Akin, 2007, Öz-Güven Ölçeği'nin geliştirilmesi ve psikometrik özellikleri, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 7
Albaker, 2021, Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse among Gym Users, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 57
Allafi, 2019, The use of anabolic hormones by Kuwaiti males, Science & Sports, 34, 40, 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.08.003
Amanda, 2018, Nutritional and pharmacological strategies of bodybuilders in preparation period for competition, International Journal of Sports and Exercise Medicine, 4, 10.23937/2469-5718/1510097
2013
Angoorani, 2015, The misuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids among iranian recreational male body-builders and their related psycho-socio-demographic factors, Iranian Journal of Public Health, 44, 1662
Arji, 2016, Role of perfectionism and body image in the prediction of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms, Avicenna Journal of Neuro Psych Physiology, 3, 10.5812/ajnpp.42560
Arslan, 2022, The effect of Bigorexia nervosa on eating attitudes and physical activity: A Study on University Students, International Journal of Clinical Practice, 2022, 10.1155/2022/6325860
Babusa, 2012, Muscle dysmorphia in Hungarian non-competitive male bodybuilders, Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 17, 49, 10.1007/BF03325327
Badenes-Ribera, 2019, The association between muscle dysmorphia and eating disorder symptomatology: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8, 351, 10.1556/2006.8.2019.44
Barthels, 2015, Die Düsseldorfer Orthorexie Skala–Konstruktion und Evaluation eines Fragebogens zur Erfassung ortho-rektischen Ernährungsverhaltens, Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 44, 10.1026/1616-3443/a000310
Begin, 2019, Psychosocial factors underlying symptoms of muscle dysmorphia in a non-clinical sample of men, Psychiatry Research, 272, 319, 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.120
Bo, 2014, University courses, eating problems and muscle dysmorphia: Are there any associations?, Journal of Translational Medicine, 12, 10.1186/s12967-014-0221-2
Boulter, 2022, Me, myself, and my muscles: Associations between narcissism and muscle dysmorphia, Eating Disorders, 30, 110, 10.1080/10640266.2021.1930348
Cafri, 2005, Pursuit of the muscular ideal: Physical and psychological consequences and putative risk factors, Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 215, 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.09.003
Calogero, 2004, The Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-3): Reliability and normative comparisons of eating disordered patients, Body Image, 1, 193, 10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.01.004
Cash, 1990
Cella, 2012, Muscle dysmorphia: A comparison between competitive bodybuilders and fitness practitioners, Journal of Nutritional Therapeutics, 1, 12
Cerea, 2018, Muscle Dysmorphia and its associated psychological features in three groups of recreational athletes, Scientific Reports, 8, 8877, 10.1038/s41598-018-27176-9
Chen, 2014, Basic psychological need satisfaction, need frustration, and need strength across four cultures, Motivation and Emotion, 39, 216, 10.1007/s11031-014-9450-1
Christopher, 2018, Muscle Dysmorphia and eating disorders: Comparison on self-esteem and personality traits, International Journal of Psychology and Psychoanalysis, 4, 10.23937/2572-4037.1510037
Collis, 2016, When is buff enough? The effect of body attitudes and narcissistic traits on muscle dysmorphia, The Journal of Men's Studies, 24, 213, 10.1177/1060826516641097
Compte, 2015, A two-stage epidemiological study of eating disorders and muscle dysmorphia in male university students in Buenos Aires, The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48, 1092, 10.1002/eat.22448
Craig, 2003, International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35, 1381, 10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB
Devrim, 2018, BİGOREKSİYA: VÜCUT DİSMORFİK BOZUKLUĞU MU, YEME BOZUKLUĞU MU?, Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 27, 64
Devrim, 2018, Is there any relationship between body image perception, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphic disorders in male bodybuilders?, American Journal of Men's Health, 12, 1746, 10.1177/1557988318786868
Donini, 2004, Orthorexia nervosa: A preliminary study with a proposal for diagnosis and an attempt to measure the dimension of the phenomenon, Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 9, 151, 10.1007/BF03325060
Dryer, 2016, The role of sociocultural influences on symptoms of muscle dysmorphia and eating disorders in men, and the mediating effects of perfectionism, Behavioral Medicine (Washington, D.C.), 42, 174, 10.1080/08964289.2015.1122570
Dunkley, 2000, Self-critical perfectionism, coping, hassles, and current distress: A structural equation modeling approach, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 713, 10.1023/A:1005543529245
Duran, 2020, Relationship between orthorexia nervosa, muscle dysmorphic disorder (bigorexia), and self-confidence levels in male students, Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 56, 878, 10.1111/ppc.12505
Duran, 2022, Examination of the association of muscle dysmorphia (bigorexia) and social physique anxiety in the male bodybuilders, Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 58, 1720, 10.1111/ppc.12980
Ebrahim, 2019, Disordered eating attitudes correlate with body dissatisfaction among Kuwaiti male college students, Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 37, 10.1186/s40337-019-0265-z
Fabris, 2018, Attachment style and risk of muscle dysmorphia in a sample of male bodybuilders, Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 19, 273, 10.1037/men0000096
Fekih-Romdhane, 2023, Validation of the Arabic version of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (Ar-MDDI) among Lebanese male university students, Journal of Eating Disorders, 11, 11, 10.1186/s40337-023-00737-8
Frost, 1990, The dimensions of perfectionism, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 449, 10.1007/BF01172967
Garner, 1979, The eating attitudes test: An index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa, Psychological Medicine, 9, 273, 10.1017/S0033291700030762
Goldberg, 1979, A scaled version of the general health questionnaire, Psychological Medicine, 9, 139, 10.1017/S0033291700021644
Gorrasi, 2020, Traits of orthorexia nervosa and muscle dysmorphia in Italian university students: A multicentre study, Eating and Weight Disorders : EWD, 25, 1413, 10.1007/s40519-019-00779-5
Grieve, 2007, A conceptual model of factors contributing to the development of muscle dysmorphia, Eating Disorders, 15, 63, 10.1080/10640260601044535
Grieve, 2009, Etiology, assessment, and treatment of muscle dysmorphia, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 306, 10.1891/0889-8391.23.4.306
Griffiths, 2018, Muscle dysmorphia: Clinical presentation and treatment strategies, 235
Grossbard, 2011, Perceived norms for thinness and muscularity among college students: What do men and women really want?, Eating Behaviors, 12, 192, 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.04.005
Haerinejad, 2016, The prevalence and characteristics of performance-enhancing drug use among bodybuilding athletes in the South of Iran, Bushehr, Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 7, e35018, 10.5812/asjsm.35018
Harmancı, 2021, Body image, muscle dysmorphia and narcissistic characteristics of bodybuilder males in TRNC, Cyprus Turkish Journal of Psychiatry & Psychology, 3
Harris, 2019, Symptoms of muscle dysmorphia between users of anabolic androgenic steroids with varying usage and bodybuilding experience, European Journal of Health Psychology, 26, 10.1027/2512-8442/a000023
Hart, 1989, Tie measurement of social physique anxiety, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 94, 10.1123/jsep.11.1.94
Hearne, 2020, Anabolic-androgenic steroid use in the eastern mediterranean region: A scoping review of extant empirical literature, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19, 1162, 10.1007/s11469-019-00217-8
Hildebrandt, 2004, Muscularity concerns among men: Development of attitudinal and perceptual measures, Body Image, 1, 169, 10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.01.001
Hitzeroth, 2001, Muscle dysmorphia: A South African sample, Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 55, 521, 10.1046/j.1440-1819.2001.00899.x
Imperatori, 2022, The association between social media addiction and eating disturbances is mediated by muscle dysmorphia-related symptoms: A cross-sectional study in a sample of young adults, Eating and Weight Disorders: EWD, 27, 1131, 10.1007/s40519-021-01232-2
Ismaeel, 2017, A comparison of the nutrient intakes of macronutrient-based dieting and strict dieting bodybuilders, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28, 502, 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0323
Kuck, 2021, Body dysmorphic disorder and self-esteem: A meta-analysis, BMC Psychiatry, 21, 310, 10.1186/s12888-021-03185-3
Lechner, 2019, Prevalence of disordered eating and muscle dysmorphia in college students by predominant exercise type, International Journal of Exercise Science, 12, 989
Leone, 2005, Recognition and treatment of muscle dysmorphia and related body image disorders, Journal of Athletic Training, 40, 352
Littrell, 2020, Relationships among facets of narcissism, symptoms of eating disorders, and symptoms of muscle dysmorphia, The Journal of Men's Studies, 29, 118, 10.1177/1060826520918323
Longobardi, 2017, Muscle dysmorphia and psychopathology: Findings from an Italian sample of male bodybuilders, Psychiatry Research, 256, 231, 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.065
Martenstyn, 2022, Treatment of compulsive exercise in eating disorders and muscle dysmorphia: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 29, 143
McCreary, 2004, Measuring the drive for muscularity: Factorial validity of the drive for muscularity scale in men and women, Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5, 49, 10.1037/1524-9220.5.1.49
Merhy, 2023, The indirect role of orthorexia nervosa and eating attitudes in the association between perfectionism and muscle dysmorphic disorder in Lebanese male University students - results of a pilot study, BMC Psychiatry, 23, 55, 10.1186/s12888-023-04549-7
Mitchell, 2017, Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology and associated psychological features in bodybuilders and non-bodybuilder resistance trainers: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 47, 233, 10.1007/s40279-016-0564-3
Mitchison, 2022, Prevalence of muscle dysmorphia in adolescents: Findings from the EveryBODY study, Psychological Medicine, 52, 3142, 10.1017/S0033291720005206
Mohd Hasim, 2018, From middle childhood to adulthood attachment: Measuring attachment stability in the context of married individuals in Penang, Malaysia, The Family Journal, 26, 444, 10.1177/1066480718806522
Murray, 2019, The development and validation of the muscularity-oriented eating test: A novel measure of muscularity-oriented disordered eating, The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52, 1389, 10.1002/eat.23144
Nogueira, 2014, Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among Brazilian bodybuilders, Substance Use & Misuse, 49, 1138, 10.3109/10826084.2014.912062
Nonahal, 2014, The role of the media, perfectionism, and difficulties in emotion regulation in prediction of muscle dysmorphia symptoms, Practice in Clinical Psychology, 2, 135
Olave, 2021, Exercise addiction and muscle dysmorphia: The role of emotional dependence and attachment, Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.681808
Olivardia, 2023
Pace, 2019, Muscle dysmorphia in adolescence: The role of parental psychological control on a potential behavioral addiction, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 455, 10.1007/s10826-019-01547-w
Parra-Fernandez, 2018, Prevalence of orthorexia nervosa in university students and its relationship with psychopathological aspects of eating behaviour disorders, BMC Psychiatry, 18, 364, 10.1186/s12888-018-1943-0
Perkins, 2019, Body dysmorphic disorder. The drive for perfection, Nursing, 49, 28, 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000553273.24557.58
Pope, 2005, Clinical features of muscle dysmorphia among males with body dysmorphic disorder, Body Image, 2, 395, 10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.09.001
Pope, 1997, Muscle dysmorphia. An underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder, Psychosomatics, 38, 548, 10.1016/S0033-3182(97)71400-2
Puiu, 2021, Recurrent painful nodules following synthol injection to enhance bicep volume, Cutis, 107, E24, 10.12788/cutis.0189
Raskin, 1979, A narcissistic personality inventory, Psychological Reports, 45, 343, 10.2466/pr0.1979.45.2.590
Rezaei, 2017, Study the prevalence of anabolic steroids consumption among bodybuilding athletes in Yasuj, Iran, International Journal of Nutrition Sciences, 2, 103
Rohman, 2009, The relationship between anabolic androgenic steroids and muscle dysmorphia: A review, Eating Disorders, 17, 187, 10.1080/10640260902848477
Rubio-Aparicio, 2020, A reliability generalization meta-analysis of self-report measures of muscle dysmorphia, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 27
Sadek, 2022, Dietary supplements use among athletes in Lebanon: Knowledge, attitudes, practices, and correlates, Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 11
Sandgren, 2018, Muscle dysmorphia research neglects DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, Journal of Loss and Trauma, 23, 211, 10.1080/15325024.2018.1428484
Sandgren, 2022, Intervention development for people with muscle dysmorphia symptoms: Best practice and future recommendations, Journal of Loss and Trauma, 1
Santarnecchi, 2012, Muscle dysmorphia in different degrees of bodybuilding activities: Validation of the Italian version of muscle dysmorphia disorder inventory and bodybuilder image grid, Body Image, 9, 396, 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.03.006
Selvi, 2020, The dark side of bodybuilding: The role of bodybuilding activities in compensation of frustrated basic psychological needs, Motivation and Emotion, 44, 190, 10.1007/s11031-019-09805-6
Sobhanian, 2013, Frequency of the use of anabolic drugs in bodybuilding athletes in Jahrom city, Pars of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, 11, 33, 10.29252/jmj.11.3.33
Soler, 2018, Body dysmorphic disorder: Characteristics, psychopathology, clinical associations, and influencing factors
Spendlove, 2015, Dietary intake of competitive bodybuilders, Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 45, 1041, 10.1007/s40279-015-0329-4
Strother, 2012, Eating disorders in men: Underdiagnosed, undertreated, and misunderstood, Eating Disorders, 20, 346, 10.1080/10640266.2012.715512
Suffolk, 2013, Muscle dysmorphia: Methodological issues, implications for research, Eating Disorders, 21, 437, 10.1080/10640266.2013.828520
Thomas, 2014, Drive for muscularity and social physique anxiety mediate the perceived ideal physique muscle dysmorphia relationship, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28, 3508, 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000573
Thompson, 2004, The sociocultural attitudes towards appearance scale-3 (SATAQ-3): Development and validation, The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35, 293, 10.1002/eat.10257
Tod, 2016, Muscle dysmorphia: Current insights, Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 9, 179, 10.2147/PRBM.S97404
Wooldridge, 2022, Boys and their muscles: The paternal object in muscle dysmorphia, The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1
Zheng, 2021, The association of muscle dysmorphia, social physique anxiety, and body checking behavior in male college students with weight exercise, Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726032