Myocardial Fat Imaging

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Radiology 2002, 224:231–235. •• Reeder SB, Markl M, Yu H, et al.: Cardiac CINE imaging with IDEAL water-fat separation and steady-state free precession. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005, 22:44–52. This article describes cardiac applications for fat-water–separated imaging. McGavock JM, Victor RG, Unger RH, Szczepaniak LS: Adiposity of the heart, revisited. Ann Intern Med 2006, 144:517–524. den Hollander JA, Evanochko WT, Pohost GM: Observation of cardiac lipids in humans by localized 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Magn Reson Med 1994, 32:175–180. Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins RL, Metzger GJ, et al.: Myocardial triglycerides and systolic function in humans: in vivo evaluation by localized proton spectroscopy and cardiac imaging. Magn Reson Med 2003, 49:417–423. van der Meer RW, Doornbos J, Kozerke S, et al.: Metabolic imaging of myocardial triglyceride content: reproducibility of 1H MR spectroscopy with respiratory navigator gating in volunteers. Radiology 2007, 245:251–257. McGavock JM, Lingvay I, Zib I, et al.: Cardiac steatosis in diabetes mellitus: a 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Circulation 2007, 116:1110–1112. Szczepaniak LS, Victor RG, Orci L, Unger RH: Forgotten but not gone: the rediscovery of fatty heart, the most common unrecognized disease in America. Circ Res 2007, 101:759–767. Rijzewijk LJ, van der Meer RW, Smit JW, et al.: Myocardial steatosis is an independent predictor of diastolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 52:1793–1799. Liu CY, Redheuil A, Ouwerkerk R, et al.: Myocardial fat quantification using 2D Dixon MRI: feasibility study. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2009, 11(Suppl 1):107. Dixon W: Simple proton spectroscopic imaging. Radiology 1984, 153:189–194. • Reeder SB, Wen Z, Yu H, et al.: Multicoil Dixon chemical species separation with an iterative least squares estimation method. Magn Reson Med 2004, 51:35–45. This article details initial development of the IDEAL algorithm for fat-water–separated imaging. Reeder SB, Pineda AR, Wen Z, et al.: Iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation (IDEAL): application with fast-spin echo imaging. Magn Reson Med 2005, 54:636–644. Yu H, Reeder SB, Shimakawa A, et al.: Field map estimation with a region growing scheme for iterative 3-point water-fat decomposition. Magn Reson Med 2005, 54:1032–1039. Hernando D, Haldar JP, Sutton BP, et al.: Joint estimation of water/fat images and field inhomogeneity map. Magn Res Med 2008, 59:571–580. Lu W, Yu H, Shimakawa A, et al.: Water-fat separation with bipolar multiecho sequences. Magn Reson Med 2008, 60:198–209. • Yu H, Shimakawa A, McKenzie CA, et al.: Multiecho water fat separation and simultaneous R2* estimation with multifrequency fat spectrum modeling. Magn Reson Med 2008, 60:1122–1134. This article describes the importance of improved fat models on performance of fat and water separation. •• Hernando D, Kellman P, Haldar JP, Liang ZP: Robust water/fat separation in the presence of large field inhomogeneities using a graph cut algorithm. Magn Reson Med 2010, 63:79–90. This article presents a robust algorithm for fat-water–separated imaging in the heart. • Bley TA, Wieben O, François CJ, et al.: Fat and water magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010, 31:4–18. This is a review of methods for fat and water imaging. • Liu CY, McKenzie CA, Yu H, et al.: Fat quantification with IDEAL gradient echo imaging: correction of bias from T(1) and noise. Magn Reson Med 2007, 58:354–364. This article describes important considerations for fat quantification. Shah S, Bi X, Hernando D, et al.: Coronary MRA at 3T using 3d multi-interleaved multi-echo acquisition with varpro fat-water separation. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2010, 12(Suppl 1):P42 • Pineda AR, Reeder SB, Wen Z, Pelc NJ: Cramér-Rao bounds for three-point decomposition of water and fat. Magn Reson Med 2005, 54:625–635. This article presents guidelines for selection of echo times and formulation of effective averaging. Taguchi R, Takasu J, Itani Y, et al.: Pericardial fat accumulation in men as a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2001, 157:203–209. Macedo R, Prakasa K, Tichnell C, et al.: Marked lipomatous infiltration of the right ventricle: MRI findings in relation to arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007, 188:W423–W427. O’Connor S, Recavarren R, Nichols LC, Parwani AV: Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum: an overview. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006, 130:397–399. Jamis-Dow CA, Turner J, Biesecker LG, Choyke PL: Radiologic manifestations of Proteus syndrome. Radiographics 2004, 24:1051–1068. 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Hunold P, Schlosser T, Vogt FM, et al.: Myocardial late enhancement in contrast-enhanced cardiac MRI: distinction between infarction scar and non-infarction-related disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005, 184:1420–1426. Kim RJ, Shah DJ, Judd RM: How we perform delayed enhancement imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2003, 5:505–514. Erratum in J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2003, 5:613–615.