Myocarditis in COVID-19 patients: current problems

Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X et al (2020) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 395:507–513

Hendren NS, Drazner MH, Bozkurt B, Cooper LT Jr (2020) Description and proposed management of the acute COVID-19 cardiovascular syndrome. Circulation 141:1903–1914

Ali-Ahmed F, Dalgaard F, Al-Khatib SM (2020) Sudden cardiac death in patients with myocarditis: evaluation, risk stratification, and management. Am Heart J 220:29–40

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/health/coronavirus-cardiac-heart-attacks.html

Caforio ALP, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E et al (2013) Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 34:2636–2648

Ferreira VM, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G et al (2018) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in nonischemic myocardial inflammation: expert reccomendations. J Am CollCardiol 24:3158–3176

Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR et al (2019) Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 40:237–269

Leone O, Pieroni M, Rapezzi C, Olivotto I (2019) The spectrum of myocarditis: from pathology to the clinics. Virchows Arch 475:279–301

Cooper LT, Baughman KL, Feldman AM et al (2007) The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology. Circulation 116:2216–2233

D’Andrea A, Di Giannuario G, Marrazzo G et al (2020) The role of multimodality imaging in COVID-19 patients: from diagnosis to clinical monitoring and prognosis. G Ital Cardiol 21:345–353

Bonow RO, Fonarrow GC, O’Gara PT, Yancy CW (2020) Association of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with myocardial injury and mortality. JAMA Cardiol 5:751–753

Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J et al (2020) Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med 8:475–481

Shi S, Qin M, Shen B et al (2020) Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan. China JAMA Cardiol 5:802–810

Zhou F, Yu T, Du R et al (2020) Clinical Course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 395:1054–1062

Sawalha K, Abozenah M, Kadado AJ et al (2020) Systematic review of COVID-19 related myocarditis: insights on management and outcome. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carrev.2020.08.028

Kariyanna PT, Sutarjono B, Grewal E et al (2020) A systematic review of COVID-19 and myocarditis. Am J Med Case Rep 8:299–305

Ho JS, Sia CH, Chan MY, Lin W, Wong RC (2020) Coronavirus-induced myocarditis: a meta-summary of cases. Heart Lung 49:681–685

Esposito A, Palmisano A, Natale L et al (2020) Cardiac magnetic resonance characterization of myocarditis-like acute cardiac syndrome in COVID-19. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 13:2462–2465

Mele D, D’Andrea A, Campana M et al (2020) Non-ischemic ventricular dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: characteristics and implications for cardiac imaging on the basis of current evidence. G Ital Cardiol 21:739–749

Khatri A, Wallach F (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) presenting as purulent fulminant myopericarditis and cardiac tamponade: a case report and literature review. Heart Lung 49:858–863

Ozieranski K, Tyminska A, Jonik S et al (2020) Clinically suspected myocarditis in the course of severe acute respiratory syndrome novel coronavirus-2 infection: fact or fiction? J Cardiac Fail. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.11.002

Sala S, Peretto G, Gramegna M et al (2020) Acute myocarditis presenting as a reverse Tako-Tsubo syndrome in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection. Eur Heart J 41:1861–1862

Tavazzi G, Pellegrini C, Maurelli M et al (2020) Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail 22:911–915

Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J (2020) Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan. Intensive Care Med 46:846–848

Zeng J-H, Liu Y-X, Yuan J et al (2020) First case of COVID-19 complicated with fulminant myocarditis: a case report and insights. Infection 48:773–777

Shchedrygina A, Nagel E, Puntmann VO, Valbuena-Lopez S (2020) COVID-19 myocarditis and prospective heart failure burden. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779072.2021.1844005

Escher F, Pietsch H, Aleshcheva G et al (2020) Detection of viral SARS-CoV-2 genomes and histopathological changes in endomyocardial biopsies. ESC Heart Failure 7:2440–2447

Basso C, Leone O, Rizzo S et al (2020) Pathological features of COVID-19-associated myocardial injury: a multicentre cardiovascular pathology study. Eur Heart J 41:3827–3835

Lindner D, Fitzek A, Bräuninger H et al (2020) Association of cardiac infection with SARS-CoV-2 in confirmed COVID-19 autopsy cases. JAMA Cardiol 5:1281–1285

Wichmann D, Sperhake J-P, Lutgehetmann M et al (2020) Autopsy findings and venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-2003

Buja LM, Wolf DA, Zhao B et al (2020) The emerging spectrum of cardiopulmonary pathology of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Report of 3 autopsies from Houston, Texas, and review of autopsy findings from other United States cities. Cardiovascular Pathology 48:107233

Fox SE, Akmatbekov A, Harbert JL et al (2020) Pulmonary and cardiac pathology in African American patients with COVID-19: an autopsy series from New Orleans. Lancet Respir Med 8:681–686

Menter T, Haslbauer JD, Nienhold R et al (2020) Postmortem examination of COVID-19 patients reveals diffuse alveolar damage with severe capillary congestion and variegated findings in lungs and other organs suggesting vascular dysfunction. Histopathology 77:198–209

Craver R, Huber S, Sandomirsky M et al (2020) Fatal eosinophilic myocarditis in a healthy 17-year-old male with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2c). Fetal Pediatr Pathol 39:263–268

Russell B, Moss C, George G et al (2020) Associations between immune-suppressive and stimulating drugs and novel COVID-19—a systematic review of current evidence. Ecancermedicalscience 14:1022

Alijotas-Reiga J, Esteve-Valverde E, Beliznaf C et al (2020) Immunomodulatory therapy for the management of severe COVID-Beyond the anti-viral therapy: a comprehensive review. Autoimmunity Rev 19:102569

Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P et al (2020) Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet 395:1417–1418

Cooper LT, Berry GJ, Shabetai R (1997) Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis–natural history and treatment. Multicenter giant cell myocarditis study group investigators. N Engl J Med 336:1860–1866

Cooper LT Jr, Hare JM, Tazelaar HD et al (2008) Giant cell myocarditis treatment trial investigators usefulness of immunosuppression for giant cell myocarditis. Am J Cardiol 102:1535–1539

Frustaci A, Chimenti C, Calabrese F et al (2003) Immunosuppressive therapy for active lymphocytic myocarditis: virological and immunologic profile of responders versus nonresponders. Circulation 107:857–863

Frustaci A, Russo MA, Chimenti C (2009) Randomized study on the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with virus-negative inflammatory cardiomyopathy: the TIMIC study. Eur Heart J 30:1995–2002

Mason JW, Billingham ME, Ricci DR (1980) Treatment of acute inflammatory myocarditis assisted by endomyocardial biopsy. Am J Cardiol 45:1037–1044

Jones SR, Herskowitz A, Hutchins GM, Baughman KL (1991) Effects of immunosuppressive therapy in biopsy-proved myocarditis and borderline myocarditis on left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol 68:370–376

Kociol RD, Cooper LT, Fang JC et al (2020) Recognition and initial management of fulminant myocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 141:e69–e92

Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M et al (2020) COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet 395:1033–1034

Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y et al (2020) Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan. China JAMA Intern Med 180:934–943

Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK (2020) Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet 395:473–475

Huang X, Sun Y, Su G, Li Y, Shuai X (2019) Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for acute myocarditis in children and adults. Int Heart J 60:359–365

Shen C, Wang Z, Zhao F et al (2020) Treatment of 5 critically Ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. JAMA 323:1582–1589

Kow CS, Hasan SS (2020) Glucocorticoid versus immunoglobulin in the treatment of COVID-19-associated fulminant myocarditis. Infection 48:805–806

WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium (2020) Repurposed antiviral drugs for COVID-19—interim WHO solidarity trial results. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2023184

Recovery Collaborative Group (2020) Lopinavir-ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, plat-form trial. Lancet 396:1345–1352

Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y et al (2020) Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 8:420–422

Evans PC, Rainger GE, Mason JC et al (2020) Endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19: a position paper of the ESC Working Group for Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology, and the ESC Council of Basic Cardiovascular Science. Cardiovasc Res 116:2177–2184

Siripanthong B, Nazarian S, Muser D et al (2020) Recognizing COVID-19—related myocarditis: The possible pathophysiology and proposed guideline for diagnosis and management. Heart Rhythm 17:1463–1471

Cau R, Bassareo P, Saba L (2020) Cardiac involvement in COVID-19—assessment with echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. SN Compr Clin Med. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-020-00344-7