Myelin Breakdown and Iron Changes in Huntington’s Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment Implications
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Landles C, Bates GP (2004) Huntingtin and the molecular pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease. Fourth in molecular medicine review series. EMBO Rep 5:958–963
Harper PS, Shaw D (1996) Huntington’s disease: genetic and molecular studies. In: Harper PS (eds) Huntington’s disease 2nd edn. W.B.Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 241–293
Persichetti F, Carlee L, Faber PW, McNeil SM, Ambrose CM, Srinidhi J, Anderson M, Barnes GT, Gusella JF, MacDonald ME (1996) Differential expression of normal and mutant Huntington’s disease gene alleles. Neurobiol Dis 3:183–190
Bartzokis G, Cummings J, Perlman S, Hance DB, Mintz J (1999) Increased basal ganglia iron levels in Huntington disease. Arch Neurol 56:569–574
Bartzokis G, Lu PH, Tishler TA, Perlman S (2006) In vivo assessment of iron in Huntington’s disease and other age-related degenerative brain diseases. In: Sigel A, Sigel H, Sigel RKO (eds) Metal ions in life sciences, vol 1. Wiley, Chichester, pp 151–177
Jones AL (1996) The Huntington’s disease gene and its protein product. In: Harper PS (eds) Huntington’s disease, 2 edn. W.B.Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 293–316
Mascalchi M, Lolli F, Della Nave R, Tessa C, Petralli R, Gavazzi C, Politi LS, Macucci M, Filippi M, Piacentini S (2004) Huntington disease: volumetric, diffusion-weighted, and magnetization transfer MR imaging of brain. Radiology 232:867–873
Jernigan TL, Salmon DP, Butters N, Hesselink JR (1991) Cerebral structure on MRI, Part II: specific changes in Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s diseases. Biol Psychiatry 29:68–81
Aylward EH, Anderson NB, Bylsma FW, Wagster MV, Barta PE, Sherr M, Feeney J, Davis A, Rosenblatt A, Pearlson GD, Ross CA (1998) Frontal lobe volume in patients with Huntington’s disease. Neurology. 50:252–258
Mann DM, Oliver R, Snowden JS (1993) The topographic distribution of brain atrophy in Huntington’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 85:553–559
Rosas HD, Koroshetz WJ, Chen YI, Skeuse C, Vangel M, Cudkowicz ME, Caplan K, Marek K, Seidman LJ, Makris N, Jenkins BG, Goldstein JM (2003) Evidence for more widespread cerebral pathology in early HD: An MRI-based morphometric analysis. Neurology 60:1615–1620
Thieben MJ, Duggins AJ, Good CD, Gomes L, Mahant N, Richards F, McCusker E, Frackowiak RS (2002) The distribution of structural neuropathology in pre-clinical Huntington’s disease. Brain 125:1815–1828
Fennema-Notestine C, Archibald SL, Jacobson MW, Corey-Bloom J, Paulsen JS, Peavy GM, Gamst AC, Hamilton JM, Salmon DP, Jernigan TL (2004) In vivo evidence of cerebellar atrophy and cerebral white matter loss in Huntington disease. Neurology 63:989–995
Paulsen JS, Magnotta VA, Mikos AE, Paulson HL, Penziner E, Andreasen NC, Nopoulos PC (2006) Brain structure in preclinical Huntington’s disease. Biol Psychiatry 59:57–63
Reading SA, Yassa MA, Bakker A, Dziorny AC, Gourley LM, Yallapragada V, Rosenblatt A, Margolis RL, Aylward EH, Brandt J, Mori S, van Zijl P, Bassett SS, Ross CA (2005) Regional white matter change in pre-symptomatic Huntington’s disease: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Psychiatry Res 140:55–62
Bruyn GW (1973) Neuropathological changes in Huntington’s chorea. In: Barbeau A, Chase TN, Paulson GW (eds) Huntington’s Chorea, vol 1. Raven Press, New York, pp 399–403
Liss L, Paulson GW, Sommer A (1973) Rigid form of Huntington’s chorea: a clinicopathological study of three cases. In: Barbeau A, Chase TN, Paulson GW (eds) Huntington’s Chorea, vol 1. Raven Press, New York, pp 405–424
Klintworth GK (1973) Huntington’s chorea—morphologic contributions of a century. In: Barbeau A, Paulson GW, Chase TN (eds) Advances in neurology. Huntington’s chorea, vol 1. 1872–1972. Raven Press, New York, pp 353–368
de la Monte SM, Vonsattel JP, Richardson EP Jr (1988) Morphometric demonstration of atrophic changes in the cerebral cortex, white matter, and neostriatum in Huntington’s disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 47:516–525
Peters A, Sethares C (2004) Oligodendrocytes, their progenitors and other neuroglial cells in the aging primate cerebral cortex. Cereb Cortex 14:995–1007
Sotrel A, Paskevich PA, Kiely DK, Bird ED, Williams RS, Myers RH (1991) Morphometric analysis of the prefrontal cortex in Huntington’s disease. Neurology 41:1117–1123
Myers RH, Vonsattel JP, Paskevich PA, Kiely DK, Stevens TJ, Cupples LA, Richardson EP Jr, Bird ED (1991) Decreased neuronal and increased oligodendroglial densities in Huntington’s disease caudate nucleus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 50:729–742
Gomez-Tortosa E, MacDonald ME, Friend JC, Taylor SA, Weiler LJ, Cupples LA, Srinidhi J, Gusella JF, Bird ED, Vonsattel JP, Myers RH (2001) Quantitative neuropathological changes in presymptomatic Huntington’s disease. Ann Neurol 49:29–34
Bartzokis G (2004) Age-related myelin breakdown: a developmental model of cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 25:5–18
Zecca L, Youdim MB, Riederer P, Connor JR, Crichton RR (2004) Iron, brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 5:863–873
Dexter DT, Jenner P, Schapira AH, Marsden CD (1992) Alterations in levels of iron, ferritin, and other trace metals in neurodegenerative diseases affecting the basal ganglia. The Royal Kings and Queens Parkinson’s Disease Research Group. Ann Neurol 32(Suppl 1): S94–S100
Chen JC, Hardy PA, Kucharczyk W, Clauberg M, Joshi JG, Vourlas A, Dhar M, Henkelman RM (1993) MR of human postmortem brain tissue: correlative study between T2 and assays of iron and ferritin in Parkinson and Huntington disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 14:275–281
Youdim MB, Ben-Shachar D, Riederer P (1991) Iron in brain function and dysfunction with emphasis on Parkinson’s disease. Eur Neurol 31(Suppl 1):34–40
Connor JR, Benkovic SA (1992) Iron regulation in the brain: histochemical, biochemical, and molecular considerations. Ann Neurol 32(Suppl 1):S51–S61
Connor JR, Menzies SL (1995) Cellular management of iron in the brain. J Neurol Sci 134(Suppl):33–44
Bartzokis G, Tishler TA, Shin I-S, Lu PH, Cummings JL (2004) Brain ferritin iron as a risk factor for age at onset in neurodegenerative diseases. In: LeVine S, Connor J, Schipper H (eds) Redox-active metals in neurological disorders, vol 1012. Ann N Y Acad Sci, New York, pp 224–236
Berg D, Youdim MB (2006) Role of iron in neurodegenerative disorders. Top Magn Reson Imaging 17:5–17
Oldendorf WH, Oldendorf W Jr (1988) Basics of magnetic resonance imaging. Martinus Nijhof Publishing, Boston, MA
Kamman RL, Go KG, Brouwer W, Berendsen HJ (1988) Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation in experimental brain edema: effects of water concentration, protein concentration, and temperature. Magn Reson Med 6:265–274
Bartzokis G, Aravagiri M, Oldendorf WH, Mintz J, Marder SR (1993) Field dependent transverse relaxation rate increase may be a specific measure of tissue iron stores. Magn Reson Med 29:459–464
Bartzokis G, Mintz J, Sultzer D, Marx P, Herzberg JS, Phelan CK, Marder SR (1994) In vivo MR evaluation of age-related increases in brain iron. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 15:1129–1138
Vymazal J, Hajek M, Patronas N, Giedd JN, Bulte JW, Baumgarner C, Tran V, Brooks RA (1995) The quantitative relation between T1-weighted and T2-weighted MRI of normal gray matter and iron concentration. J Magn Reson Imaging 5:554–560
Vymazal J, Brooks RA, Patronas N, Hajek M, Bulte JW, Di Chiro G (1995) Magnetic resonance imaging of brain iron in health and disease. J Neurol Sci 134(Suppl 1):19–26
Peters A, Rosene DL, Moss MB, Kemper TL, Abraham CR, Tigges J, Albert MS (1996) Neurobiological bases of age-related cognitive decline in the rhesus monkey. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55:861–874
Bartzokis G, Sultzer D, Lu PH, Nuechterlein KH, Mintz J, Cummings J (2004) Heterogeneous age-related breakdown of white matter structural integrity: implications for cortical “disconnection” in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 25:843–851
Bartzokis G, Lu PH, Geschwind DH, Edwards N, Mintz J, Cummings JL (2006) Apolipoprotein E genotype and age-related myelin breakdown in healthy individuals: implications for cognitive decline and dementia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:63–72
Bartzokis G, Beckson M, Hance DB, Marx P, Foster JA, Marder SR (1997) MR evaluation of age-related increase of brain iron in young adult and older normal males. Magn Reson Imaging 15:29–35
Bartzokis G, Sultzer D, Mintz J, Holt LE, Marx P, Phelan CK, Marder SR (1994) In vivo evaluation of brain iron in Alzheimer’s disease and normal subjects using MRI. Biol Psychiatry 35:480–487
Vymazal J, Brooks RA, Baumgarner C, Tran V, Katz D, Bulte JW, Bauminger R, Di Chiro G (1996) The relation between brain iron and NMR relaxation times: an in vitro study. Magn Reson Med 35:56–61
Vymazal J, Zak O, Bulte JW, Aisen P, Brooks RA (1996) T1 and T2 of ferritin solutions: effect of loading factor. Magn Reson Med 36:61–65
Floyd RA, Carney JM (1993) The role of metal ions in oxidative processes and aging. Toxicol Ind Health 9:197–214
Morris CM, Candy JM, Oakley AE, Bloxham CA, Edwardson JA (1992) Histochemical distribution of non-haem iron in the human brain. Acta Anat (Basel) 144:235–257
Bartzokis G, Sultzer D, Cummings BJ, Holt LE, Hance DB, Henderson VW, Mintz J (2000) In vivo evaluation of brain iron in Alzheimer’s disease and normal controls using magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:47–53
Bartzokis G, Tishler TA, Lu PH, Villablanca P, Altshuler LL, Carter M, Huang D, Edwards N, Mintz J (2007) Brain ferritin iron may influence age- and gender-related risks of neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Aging 28:414–423
Bulte JW, Miller GF, Vymazal J, Brooks RA, Frank JA (1997) Hepatic hemosiderosis in non-human primates: quantification of liver iron using different field strengths. Magn Reson Med 37:530–536
Bartzokis G, Cummings JL, Markham CH, Marmarelis PZ, Treciokas LJ, Tishler TA, Marder SR, Mintz J (1999) MRI evaluation of brain iron in earlier- and later-onset Parkinson’s disease and normal subjects. Magn Reson Imaging 17:213–222
Doraiswamy PM, Finefrock AE (2004) Metals in our minds: therapeutic implications for neurodegenerative disorders. Lancet Neurol 3:431–434
Ke Y, Ming Qian Z (2003) Iron misregulation in the brain: a primary cause of neurodegenerative disorders. Lancet Neurol 2:246–253
Lamantia AS, Rakic P (1990) Cytological and quantitative characteristics of four cerebral commissures in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 291:520–537
Kemper T (1994) Neuroanatomical and neuropathological changes during aging and dementia. In: Albert M, Knoefel J (eds) Clinical neurology of aging 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 3–67
Yakovlev PI, Lecours AR (1967) Regional development of the brain in early life. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston, pp 3–70
Hallgren B, Sourander P (1958) The effect of age on the non-haemin iron in the human brain. J Neurochem 3:41–51
Hotelling H (1940) The selection of variates for use in prediction with some comments on the general problem of nuisance parameters. Ann Math Stat 11:271–283
Hartman BK, Agrawal HC, Agrawal D, Kalmbach S (1982) Development and maturation of central nervous system myelin: comparison of immunohistochemical localization of proteolipid protein and basic protein in myelin and oligodendrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:4217–4220
Trotter JL, Wegescheide CL, Garvey WF (1984) Regional studies of myelin proteins in human brain and spinal cord. Neurochem Res 9:133–146
Schwob VS, Clark HB, Agrawal D, Agrawal HC (1985) Electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of myelin proteolipid protein and myelin basic protein to oligodendrocytes in rat brain during myelination. J Neurochem 45:559–571
Tolwani RJ, Cosgaya JM, Varma S, Jacob R, Kuo LE, Shooter EM (2004) BDNF overexpression produces a long-term increase in myelin formation in the peripheral nervous system. J Neurosci Res 77:662–669
Du Y, Fischer TZ, Lee LN, Lercher LD, Dreyfus CF (2003) Regionally specific effects of BDNF on oligodendrocytes. Dev Neurosci 25:116–126
Djalali S, Holtje M, Grosse G, Rothe T, Stroh T, Grosse J, Deng DR, Hellweg R, Grantyn R, Hortnagl H, Ahnert-Hilger G (2005) Effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on glial cells and serotonergic neurones during development. J Neurochem 92:616–627
Gauthier LR, Charrin BC, Borrell-Pages M, Dompierre JP, Rangone H, Cordelieres FP, De Mey J, MacDonald ME, Lessmann V, Humbert S, Saudou F (2004) Huntingtin controls neurotrophic support and survival of neurons by enhancing BDNF vesicular transport along microtubules. Cell 118:127–138
Canals JM, Pineda JR, Torres-Peraza JF, Bosch M, Martin-Ibanez R, Munoz MT, Mengod G, Ernfors P, Alberch J (2004) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates the onset and severity of motor dysfunction associated with enkephalinergic neuronal degeneration in Huntington’s disease. J Neurosci 24:7727–7739
O’Kusky J, Colonnier M (1982) Postnatal changes in the number of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in the visual cortex (area 17) of the macaque monkey: a stereological analysis in normal and monocularly deprived animals. J Comp Neurol 210:307–315
Bartzokis G (2004) Quadratic trajectories of brain myelin content: unifying construct for neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurobiol Aging 25:49–62
LeVine SM, Macklin WB (1990) Iron-enriched oligodendrocytes: a reexamination of their spatial distribution. J Neurosci Res 26:508–512
Quintana C, Bellefqih S, Laval JY, Guerquin-Kern JL, Wu TD, Avila J, Ferrer I, Arranz R, Patino C (2006) Study of the localization of iron, ferritin, and hemosiderin in Alzheimer’s disease hippocampus by analytical microscopy at the subcellular level. J Struct Biol 153:42–54
Dwork AJ (1995) Effects of diet and development upon the uptake and distribution of cerebral iron. J Neurol Sci 134(Suppl 1):45–51
Connor JR, Menzies SL (1996) Relationship of iron to oligodendrocytes and myelination. Glia 17:83–93
Erb GL, Osterbur DL, LeVine SM (1996) The distribution of iron in the brain: a phylogenetic analysis using iron histochemistry. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 93:120–128
Hill JM, Switzer RC (1984) The regional distribution and cellular localization of iron in the rat brain. Neuroscience 11:595–603
Sapp E, Kegel KB, Aronin N, Hashikawa T, Uchiyama Y, Tohyama K, Bhide PG, Vonsattel JP, DiFiglia M (2001) Early and progressive accumulation of reactive microglia in the Huntington disease brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 60:161–172
Pavese N, Gerhard A, Tai YF, Ho AK, Turkheimer F, Barker RA, Brooks DJ, Piccini P (2006) Microglial activation correlates with severity in Huntington disease: a clinical and PET study. Neurology 66:1638–1643
Mehlhase J, Gieche J, Widmer R, Grune T (2006) Ferritin levels in microglia depend upon activation: modulation by reactive oxygen species. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:854–859
Zhang X, Surguladze N, Slagle-Webb B, Cozzi A, Connor JR (2006) Cellular iron status influences the functional relationship between microglia and oligodendrocytes. Glia 54:795–804
O’Kusky J, Colonnier M (1982) A laminar analysis of the number of neurons, glia, and synapses in the visual cortex (area 17) of adult macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol 210:278–290
Bartzokis G, Beckson M, Lu PH, Nuechterlein KH, Edwards N, Mintz J (2001) Age-related changes in frontal and temporal lobe volumes in men: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:461–465
Bartzokis G (2002) Schizophrenia: breakdown in the well-regulated lifelong process of brain development and maturation. Neuropsychopharmacology 27:672–683
Bartzokis G (2005) Brain myelination in prevalent neuropsychiatric developmental disorders: primary and comorbid addiction. Adolesc Psychiatry 29:55–96
Vonsattel JP, Myers RH, Stevens TJ, Ferrante RJ, Bird ED, Richardson EP Jr (1985) Neuropathological classification of Huntington’s disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 44:559–577
Crapper McLachlan DR, Dalton AJ, Kruck TP, Bell MY, Smith WL, Kalow W, Andrews DF (1991) Intramuscular desferrioxamine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease [published erratum appears in Lancet 1991 Jun 29;337(8757):1618] [see comments]. Lancet 337:1304–1308
Ritchie CW, Bush AI, Mackinnon A, Macfarlane S, Mastwyk M, MacGregor L, Kiers L, Cherny R, Li QX, Tammer A, Carrington D, Mavros C, Volitakis I, Xilinas M, Ames D, Davis S, Beyreuther K, Tanzi RE, Masters CL (2003) Metal-protein attenuation with iodochlorhydroxyquin (clioquinol) targeting abeta amyloid deposition and toxicity in Alzheimer disease: a pilot phase 2 clinical trial. Arch Neurol 60:1685–1691
Shin RW, Kruck TP, Murayama H, Kitamoto T (2003) A novel trivalent cation chelator feralex dissociates binding of aluminum and iron associated with hyperphosphorylated tau of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res 961:139–146
Kaur D, Yantiri F, Rajagopalan S, Kumar J, Mo JQ, Boonplueang R, Viswanath V, Jacobs R, Yang L, Beal MF, DiMonte D, Volitaskis I, Ellerby L, Cherny RA, Bush AI, Andersen JK (2003) Genetic or pharmacological iron chelation prevents MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in vivo: a novel therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Neuron 37:899–909
Nguyen T, Hamby A, Massa SM (2005) Clioquinol down-regulates mutant huntingtin expression in vitro and mitigates pathology in a Huntington’s disease mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:11840–11845
Newman MB, Arendash GW, Shytle RD, Bickford PC, Tighe T, Sanberg PR (2002) Nicotine’s oxidative and antioxidant properties in CNS. Life Sci 71:2807–2820
Finefrock AE, Bush AI, Doraiswamy PM (2003) Current status of metals as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer’s disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 51:1143–1148
Mi S, Miller RH, Lee X, Scott ML, Shulag-Morskaya S, Shao Z, Chang J, Thill GLevesque M, Zhang M, Hession C, Sah D, Trapp B, He Z, Jung V, McCoy JM, Pepinsky RB (2005) LINGO-1 negatively regulates myelination by oligodendrocytes. Nat Neurosci 8:745–751
Youdim MB, Stephenson G, Ben Shachar D (2004) Ironing iron out in Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases with iron chelators: a lesson from 6-hydroxydopamine and iron chelators, desferal and VK-28. Ann NY Acad Sci 1012:306–325