Myocardial Scar But Not Ischemia Is Associated With Defibrillator Shocks and Sudden Cardiac Death in Stable Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Mozaffarian, 2007, Prediction of mode of death in heart failure: the Seattle Heart Failure Model, Circulation, 116, 392, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.687103 Curtis, 2003, The association of left ventricular ejection fraction, mortality, and cause of death in stable outpatients with heart failure, J Am Coll Cardiol, 42, 736, 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00789-7 Epstein, 2013, J Am Coll Cardiol, 61, e6, 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.014 Moss, 2002, Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction, N Engl J Med, 346, 877, 10.1056/NEJMoa013474 Bardy, 2005, Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure, N Engl J Med, 352, 225, 10.1056/NEJMoa043399 Ezzat, 2015, A systematic review of ICD complications in randomised controlled trials versus registries: is our 'real-world' data an underestimation?, Open Heart, 2, e000198, 10.1136/openhrt-2014-000198 Fishman, 2010, Sudden cardiac death prediction and prevention: report from a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Heart Rhythm Society Workshop, Circulation, 122, 2335, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.976092 Schmidt, 2007, Infarct tissue heterogeneity by magnetic resonance imaging identifies enhanced cardiac arrhythmia susceptibility in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, Circulation, 115, 2006, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.653568 Yan, 2006, Characterization of the peri-infarct zone by contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a powerful predictor of post-myocardial infarction mortality, Circulation, 114, 32, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.613414 Spann, 1964, Arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction; a study utilizing an electrocardiographic monitor for automatic detection and recording of arrhythmias, N Engl J Med, 271, 427, 10.1056/NEJM196408272710901 El Fakhri, 2009, Reproducibility and accuracy of quantitative myocardial blood flow assessment with (82)Rb PET: comparison with (13)N-ammonia PET, J Nucl Med, 50, 1062, 10.2967/jnumed.104.007831 Di Carli, 2007, Clinical myocardial perfusion PET/CT, J Nucl Med, 48, 783, 10.2967/jnumed.106.032789 Slomka, 2005, Automated quantification of myocardial perfusion SPECT using simplified normal limits, J Nucl Cardiol, 12, 66, 10.1016/j.nuclcard.2004.10.006 Cerqueira, 2002, Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Cardiac Imaging Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association, Circulation, 105, 539, 10.1161/hc0402.102975 Zimmermann, 1995, Residual 201Tl activity in irreversible defects as a marker of myocardial viability. Clinicopathological study, Circulation, 91, 1016, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.4.1016 Medrano, 1996, Assessment of myocardial viability with 99mTc sestamibi in patients undergoing cardiac transplantation. A scintigraphic/pathological study, Circulation, 94, 1010, 10.1161/01.CIR.94.5.1010 Dakik, 1997, Assessment of myocardial viability with 99mTc-sestamibi tomography before coronary bypass graft surgery: correlation with histopathology and postoperative improvement in cardiac function, Circulation, 96, 2892, 10.1161/01.CIR.96.9.2892 Maes, 1997, Assessment of myocardial viability in chronic coronary artery disease using technetium-99m sestamibi SPECT. Correlation with histologic and positron emission tomographic studies and functional follow-up, J Am Coll Cardiol, 29, 62, 10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00442-1 Di Carli, 1998, Relation of myocardial perfusion at rest and during pharmacologic stress to the PET patterns of tissue viability in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction, J Nucl Cardiol, 5, 558, 10.1016/S1071-3581(98)90109-X Tamaki, 1995, Prediction of reversible ischemia after revascularization. Perfusion and metabolic studies with positron emission tomography, Circulation, 91, 1697, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.6.1697 Mahrholdt, 2002, Reproducibility of chronic infarct size measurement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, Circulation, 106, 2322, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000036368.63317.1C Ibrahim, 2005, Quantitative measurement of infarct size by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging early after acute myocardial infarction: comparison with single-photon emission tomography using Tc99m-sestamibi, J Am Coll Cardiol, 45, 544, 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.10.058 Udelson, 1994, Predicting recovery of severe regional ventricular dysfunction. Comparison of resting scintigraphy with 201Tl and 99mTc-sestamibi, Circulation, 89, 2552, 10.1161/01.CIR.89.6.2552 El Fakhri, 2005, Quantitative dynamic cardiac 82Rb PET using generalized factor and compartment analyses, J Nucl Med, 46, 1264 Gupta, 2017, Integrated noninvasive physiological assessment of coronary circulatory function and impact on cardiovascular mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease, Circulation, 136, 2325, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029992 Hicks, 2015, J Am Coll Cardiol, 66, 403, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.018 Fine, 1999, A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk, J Am Stat Assoc, 94, 496, 10.1080/01621459.1999.10474144 Di Diego, 2011, Ischemic ventricular arrhythmias: experimental models and their clinical relevance, Heart Rhythm, 8, 1963, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.06.036 Luqman, 2007, Myocardial ischemia and ventricular fibrillation: pathophysiology and clinical implications, Int J Cardiol, 119, 283, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.09.016 Kwong, 2006, Impact of unrecognized myocardial scar detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on event-free survival in patients presenting with signs or symptoms of coronary artery disease, Circulation, 113, 2733, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.570648 Klem, 2012, Assessment of myocardial scarring improves risk stratification in patients evaluated for cardiac defibrillator implantation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 60, 408, 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.02.070 Rijnierse, 2014, Impaired hyperemic myocardial blood flow is associated with inducibility of ventricular arrhythmia in ischemic cardiomyopathy, Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 7, 20, 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.001158 Paganelli, 2001, Influence of residual myocardial ischaemia on induced ventricular arrhythmias following a first acute myocardial infarction, Eur Heart J, 22, 1931, 10.1053/euhj.2001.2628 Daubert, 2006, Predictive value of ventricular arrhythmia inducibility for subsequent ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation in Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT) II patients, J Am Coll Cardiol, 47, 98, 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.08.049 Ghannam, 2017, Relationship of non-invasive quantification of myocardial blood flow to arrhythmic events in patients with implantable cardiac defibrillators, J Nucl Cardiol Kandzari, 2016, Frequency and implications of ischemia prior to ventricular tachyarrhythmia in patients treated with a wearable cardioverter defibrillator following myocardial infarction, Clin Cardiol, 39, 399, 10.1002/clc.22544 Elhendy, 2000, Relation among exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, and viability late after acute myocardial infarction, Am J Cardiol, 86, 723, 10.1016/S0002-9149(00)01070-5 Piccini, 2008, Single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion defects are associated with an increased risk of all-cause death, cardiovascular death, and sudden cardiac death, Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 1, 180, 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.108.776484 Bilchick, 2017, Seattle Heart Failure and Proportional Risk Models predict benefit from implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, J Am Coll Cardiol, 69, 2606, 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.03.568 Solomon, 2017, Who benefits from implantable cardioverter-defibrillators?: integrating absolute, proportional, and competing risk, J Am Coll Cardiol, 69, 2619, 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.006 Fukuda, 2015, Cardiac innervation and sudden cardiac death, Circ Res, 116, 2005, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.304679 Gibbons, 2004, The quantification of infarct size, J Am Coll Cardiol, 44, 1533, 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.071