Employment in the Informal Economy”, Department of Statistics, International Labour Office, Geneva, Available at http://laborsta.ilo.org/informal_economy_E.html. Accessed on 22 September 2015.

International Labour Organisation (2015), Non-standard Forms of Employment. Report for discussion at the Meeting of Experts on Non-Standard Forms of Employment, Conditions of Work and Equality Department, International Labour Office, Geneva.

Jha, Praveen and Amit Chakraborty (2014), “Post-Fordism, Global Production Networks and Implications for Labour: Some Case Studies from National Capital Region, India”, ISID Working Paper No. 172, Institute for Studies in Industrial Development, New Delhi.

Jha, P. and S.Goldar (2008), “Labour Market Regulation and Economic Performance: A Critical Review of Arguments and Some Plausible Lessons for India”, Economic and Labour Market Papers 2008/1, International Labour Office, Geneva, Available at http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/download/elm/elm08-1.pdf, Accessed on 22 September 2015.

Kalhan, Anuradha (2007), “Permanently Temporary Workers in the Global Readymade Garment Hub of Bangalore”, The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 115–128.

Kannan, K. P., and G. Raveendran (2009), “Growth sans Employment: A quarter century of jobless growth in India’s organised manufacturing.” Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XLIV, No. 10, pp. 80–91.

Kijima, Y. (2006), “Why did wage inequality increase? Evidence from urban India 1983–99”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 81, pp. 97–117.

Labour Bureau (2015), “Trade Unions in India 2012”, Labour Bureau, Ministry of Labour & Employment, Government of India, Chandigarh/Shimla.

Li, S.; Wan, H. (forthcoming), “Labour market segmentation and the status of workers in China”, Conditions of Work and Equality Department, Geneva: International Labour Office.

Marcouiller, Douglas, Veronica Ruiz de Castilla, and Christopher Woodruff (1997), “Formal measures of the informal-sector wage gap in Mexico, El Salvador, and Peru.” Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 367–392.

Maurizio, R. (2014), “Labour formalization and declining inequality in Argentina and Brazil in 2000s: A dynamic approach”, ILO Research Paper No. 9, International Labour Organization, Geneva.

Mehrotra, Santosh (2003), “Protecting Labour Locally against Capital Investing Globally: Informalisation, Feminisation and Sub-contracted Home Work”, The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 421–446.

Mehrotra, Santosh, Jajati Parida, Sharmistha Sinha, and Ankita Gandhi (2014), “Explaining Employment Trends in the Indian Economy: 1993–4 to 2011–12”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XLIX, No. 32, pp. 49–57.

Mezzadri, A. (2010), “Globalisation, informalisation and the state in the Indian garment industry”, International Review of Sociology, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 491–511.

Mezzadri, A. and Ravi Srivastava (2015), “Capital-Labour Relationships in Formal Sector Garment Manufacturing in the Delhi National Capital Region of India”, First Report of the ESRC Project on Labour Conditions and the Working Poor in India and China (https://www.soas.ac.uk/cdpr/publications/reports/file106927.pdf)

Ministry of Finance, Government of India (2013), Economic Survey, 2012–13. Available at http://indiabudget.nic.in/budget2013-2014/survey.asp. Accessed on 22 September 2015.

NCEUS (2007), “Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihood in the Unorganised Sector”, National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector, Government of India, New Delhi.

NCEUS (2009), The Challenge of Employment: an Informal Economy Perspective (Vol. 1 & 2), Government of India and Academic Foundation, National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector, Government of India, New Delhi.

Neethi, P. (2008), “Contract Work in the Organised Manufacturing Sector: A Disaggregated Analysis of Trends and Their Implications”, The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 559–73.

Oaxaca, Ronald (1973), “Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets”, International Economic Review, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 693–709.

Organization for Economic Cooperation Development (2004), OECD Employment Outlook, OECD, Paris.

Papola, T.S. (ed.) (2008), Labour Regulation in Indian Industry, Vols. 1–10, Bookwell Publishers, New Delhi.

Papola, T.S., Jesim Pais and Partha Pratim Sahu (2008), “Labour Regulation in Indian Industry: Towards a Rational and Equitable Framework”, in T.S. Papola (ed.), Labour Regulation in Indian Industry, Institute for Studies in Industrial Development, Vol. 10, Bookwell Publishers, New Delhi.

Papola,T. S. (1994), “Structural Adjustment, Labour Market Flexibility and Employment”, The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp 3–16.

Planning Commission, Government of India (2001), “Report of the Task Force on Employment Opportunities”, Government of India, New Delhi, pp. 14–15.

Planning Commission, Government of India (2001), “Labour Laws and Other Labour Regulations”, Report of the Working Group on Labour Laws and Other Labour Regulation, Planning Commission, New Delhi. Available at http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/wg11_rplabr.pdf. Accessed on 22 September, 2015.

Ramaswamy, K.V. (2013), “Size Dependent Labour Regulations and Threshold Effects: The Case of Contract-Worker Intensity in Indian Manufacturing”, Working Paper-2013-012, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), Mumbai.

Rodgers, Gerry (2007), “Labour Market Flexibility and Decent Work”, DESA Working Paper No. 47, UN DESA, New York

Roy, Satyaki (2009), “Garments Industry in India: Lessons from Two Clusters”, ISID Working Paper 2009/01, Institute for Studies in Industrial Development, New Delhi.

Sarkar, Sandip and Balwant Singh Mehta (2010), “Income Inequality in India: Pre- and Post-Reform Periods”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 45, No. 37, pp. 45–55.

Sen, Kunal, Bibhas Saha and Dibyendu Maiti (2010), “Trade Openness, Labour Institutions and Flexibility: Theory and Evidence from India”, BWPI Working Paper no. 123, Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.

Sharma, Alakh N. (2006), “Flexibility, Employment and Labour Market Reforms in India”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 41, No. 21, pp. 2078–2085.

Sharma, Alakh N. and V. Kalpana (2008), “Labour Regulation and Industrial Development in Uttar Pradesh”, in T.S. Papola (ed.), Labour Regulation in Indian Industry, Institute for Studies in Industrial Development, Bookwell Publishers, New Delhi.

SNCL (2002), Report of the National Commission on Labour, Second National Commission on Labour, Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India, New Delhi.

Srivastava, Ravi (2014b), “Capital and Labour Standards in the Organised Construction Industry in India: A Study Based on Fieldwork in the National Capital Region of Delhi, in A. Mezzadri and R. Srivastava (eds.), Labour Regimes in the Indian Garment Sector: Capital-Labour Relations, Social Reproduction and Labour Standards in the National Capital Region (NCR), final ESRC report for the project ‘Labour Conditions and the Working Poor in China and India’ Economic and Social Research Council, London.

Srivastava, Ravi, (2015a),Structural Change and Non-standard Forms of Employment in India. Report prepared for the Inclusive Labour Markets, Labour Relations and Working Conditions Branch (INWORK), International Labour Office, Geneva (May).

Srivastava, Ravi (2015b), “Informal Labour, Migration and Inequality Dynamics in India”, Paper presented in the Symposium on Resisting Inequality/Enabling Inclusion: An India-Canada Comparison, York University, Toronto, Canada. 7–10 June 2015.

Srivastava, Ravi (2015c), “What matters for labour standards in Indian garment factories?The impact of regulations, factory size and markets on labour standards in the Delhi garment industry”, Global Labour University Conference, 30 September–2 October 2015, Washington D.C..,

Srivastava, Ravi and Ajit K. Jha (2016), “Capital and Labour Standards in the Organised Construction Industry in India: A Study Based on Fieldwork in the National Capital Region of Delhi”,. Second Report for the ESRC Project on Labour Conditions and the Working Poor in India and China. April. (https://www.soas.ac.uk/cdpr/publications/reports/file111602.pdf)

Standing, Guy (1986), “Aspects of labour market analysis. Labour Flexibility: Towards a Research Agenda”. World Employment Programme Research Working Paper. WEP 2-43/WP.3. April. Geneva: International Labour Office.

Standing, Guy (1999), Global Labour Flexibility: Seeking Distributive Justice, MacMillan Press, London.

Sundar, K. R. Shyam (2014), “The Myth of Inspector Raj in India”, Economic and Political Weekly, Web Exclusive, Vol. XLIX, No. 42,.

Sundar, K.R. Shyam (2008), “Impact of Labour Regulations on Industrial Development and Employment: A Study of Maharashtra”, in T.S. Papola (ed.), Labour Regulation in Indian Industry, Vol. 6, Institute for Studies in Industrial Development, Bookwell Publishers, New Delhi.

Van Eyck, Kim (2003), “Flexibilizing Employment: An Overview”, InFocus Programme on Boosting Employment through Small Enterprise Development, SEED WORKING PAPER No. 41, Job Creation and Enterprise Department, International Labour Office, Geneva.

Vandenberg, Paul (2010), “Is Asia adopting flexicurity?”, International Labour Review, Vol. 149, No. 1, pp. 31–58.

World Bank (2013), World Development Report 2013, Jobs, The World Bank, Washington D.C.