Multisystem diseases affecting the skin and eye

Sieper, 2001, Pathogenesis of reactive arthritis, Curr Rheumatol Rep, 3, 412, 10.1007/s11926-996-0012-8 Wu, 2008, Reiter's syndrome: the classic triad and more, J Am Acad Dermatol, 59, 113, 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.047 Keat, 1983, Reiter's syndrome and reactive arthritis in perspective, N Engl J Med, 309, 1606, 10.1056/NEJM198312293092604 Parker, 2000, Reiter's syndrome and reactive arthritis, J Am Osteopath Assoc, 100, 101 Butler, 1979, A follow-up study of 48 patients with Reiter's syndrome, Am J Med, 67, 808, 10.1016/0002-9343(79)90739-3 Yli-Kerttula, 1984, Clinical characteristics in male and female uro-arthritis or Reiter's syndrome, Clin Rheumatol, 3, 351, 10.1007/BF02032342 Fendler, 2001, Frequency of triggering bacteria in patients with reactive arthritis and undifferentiated oligoarthritis and the relative importance of the tests used for diagnosis, Ann Rheum Dis, 60, 337, 10.1136/ard.60.4.337 Smith, 1989, Evidence for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in a patient with Reiter's disease, J Adolesc Health Care, 10, 155, 10.1016/0197-0070(89)90108-3 Horowitz, 1994, Ureaplasma urealyticum in Reiter's syndrome, J Rheumatol, 21, 877 Dworkin, 2001, Reactive arthritis and Reiter's syndrome following an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella enteritidis, Clin Infect Dis, 33, 1010, 10.1086/322644 Leung, 1980, Reiter's syndrome after Campylobacter jejuni enteritis, Arthritis Rheum, 23, 948, 10.1002/art.1780230813 Finch, 1986, Epidemic Reiter's syndrome following an outbreak of shigellosis, Eur J Epidemiol, 2, 26, 10.1007/BF00152713 Yu, 1985, Study of Reiter's syndrome, with special emphasis on Yersinia enterocolitica, Immunol Rev, 86, 27, 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1985.tb01136.x Hannu, 1999, Chlamydia pneumoniae as a triggering infection in reactive arthritis, Rheumatology, 38, 411, 10.1093/rheumatology/38.5.411 Laasila, 1999, Recurrent reactive arthritis associated with urinary tract infection by Escherichia coli, J Rheumatol, 26, 2277 Cope, 1992, Clostridium difficile toxin-induced reactive arthritis in a patient with chronic Reiter's syndrome, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 11, 40, 10.1007/BF01971269 Veillard, 1998, Reactive oligoarthritis in a patient with Clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. Review of the literature, Rev Rhum Engl Ed, 65, 795 Sobieszczanska, 1996, Cross-reactivity between Borrelia burgdorferi and "arthrogenic" bacteria in sera from patients with reactive arthritis, Rocz Akad Med Bialymst, 41, 90 Weyand, 1989, Immune responses to Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with reactive arthritis, Arthritis Rheum, 32, 1057, 10.1002/anr.1780320902 Jacobs, 2001, Extracolonic manifestations of Clostridium difficile infections. Presentation of 2 cases and review of the literature, Medicine (Baltimore), 80, 88, 10.1097/00005792-200103000-00002 Layton, 1998, Sacroiliitis in an HLA B27-negative patient following giardiasis, Br J Rheumatol, 37, 581, 10.1093/rheumatology/37.5.581 Logan, 2006, Poststreptococcal reactive arthritis, J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 96, 362, 10.7547/0960362 Mackie, 2004, Poststreptococcal reactive arthritis: what is it and how do we know?, Rheumatology, 43, 949, 10.1093/rheumatology/keh225 Malta, 2002, Reiter's syndrome associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a case report, Braz J Infect Dis, 6, 40, 10.1590/S1413-86702002000100006 Duvic, 1987, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated psoriasis and Reiter's syndrome, Arch Dermatol, 123, 1622, 10.1001/archderm.1987.01660360050012 Winchester, 1987, The co-occurrence of Reiter's syndrome and acquired immunodeficiency, Ann Intern Med, 106, 19, 10.7326/0003-4819-106-1-19 Clark, 1992, Human immunodeficiency virus infection is not associated with Reiter's syndrome. Data from three large cohort studies, Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 18, 267, 10.1016/S0889-857X(21)00723-7 Pavlica, 2003, Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis or Ureaplasma urealyticum from the synovial fluid of patients with Reiter's syndrome, Vojnosanit Pregl, 60, 5, 10.2298/VSP0301005P McClusky, 1984, HL-A 27 in Reiter's syndrome and psoriatic arthritis: a genetic factor in disease susceptibility and expression, J Rheumatol, 11, 571 al-Khonizy, 1998, The immunogenetics of the seronegative spondyloarthropathies, Baillieres Clin Rheumatol, 12, 567, 10.1016/S0950-3579(98)80038-1 Amor, 1998, Reiter's syndrome. Diagnosis and clinical features, Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 24, 677, 10.1016/S0889-857X(05)70037-5 Pavlica, 1997, Reiter's syndrome—analysis of 187 patients, Vojnosanit Pregl, 54, 437 Cuttica, 1992, Juvenile onset Reiter's syndrome. A retrospective study of 26 patients, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 10, 285 Willkens, 1981, Reiter's syndrome. Evaluation of preliminary criteria for definite disease, Arthritis Rheum, 24, 844, 10.1002/art.1780240612 Unverferth, 1979, Reiter's aortitis with pericardial fluid, heart block and neurologic manifestations, J Rheumatol, 6, 232 Satko, 2000, IgA nephropathy and Reiter's syndrome. Report of two cases and review of the literature, Nephron, 84, 177, 10.1159/000045566 Calin, 1979, Keratodermia blennorrhagica and mucocutaneous manifestations of Reiter's syndrome, Ann Rheum Dis, 38, 68, 10.1136/ard.38.Suppl_1.68 Callen, 1979, The spectrum of Reiter's disease, J Am Acad Dermatol, 1, 75, 10.1016/S0190-9622(79)80056-0 Callen, 1992, Oculocutaneous manifestations observed in multisystem disorders, Dermatol Clin, 10, 709, 10.1016/S0733-8635(18)30307-3 Coskun, 2005, Reiter syndrome accompanied by Terry nail, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 19, 87, 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.01045.x Lee, 1986, The clinical diagnosis of Reiter's syndrome. Ophthalmic and nonophthalmic aspects, Ophthalmology, 93, 350, 10.1016/S0161-6420(86)33747-3 Ostler, 1971, Reiter's syndrome, Am J Ophthalmol, 71, 986, 10.1016/0002-9394(71)90563-0 Mansour, 2013, Bilateral multifocal posterior pole lesions in Reiter syndrome, BMJ Case Rep, 2013, 10.1136/bcr-2013-009253 Kim, 2010, Macular infarction associated with reactive arthritis, Korean J Ophthalmol, 24, 310, 10.3341/kjo.2010.24.5.310 Kiss, 2003, Long-term progression, prognosis, and treatment of patients with recurrent ocular manifestations of Reiter's syndrome, Ophthalmology, 110, 1764, 10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00620-1 Sieper, 2002, Diagnosing reactive arthritis: role of clinical setting in the value of serologic and microbiologic assays, Arthritis Rheum, 46, 319, 10.1002/art.504 Tuncer, 1992, HLA B27 and clinical features in Reiter's syndrome, Clin Rheumatol, 11, 239, 10.1007/BF02207965 Carter, 2010, Combination antibiotics as a treatment for chronic Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective trial, Arthritis Rheum, 62, 1298, 10.1002/art.27394 Yli-Kerttula, 2000, Effect of a three month course of ciprofloxacin on the outcome of reactive arthritis, Ann Rheum Dis, 59, 565, 10.1136/ard.59.7.565 Yli-Kerttula, 2003, Effect of a three month course of ciprofloxacin on the late prognosis of reactive arthritis, Ann Rheum Dis, 62, 880, 10.1136/ard.62.9.880 Laasila, 2003, Antibiotic treatment and long term prognosis of reactive arthritis, Ann Rheum Dis, 62, 655, 10.1136/ard.62.7.655 Clegg, 1996, Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo in the treatment of reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome). A Department of Veterans Affairs cooperative study, Arthritis Rheum, 39, 2021, 10.1002/art.1780391211 Nanke, 2010, Efficacy of methotrexate in the treatment of a HLA-B27-positive Japanease patient with reactive arthritis, Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi, 33, 283, 10.2177/jsci.33.283 Luderschmidt, 1983, Reiter's disease. Effective combination drug therapy with methotrexate, etretinate and prednisolone, MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 125, 936 Owen, 1979, Methotrexate in Reiter's disease, Ann Rheum Dis, 38, 48, 10.1136/ard.38.1.48 Chee, 1977, Reiter's disease, responding to methotrexate, Singapore Med J, 18, 136 Kiyohara, 1997, Successful treatment of severe recurrent Reiter's syndrome with cyclosporine, J Am Acad Dermatol, 36, 482, 10.1016/S0190-9622(97)80235-6 Meyer, 2011, Safety and efficacy of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy in ten patients with recent-onset refractory reactive arthritis, Arthritis Rheum, 63, 1274, 10.1002/art.30272 Yamamoto, 1994, The concept, definition and diagnostic criteria of sarcoidosis, Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi, 52, 1426 1999, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160, 736, 10.1164/ajrccm.160.2.ats4-99 Rybicki, 1997, Racial differences in sarcoidosis incidence: a 5-year study in a health maintenance organization, Am J Epidemiol, 145, 234, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009096 Alsbirk, 1964, Epidemiologic studies on sarcoidosis in Denmark based on a nation-wide central register. A preliminary report, Acta Med Scand Suppl, 425, 106 Milman, 1990, Pulmonary sarcoidosis in the Nordic countries 1950-1982. Epidemiology and clinical picture, Sarcoidosis, 7, 50 Henke, 1986, The epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Rochester, Minnesota: a population-based study of incidence and survival, Am J Epidemiol, 123, 840, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114313 Bresnitz, 1983, Epidemiology of sarcoidosis, Epidemiol Rev, 5, 124, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036255 Mana, 1992, Sarcoidosis in Spain, Sarcoidosis, 9, 118 James, 1976, Description of sarcoidosis: report of the Subcommittee on Classification and Definition, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 278, 742, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb47090.x Baughman, 2003, Sarcoidosis, Lancet, 361, 1111, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12888-7 Hunninghake, 1999, ATS/ERS/WASOG statement on sarcoidosis. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders, Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis, 16, 149 Haimovic, 2012, Sarcoidosis: a comprehensive review and update for the dermatologist: part I. Cutaneous disease, J Am Acad Dermatol, 66, 699.e1, 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.11.965 1973, Familial associations in sarcoidosis. A report to the Research Committee of the British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association, Tubercle, 54, 87, 10.1016/0041-3879(73)90030-5 Nunes, 2007, Sarcoidosis, Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2, 46, 10.1186/1750-1172-2-46 Costabel, 2007, Systemic evaluation of a potential cutaneous sarcoidosis patient, Clin Dermatol, 25, 303, 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.03.008 Newman, 1997, Sarcoidosis, N Engl J Med, 336, 1224, 10.1056/NEJM199704243361706 English, 2001, Sarcoidosis, J Am Acad Dermatol, 44, 725, 10.1067/mjd.2001.114596 Wilson, 1998, Cutaneous sarcoidosis, Postgrad Med J, 74, 649, 10.1136/pgmj.74.877.649 Marchell, 2007, Chronic cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis, Clin Dermatol, 25, 295, 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.03.007 Spiteri, 1985, Lupus pernio: a clinico-radiologic study of thirty-five cases, Br J Dermatol, 112, 315, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1985.tb04859.x James, 1959, Dermatologic aspects of sarcoidosis, Q J Med, 28, 108 Hall, 1984, Hypopigmented lesions in sarcoidosis, J Am Acad Dermatol, 11, 1163, 10.1016/S0190-9622(84)80202-9 Elgart, 1986, Cutaneous sarcoidosis: definitions and types of lesions, Clin Dermatol, 4, 35, 10.1016/0738-081X(86)90032-5 Olive, 1985, Cutaneous manifestations of sarcoidosis. Relationships to other organ system involvement, abnormal laboratory measurements, and disease course, Arch Intern Med, 145, 1811, 10.1001/archinte.1985.00360100071011 Greer, 1977, Unusual cutaneous manifestations of sarcoidosis, South Med J, 70, 666, 10.1097/00007611-197706000-00009 Douri, 2003, Cicatricial alopecia due to sarcoidosis, Dermatol Online J, 9, 16, 10.5070/D39PT7X94S Cather, 1999, Ichthyosiform sarcoidosis, J Am Acad Dermatol, 40, 862 Marcoval, 2005, Subcutaneous sarcoidosis—clinicopathological study of 10 cases, Br J Dermatol, 153, 790, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06815.x Albertini, 1997, Ulcerative sarcoidosis. Case report and review of the literature, Arch Dermatol, 133, 215, 10.1001/archderm.1997.03890380087013 Okamoto, 1994, Erythema nodosum-like eruption in sarcoidosis, Clin Exp Dermatol, 19, 507, 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1994.tb01259.x Rao, 2013, Extrapulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis, Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 39, 277, 10.1016/j.rdc.2013.02.007 Herbort, 2009, International criteria for the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis: results of the first International Workshop On Ocular Sarcoidosis (IWOS), Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 17, 160, 10.1080/09273940902818861 Hoover, 1986, Pediatric ocular sarcoidosis, Surv Ophthalmol, 30, 215, 10.1016/0039-6257(86)90118-9 Rothova, 2000, Ocular involvement in sarcoidosis, Br J Ophthalmol, 84, 110, 10.1136/bjo.84.1.110 Bodaghi, 2012, Ocular sarcoidosis, Presse Med, 41, e349, 10.1016/j.lpm.2012.04.004 Obenauf, 1978, Sarcoidosis and its ophthalmic manifestations, Am J Ophthalmol, 86, 648, 10.1016/0002-9394(78)90184-8 Umur, 2012, Different ophthalmologic manifestations of sarcoidosis, Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 23, 477, 10.1097/ICU.0b013e328358c7a6 Androudi, 2013, Retinal vasculitis in rheumatic diseases: an unseen burden, Clin Rheumatol, 32, 7, 10.1007/s10067-012-2078-1 Demirci, 2011, Orbital and adnexal involvement in sarcoidosis: analysis of clinical features and systemic disease in 30 cases, Am J Ophthalmol, 151, 1074, 10.1016/j.ajo.2010.12.011 Rosenbach, 2013, Practice gaps. The dermatologist's role in sarcoidosis, JAMA Dermatol, 149, 760, 10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.3343 Sage, 2011, Preventing vitamin D toxicity in patients with sarcoidosis, J Am Acad Dermatol, 64, 795, 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.05.022 Anolik, 2012, Thyroid dysfunction and cutaneous sarcoidosis, J Am Acad Dermatol, 66, 167, 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.04.026 Volden, 1992, Successful treatment of chronic skin diseases with clobetasol propionate and a hydrocolloid occlusive dressing, Acta Dermatovenerol, 72, 69 Khatri, 1995, Lupus pernio: successful treatment with a potent topical corticosteroid, Arch Dermatol, 131, 617, 10.1001/archderm.1995.01690170121026 Callen, 1981, Intralesional corticosteroids, J Am Acad Dermatol, 4, 149, 10.1016/S0190-9622(81)70017-3 Veien, 1986, Cutaneous sarcoidosis: prognosis and treatment, Clin Dermatol, 4, 75, 10.1016/0738-081X(86)90036-2 Siltzbach, 1964, Chloroquine therapy in 43 patients with intrathoracic and cutaneous sarcoidosis, Acta Med Scand Suppl, 425, 302 Steen, 2013, Oral minocycline in treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis, JAMA Dermatol, 149, 758, 10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.2977 Pariser, 2013, A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of adalimumab in the treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis, J Am Acad Dermatol, 68, 765, 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.10.056 Stagaki, 2009, The treatment of lupus pernio: results of 116 treatment courses in 54 patients, Chest, 135, 468, 10.1378/chest.08-1347 Fernandez-Herrera, 2007, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, Semin Cutan Med Surg, 26, 108, 10.1016/j.sder.2007.02.008 Kossard, 1980, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinemia, J Am Acad Dermatol, 3, 257, 10.1016/S0190-9622(80)80189-7 Shah, 2004, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with cutaneous and cerebral manifestations. Case report and review of the literature, J Neurosurg, 100, 1111, 10.3171/jns.2004.100.6.1111 Bullock, 1986, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinemia: case report and a pathogenetic theory, Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 84, 342 Matsuura, 1999, Activation of monocytes in vivo causes intracellular accumulation of lipoprotein-derived lipids and marked hypocholesterolemia—a possible pathogenesis of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, Atherosclerosis, 142, 355, 10.1016/S0021-9150(98)00260-3 Mehregan, 1992, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, Arch Dermatol, 128, 94, 10.1001/archderm.1992.01680110104016 Ugurlu, 2000, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma: long-term outcome of ocular and systemic involvement, Am J Ophthalmol, 129, 651, 10.1016/S0002-9394(99)00469-9 Amer, 2005, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma associated with choroidal infiltration and syncytial giant cell hepatitis, J Neuroophthalmol, 25, 189, 10.1097/01.wno.0000177299.44845.65 Bara, 2003, Systemic necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with initial pericardial and pulmonary involvement, Ann Dermatol Venereol, 130, 341 Efebera, 2011, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, Clin Adv Hematol Oncol, 9, 700 Umbert, 1995, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with cardiac involvement, Br J Dermatol, 133, 438, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1995.tb02674.x Winkelmann, 1997, Giant cell granulomatous pulmonary and myocardial lesions in necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinemia, Mayo Clin Proc, 72, 1028, 10.4065/72.11.1028 Yasukawa, 2005, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma: isolated skeletal muscle involvement and unusual changes, J Am Acad Dermatol, 52, 729, 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.12.016 Spicknall, 2009, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, Int J Dermatol, 48, 1, 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.03912.x Chave, 2001, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with two monoclonal paraproteins and no periorbital involvement at presentation, Clin Exp Dermatol, 26, 493, 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2001.00873.x Wolz, 2012, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma of the extremities, J Drugs Dermatol, 11, 122 Burdick, 2003, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma associated with a benign monoclonal gammopathy, Cutis, 72, 47 Lebey, 1997, Periorbital papules and nodules. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, Arch Dermatol, 133, 99, 10.1001/archderm.133.1.99 Luck, 1992, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with orbital involvement, J R Soc Med, 85, 357 Oestreicher, 2010, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with predominant periorbital involvement, Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg, 26, 473, 10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181d92955 Wood, 2009, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma: a review of 17 cases with emphasis on clinical and pathologic correlation, Arch Dermatol, 145, 279, 10.1001/archdermatol.2008.583 Peyman, 2012, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma associated with necrotizing scleritis, Am J Dermatopathol, 34, 644, 10.1097/DAD.0b013e318234e73c Cornblath, 1992, Varied clinical spectrum of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, Ophthalmology, 99, 103, 10.1016/S0161-6420(92)32031-7 Sivak-Callcott, 2006, Adult xanthogranulomatous disease of the orbit and ocular adnexa: new immunohistochemical findings and clinical review, Br J Ophthalmol, 90, 602, 10.1136/bjo.2005.085894 Adam, 2010, Diffuse plane normolipemic xanthomatosis and necrobiotic xanthogranuloma associated with monoclonal gammopathy—determining the disease stage with PET-CT and treatment experience. Two case studies and literature review, Vnitr Lek, 56, 1158 Roth, 2002, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, a cutaneous disorder associated with monoclonal gammopathy, Rev Med Interne, 23, 460, 10.1016/S0248-8663(02)00594-5 Schaudig, 2004, Upper and lower eyelid reconstruction for severe disfiguring necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, Orbit, 23, 65, 10.1076/orbi.23.1.65.28989 Naghashpour, 2011, Nonnecrobiotic necrobiotic xanthogranuloma as an initial manifestation of paraproteinemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma in a patient with Sjogren syndrome, Am J Dermatopathol, 33, 855, 10.1097/DAD.0b013e3182051fce Oumeish, 2006, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma associated with paraproteinemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma developing into chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the first case reported in the literature and review of the literature, Int J Dermatol, 45, 306, 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02575.x Vieira, 2005, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma associated with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Palliative treatment with carbon dioxide laser, Eur J Dermatol, 15, 182 Langlois, 2006, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with multiple myeloma. Case report and pathogenic hypotheses, Joint Bone Spine, 73, 120, 10.1016/j.jbspin.2005.03.008 Martinez Fernandez, 2004, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma associated with myeloma, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 18, 328, 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.00906.x Al-Niaimi, 2010, Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma without paraproteinaemia: marked improvement with psoralen ultraviolet A treatment, Clin Exp Dermatol, 35, 275, 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03447.x Finelli, 1987, Plasmapheresis, a treatment modality for necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, J Am Acad Dermatol, 17, 351, 10.1016/S0190-9622(87)70211-4 Hallermann, 2010, Successful treatment of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with intravenous immunoglobulin, Arch Dermatol, 146, 957, 10.1001/archdermatol.2010.236 Rubinstein, 2013, Successful treatment of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with intravenous immunoglobulin, J Cutan Med Surg, 17, 347, 10.2310/7750.2013.13012 Venencie, 1995, Recombinant interferon alfa-2b treatment of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinemia, J Am Acad Dermatol, 32, 666, 10.1016/0190-9622(95)90370-4 London, 2013, Adult-onset asthma associated with periocular xanthogranuloma: new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in a very rare systemic disease, Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg, 29, 104, 10.1097/IOP.0b013e31827ae96a Agi, 2011, A case of adult-onset asthma with periocular xanthogranulomas, Arch Dermatol, 147, 1230, 10.1001/archdermatol.2011.279 Mazor, 2013, Erdheim-Chester disease: a comprehensive review of the literature, Orphanet J Rare Dis, 8, 137, 10.1186/1750-1172-8-137 Volpicelli, 2011, Erdheim-Chester disease presenting with cutaneous involvement: a case report and literature review, J Cutan Pathol, 38, 280, 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2010.01650.x Brey, 2008, Association of inflammatory eye disease with granuloma annulare?, Arch Dermatol, 144, 803, 10.1001/archderm.144.6.803 Dick, 1982, Perforating granuloma annular and scleritis, Arch Dermatol, 118, 67, 10.1001/archderm.1982.01650130071028 Kluger, 2012, Simultaneous occurrence of generalized granuloma annulare, anterior uveitis and giant cell arteritis: coincidental or not?, Presse Med, 41, 548, 10.1016/j.lpm.2011.08.006 Reddy, 2008, Granuloma annulare anterior uveitis, Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 16, 55, 10.1080/09273940801899814 Oz, 2003, Uveitis associated with granuloma annulare, Eur J Ophthalmol, 13, 93, 10.1177/112067210301300116 Breathnach, 1988, Amyloid and amyloidosis, J Am Acad Dermatol, 18, 1, 10.1016/S0190-9622(88)70001-8 Mason, 2007, Primary systemic amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma: a case report and review of the literature, Cutis, 80, 193 Falk, 1997, The systemic amyloidoses, N Engl J Med, 337, 898, 10.1056/NEJM199709253371306 Fernandez-Flores, 2012, Cutaneous amyloidosis: a concept review, Am J Dermatopathol, 34, 1, 10.1097/DAD.0b013e31823465c7 Pinney, 2012, Amyloidosis, Ann Clin Biochem, 49, 229, 10.1258/acb.2011.011225 Borowicz, 2011, Cutaneous amyloidosis, Skinmed, 9, 96 Rasi, 2004, Macular amyloidosis: an assessment of prevalence, sex, and age, Int J Dermatol, 43, 898, 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.01935.x Wang, 1990, Clinical features of cutaneous amyloidoses, Clin Dermatol, 8, 13, 10.1016/0738-081X(90)90082-C Rubinow, 1978, Skin involvement in generalized amyloidosis. A study of clinically involved and uninvolved skin in 50 patients with primary and secondary amyloidosis, Ann Intern Med, 88, 781, 10.7326/0003-4819-88-6-781 Skinner, 1996, Treatment of 100 patients with primary amyloidosis: a randomized trial of melphalan, prednisone, and colchicine versus colchicine only, Am J Med, 100, 290, 10.1016/S0002-9343(97)89487-9 Lee, 2008, Systemic amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma presenting as periorbital purpura, J Dermatol, 35, 371, 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00487.x Touart, 1998, Cutaneous deposition diseases. Part I, J Am Acad Dermatol, 39, 149, 10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70069-6 Wheeler, 1981, Alopecia universalis. A manifestation of occult amyloidosis and multiple myeloma, Arch Dermatol, 117, 815, 10.1001/archderm.1981.01650120061028 Dicker, 2002, Myeloma-associated systemic amyloidosis presenting with acquired digital cutis laxa-like changes, Australas J Dermatol, 43, 144, 10.1046/j.1440-0960.2002.00579.x Beacham, 1980, Bullous amyloidosis, J Am Acad Dermatol, 3, 506, 10.1016/S0190-9622(80)80117-4 Mancuso, 1997, Nail changes as the only skin abnormality in myeloma-associated systemic amyloidosis, Br J Dermatol, 137, 471, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1997.tb03764.x Taban, 2004, Review: orbital amyloidosis, Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg, 20, 162, 10.1097/01.IOP.0000117289.58438.FC Al-Nuaimi, 2012, Amyloidosis of the orbit and adnexae, Orbit, 31, 287, 10.3109/01676830.2012.707740 Knowles, 1975, Amyloidosis of the orbit and adnexae, Surv Ophthalmol, 19, 367 Schreml, 2010, Cutaneous amyloidoses and systemic amyloidoses with cutaneous involvement, Eur J Dermatol, 20, 152, 10.1684/ejd.2010.0842 Kyle, 1995, Primary systemic amyloidosis: clinical and laboratory features in 474 cases, Semin Hematol, 32, 45 Lachmann, 2003, Outcome in systemic AL amyloidosis in relation to changes in concentration of circulating free immunoglobulin light chains following chemotherapy, Br J Haematol, 122, 78, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04433.x Hazenberg, 2006, Diagnostic performance of 123I-labeled serum amyloid P component scintigraphy in patients with amyloidosis, Am J Med, 119, 355.e15, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.08.043 Onder, 2001, The multiple faces of Behcet's disease and its aetiological factors, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 15, 126, 10.1046/j.1468-3083.2001.00251.x Cakir, 2004, Prevalence of Behcet's disease in rural western Turkey: a preliminary report, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 22, S53 Azizlerli, 2003, Prevalence of Behcet's disease in Istanbul, Turkey, Int J Dermatol, 42, 803, 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2003.01893.x Meguro, 2010, Genetics of Behcet disease inside and outside the MHC, Ann Rheum Dis, 69, 747, 10.1136/ard.2009.108571 Yazici, 1984, Influence of age of onset and patient's sex on the prevalence and severity of manifestations of Behcet's syndrome, Ann Rheum Dis, 43, 783, 10.1136/ard.43.6.783 1990, Criteria for diagnosis of Behcet's disease. International Study Group for Behcet's Disease, Lancet, 335, 1078 Davatchi, 2012, Diagnosis/Classification Criteria for Behcet's Disease, Pathol Res Int, 2012, 10.1155/2012/607921 Davatchi, 2014, The International Criteria for Behcet's Disease (ICBD): a collaborative study of 27 countries on the sensitivity and specificity of the new criteria, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 28, 338, 10.1111/jdv.12107 Ghate, 1999, Behcet's disease and complex aphthosis, J Am Acad Dermatol, 40, 1, 10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70523-2 Jorizzo, 1995, Mucocutaneous criteria for the diagnosis of Behcet's disease: an analysis of clinicopathologic data from multiple international centers, J Am Acad Dermatol, 32, 968, 10.1016/0190-9622(95)91333-5 Jorizzo, 1990, Behcet's disease, J Am Acad Dermatol, 23, 738, 10.1016/S0190-9622(08)81073-0 Saadoun, 2012, Behcet's disease, Orphanet J Rare Dis, 7, 20, 10.1186/1750-1172-7-20 Alpsoy, 2007, Clinical features and natural course of Behcet's disease in 661 cases: a multicentre study, Br J Dermatol, 157, 901, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08116.x Demirkesen, 2001, Clinicopathologic evaluation of nodular cutaneous lesions of Behcet syndrome, Am J Clin Pathol, 116, 341, 10.1309/GCTH-0060-55K8-XCTT Kim, 2000, Histopathologic features of erythema nodosum–like lesions in Behcet disease: a comparison with erythema nodosum focusing on the role of vasculitis, Am J Dermatopathol, 22, 379, 10.1097/00000372-200010000-00001 Yates, 2006, Behcet disease, Int Ophthalmol Clin, 46, 209, 10.1097/00004397-200604620-00017 Kitaichi, 2007, Ocular features of Behcet's disease: an international collaborative study, Br J Ophthalmol, 91, 1579, 10.1136/bjo.2007.123554 Bonfioli, 2005, Behcet's disease, Semin Ophthalmol, 20, 199, 10.1080/08820530500231953 Nussenblatt, 1997, Uveitis in Behcet's disease, Int Rev Immunol, 14, 67, 10.3109/08830189709116845 Pamir, 1981, Papilledema in Behcet's syndrome, Arch Neurol, 38, 643, 10.1001/archneur.1981.00510100071012 Calamia, 2011, Major vessel involvement in Behcet's disease: an update, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 23, 24, 10.1097/BOR.0b013e3283410088 Saadoun, 2012, Long-term outcome of arterial lesions in Behcet disease: a series of 101 patients, Medicine (Baltimore), 91, 18, 10.1097/MD.0b013e3182428126 Akman-Demir, 1999, Clinical patterns of neurologic involvement in Behcet's disease: evaluation of 200 patients. The Neuro-Behcet Study Group, Brain, 122, 2171, 10.1093/brain/122.11.2171 Houman, 2013, Characteristics of neurologic manifestations of Behcet's disease: a retrospective monocentric study in Tunisia, Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 115, 2015, 10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.06.009 Borhani-Haghighi, 2006, Neurological manifestations of Behcet's disease, Saudi Med J, 27, 1542 Katsantonis, 2000, Adamantiades-Behcet's disease: serum IL-8 is a more reliable marker for disease activity than C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Dermatology, 201, 37, 10.1159/000018426 Dalvi, 2012, Behcet's syndrome, Drugs, 72, 2223, 10.2165/11641370-000000000-00000 Kose, 2009, Randomized trial of pimecrolimus cream plus colchicine tablets versus colchicine tablets in the treatment of genital ulcers in Behcet's disease, Dermatology, 218, 140, 10.1159/000182257 Mat, 2006, A double-blind trial of depot corticosteroids in Behcet's syndrome, Rheumatology, 45, 348, 10.1093/rheumatology/kei165 Davatchi, 2009, Colchicine versus placebo in Behcet's disease: randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover trial, Mod Rheumatol, 19, 542, 10.3109/s10165-009-0200-2 Yurdakul, 2001, A double-blind trial of colchicine in Behcet's syndrome, Arthritis Rheum, 44, 2686, 10.1002/1529-0131(200111)44:11<2686::AID-ART448>3.0.CO;2-H Aktulga, 1980, A double blind study of colchicine in Behcet's disease, Haematologica, 65, 399 Yazici, 1990, A controlled trial of azathioprine in Behcet's syndrome, N Engl J Med, 322, 281, 10.1056/NEJM199002013220501 Ozdal, 2002, Long-term therapy with low dose cyclosporin A in ocular Behcet's disease, Doc Ophthalmol, 105, 301, 10.1023/A:1021227019915 Ozyazgan, 1992, Low dose cyclosporin A versus pulsed cyclophosphamide in Behcet's syndrome: a single masked trial, Br J Ophthalmol, 76, 241, 10.1136/bjo.76.4.241 Masuda, 1989, Double-masked trial of cyclosporin versus colchicine and long-term open study of cyclosporin in Behcet's disease, Lancet, 1, 1093, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)92381-7 Binder, 1987, Cyclosporin A in the treatment of severe Behcet's uveitis, Br J Rheumatol, 26, 285, 10.1093/rheumatology/26.4.285 Takeuchi, 2012, Infliximab monotherapy versus infliximab and colchicine combination therapy in patients with Behcet's disease, Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 20, 193, 10.3109/09273948.2012.665124 Cantini, 2012, Efficacy of infliximab in refractory Behcet's disease-associated and idiopathic posterior segment uveitis: a prospective, follow-up study of 50 patients, Biologics, 6, 5 Handa, 2011, Long-term remission of ocular and extraocular manifestations in Behcet's disease using infliximab, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 29, S58 Adler, 2012, Behcet's disease: successful treatment with infliximab in 7 patients with severe vascular manifestations. A retrospective analysis, Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 64, 607, 10.1002/acr.21557 Almoznino, 2007, Infliximab for the treatment of resistant oral ulcers in Behcet's disease: a case report and review of the literature, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 25, S99 Atzeni, 2010, Successful treatment of leg ulcers in Behcet's disease using adalimumab plus methotrexate after the failure of infliximab, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 28, S94 Haugeberg, 2004, Successful treatment of genital ulcers with infliximab in Behcet's disease, Ann Rheum Dis, 63, 744, 10.1136/ard.2003.010975 Ait Ben Haddou, 2012, Neurological manifestations of Behcet's disease: evaluation of 40 patients treated by cyclophosphamide, Rev Neurol (Paris), 168, 344, 10.1016/j.neurol.2011.09.006 Melillo, 2007, Low-dose intra-venous cyclophosphamide therapy in a patient with neurologic complications of Behcet's disease, Clin Rheumatol, 26, 1365, 10.1007/s10067-006-0385-0 Aktogu, 2002, Multiple pulmonary arterial aneurysms in Behcet's disease: clinical and radiologic remission after cyclophosphamide and corticosteroid therapy, Respiration, 69, 178, 10.1159/000056324 Kotter, 2010, Management of Behcet's disease: a systematic literature review for the European League Against Rheumatism evidence-based recommendations for the management of Behcet's disease, Z Rheumatol, 69, 658 Kotter, 2004, The use of interferon alpha in Behcet disease: review of the literature, Semin Arthritis Rheum, 33, 320, 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2003.09.010 Fine, 1987, Cholesterol crystal embolization: a review of 221 cases in the English literature, Angiology, 38, 769, 10.1177/000331978703801007 Scolari, 2000, Cholesterol crystal embolism: a recognizable cause of renal disease, Am J Kidney Dis, 36, 1089, 10.1053/ajkd.2000.19809 Mayo, 1996, Redefining the incidence of clinically detectable atheroembolism, Am J Med, 100, 524, 10.1016/S0002-9343(95)00059-3 Flory, 1945, Arterial occlusions produced by emboli from eroded aortic atheromatous plaques, Am J Pathol, 21, 549 Kronzon, 2010, Cholesterol embolization syndrome, Circulation, 122, 631, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.886465 Meyrier, 2006, Cholesterol crystal embolism: Diagnosis and treatment, Kidney Int, 69, 1308, 10.1038/sj.ki.5000263 Lye, 1993, Renal cholesterol embolic disease. Case report and review of the literature, Am J Nephrol, 13, 489, 10.1159/000168669 Kealy, 1978, Atheroembolism, J Clin Pathol, 31, 984, 10.1136/jcp.31.10.984 Moolenaar, 1996, Cholesterol crystal embolization in the Netherlands, Arch Intern Med, 156, 653, 10.1001/archinte.1996.00440060081009 Preston, 1990, Renal biopsy in patients 65 years of age or older. An analysis of the results of 334 biopsies, J Am Geriatr Soc, 38, 669, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1990.tb01427.x Jones, 1975, Atheromatous emboli in renal biopsies. An ultrastructural study, Am J Pathol, 78, 261 Colt, 1988, Cholesterol emboli after cardiac catheterization. Eight cases and a review of the literature, Medicine (Baltimore), 67, 389, 10.1097/00005792-198811000-00003 Fukumoto, 2003, The incidence and risk factors of cholesterol embolization syndrome, a complication of cardiac catheterization: a prospective study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 42, 211, 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00579-5 Quinones, 2013, The cholesterol emboli syndrome in atherosclerosis, Curr Atheroscler Rep, 15, 315, 10.1007/s11883-013-0315-y Kassirer, 1969, Atheroembolic renal disease, N Engl J Med, 280, 812, 10.1056/NEJM196904102801506 Frock, 1994, Atheroembolic renal disease: experience with 22 patients, Nebr Med J, 79, 317 Falanga, 1986, The cutaneous manifestations of cholesterol crystal embolization, Arch Dermatol, 122, 1194, 10.1001/archderm.1986.01660220112024 Hollenhorst, 1961, Significance of bright plaques in the retinal arterioles, JAMA, 178, 23, 10.1001/jama.1961.03040400025005 Kasinath, 1987, Eosinophilia as a clue to the diagnosis of atheroembolic renal disease, Arch Intern Med, 147, 1384, 10.1001/archinte.1987.00370080020004 Belenfant, 1999, Supportive treatment improves survival in multivisceral cholesterol crystal embolism, Am J Kidney Dis, 33, 840, 10.1016/S0272-6386(99)70415-4 Tunick, 2002, Effect of treatment on the incidence of stroke and other emboli in 519 patients with severe thoracic aortic plaque, Am J Cardiol, 90, 1320, 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02870-9 Elinav, 2002, Improvement in cholesterol emboli syndrome after iloprost therapy, BMJ, 324, 268, 10.1136/bmj.324.7332.268 Read, 2000, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 11, 437, 10.1097/00055735-200012000-00009 Soheilian, 2006, Management of pediatric Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH)–associated panuveitis, Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 14, 91, 10.1080/09273940600557001 Andreoli, 2006, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Int Ophthalmol Clin, 46, 111, 10.1097/00004397-200604620-00011 Damico, 2005, T-cell recognition and cytokine profile induced by melanocyte epitopes in patients with HLA-DRB1*0405-positive and -negative Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada uveitis, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 46, 2465, 10.1167/iovs.04-1273 Yamaki, 2000, Ocular and extraocular inflammation induced by immunization of tyrosinase related protein 1 and 2 in Lewis rats, Exp Eye Res, 71, 361, 10.1006/exer.2000.0893 Bassili, 1996, Detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction in the vitreous from a patient with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Retina, 16, 160, 10.1097/00006982-199616020-00013 Sugita, 2007, Cross-reaction between tyrosinase peptides and cytomegalovirus antigen by T cells from patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Int Ophthalmol, 27, 87, 10.1007/s10792-006-9020-y Ondrey, 2006, Sensorineural hearing loss in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Laryngoscope, 116, 1873, 10.1097/01.mlg.0000234946.31603.fe Wong, 1999, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: extensive vitiligo with prodromal generalized erythroderma, Dermatology, 198, 65, 10.1159/000018067 Tsuruta, 2001, Inflammatory vitiligo in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, J Am Acad Dermatol, 44, 129, 10.1067/mjd.2001.110879 Nakao, 2012, Optic disc swelling in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 53, 1917, 10.1167/iovs.11-8984 Inomata, 2001, Depigmented atrophic lesions in sunset glow fundi of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Am J Ophthalmol, 131, 607, 10.1016/S0002-9394(00)00851-5 Friedman, 1981, Sugiura's sign. Perilimbal vitiligo in the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Ophthalmology, 88, 1159, 10.1016/S0161-6420(81)34891-X Read, 2001, Revised diagnostic criteria for Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: report of an international committee on nomenclature, Am J Ophthalmol, 131, 647, 10.1016/S0002-9394(01)00925-4 Maruko, 2011, Subfoveal choroidal thickness after treatment of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Retina, 31, 510, 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181eef053 Nakayama, 2012, Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Retina, 32, 2061, 10.1097/IAE.0b013e318256205a Jap, 2012, Imaging in the diagnosis and management of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Int Ophthalmol Clin, 52, 163, 10.1097/IIO.0b013e31826908fb Kahn, 1993, Immunocytologic findings in a case of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Ophthalmology, 100, 1191, 10.1016/S0161-6420(93)31506-X Perry, 1977, Clinical and histopathologic observations in severe Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Am J Ophthalmol, 83, 242, 10.1016/0002-9394(77)90623-7 Rao, 2007, Pathology of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Int Ophthalmol, 27, 81, 10.1007/s10792-006-9029-2 Le Poole, 1996, Presence of T cells and macrophages in inflammatory vitiligo skin parallels melanocyte disappearance, Am J Pathol, 148, 1219 Okada, 1996, Vitiligo in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: Immunohistological analysis of inflammatory site, Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 234, 359, 10.1007/BF00190711 DiPreta, 2000, Histopathologic findings in the alopecia associated with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, J Cutan Med Surg, 4, 156, 10.1177/120347540000400309 Zmuda, 2013, Successful use of infliximab therapy in sight-threatening corticosteroid-resistant Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 21, 310, 10.3109/09273948.2013.775312 Dolz-Marco, 2011, Rituximab in refractory Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect, 1, 177, 10.1007/s12348-011-0027-9 Jabs, 2000, Guidelines for the use of immunosuppressive drugs in patients with ocular inflammatory disorders: recommendations of an expert panel, Am J Ophthalmol, 130, 492, 10.1016/S0002-9394(00)00659-0 Paredes, 2006, Immunomodulatory therapy for Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada patients as first-line therapy, Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 14, 87, 10.1080/09273940500536766 Nussenblatt, 1985, Cyclosporine therapy for uveitis: long-term followup, J Ocul Pharmacol, 1, 369, 10.1089/jop.1985.1.369 Vitale, 1996, Low-dose cyclosporin A therapy in treating chronic, noninfectious uveitis, Ophthalmology, 103, 365, 10.1016/S0161-6420(96)30683-0 Byon, 2011, Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for rebound phenomenon after high-dose intravenous steroid treatment in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Clin Ophthalmol, 5, 1589 Karacorlu, 2006, Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Eur J Ophthalmol, 16, 481, 10.1177/112067210601600322 Andrade, 2004, Intravitreal triamcinolone in the treatment of serous retinal detachment in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Am J Ophthalmol, 137, 572, 10.1016/j.ajo.2003.08.035 Pelosi, 2011, Intratympanic steroid use for hearing salvage in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, Ear Nose Throat J, 90, 574, 10.1177/014556131109001206 Tabbara, 2012, Reversal of poliosis and vitiligo following Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Arch Ophthalmol, 130, 394, 10.1001/archopthalmol.2011.1520 Sonoda, 1999, Extensive chorioretinal atrophy in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Jpn J Ophthalmol, 43, 113, 10.1016/S0021-5155(98)00066-5 Kuo, 2000, Subretinal fibrosis in patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Ophthalmology, 107, 1721, 10.1016/S0161-6420(00)00244-X Rothschild, 2013, Ophthalmologic manifestations of systemic necrotizing vasculitides at diagnosis: a retrospective study of 1286 patients and review of the literature, Semin Arthritis Rheum, 42, 507, 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.08.003 Carlson, 2005, Cutaneous vasculitis update: diagnostic criteria, classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, evaluation and prognosis, Am J Dermatopathol, 27, 504, 10.1097/01.dad.0000181109.54532.c5 Chen, 2008, Clinical approach to cutaneous vasculitis, Am J Clin Dermatol, 9, 71, 10.2165/00128071-200809020-00001 Callen, 1999, A clinical approach to the vasculitis patient in the dermatologic office, Clin Dermatol, 17, 549, 10.1016/S0738-081X(99)00074-7 Kawakami, 2006, Cutaneous manifestations in patients with microscopic polyangiitis: two case reports and a minireview, Acta Dermatovenerol, 86, 144 Zycinska, 2013, Cutaneous changes: an initial manifestation of pulmonary Wegener's granulomatosis, Adv Exp Med Biol, 755, 307, 10.1007/978-94-007-4546-9_39 Ruokonen, 2009, "Strawberry like" gingivitis being the first sign of Wegener's granulomatosis, Eur J Intern Med, 20, 651, 10.1016/j.ejim.2009.04.007 Tarabishy, 2010, Wegener's granulomatosis: clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and management of ocular and systemic disease, Surv Ophthalmol, 55, 429, 10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.12.003 Baum, 1982, Giant cell arteritis: a systemic disease with rare cutaneous manifestations, J Am Acad Dermatol, 6, 1081, 10.1016/S0190-9622(82)70094-5 Kumar, 2013, Bitemporal scalp, lip and tongue necrosis in giant cell arteritis: a rare presentation, Indian J Dermatol, 58, 328, 10.4103/0019-5154.113980 Valesky, 2012, Bitemporal scalp necrosis: a very rare manifestation of giant cell arteritis, Z Rheumatol, 71, 806, 10.1007/s00393-012-1009-5 Maidana, 2011, Giant cell arteritis presenting as scalp necrosis, Sci World J, 11, 1313, 10.1100/tsw.2011.123 Jennings, 2011, Necrotic tongue: a rare manifestation of giant cell arteritis, J Rheumatol, 38, 2688, 10.3899/jrheum.110780 Brodmann, 2009, Tongue necrosis as first symptom of giant cell arteritis (GCA), Clin Rheumatol, 28, S47, 10.1007/s10067-009-1141-z Hitch, 1970, Dermatologic manifestations of giant-cell (temporal, cranial) arteritis, Arch Dermatol, 101, 409, 10.1001/archderm.1970.04000040031007 Saleh, 2005, Classification and diagnostic criteria in systemic vasculitis, Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 19, 209, 10.1016/j.berh.2004.09.001 Kale, 2010, Diagnosis and management of giant cell arteritis: a review, Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 21, 417, 10.1097/ICU.0b013e32833eae8b Pagnoux, 2010, Clinical features and outcomes in 348 patients with polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic retrospective study of patients diagnosed between 1963 and 2005 and entered into the French Vasculitis Study Group Database, Arthritis Rheum, 62, 616, 10.1002/art.27240 Akova, 1993, Ocular presentation of polyarteritis nodosa. Clinical course and management with steroid and cytotoxic therapy, Ophthalmology, 100, 1775, 10.1016/S0161-6420(93)31405-3 Gajic-Veljic, 2013, Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) in children: report of three cases with cutaneous manifestations and literature review, Pediatr Dermatol, 30, e37, 10.1111/pde.12034 Carlson, 2007, Cutaneous vasculitis update: Neutrophilic muscular vessel and eosinophilic, granulomatous, and lymphocytic vasculitis syndromes, Am J Dermatopathol, 29, 32, 10.1097/01.dad.0000245198.80847.ff Carlson, 2006, Cutaneous vasculitis: diagnosis and management, Clin Dermatol, 24, 414, 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.07.007 Comarmond, 2013, Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss): clinical characteristics and long-term followup of the 383 patients enrolled in the French Vasculitis Study Group cohort, Arthritis Rheum, 65, 270, 10.1002/art.37721 Medford, 2013, Churg-Strauss syndrome: remember cardiac complications too, Clin Med, 13, 321, 10.7861/clinmedicine.13-3-321a Guillevin, 2005, Hepatitis B virus-associated polyarteritis nodosa: clinical characteristics, outcome, and impact of treatment in 115 patients, Medicine (Baltimore), 84, 313, 10.1097/01.md.0000180792.80212.5e Erhardt, 2000, Successful treatment of hepatitis B virus associated polyarteritis nodosa with a combination of prednisolone, alpha-interferon and lamivudine, J Hepatol, 33, 677, 10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80025-2 Simsek, 1995, Successful treatment of hepatitis B virus-associated polyarteritis nodosa by interferon alpha alone, J Clin Gastroenterol, 20, 263, 10.1097/00004836-199504000-00026 Lane, 2005, Primary systemic vasculitis: clinical features and mortality, QJM, 98, 97, 10.1093/qjmed/hci015 Altmeyer, 1999, High dosage intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy in therapy-refractory ANCA-negative, necrotizing vasculitis, Hautarzt, 50, 853, 10.1007/s001050050999 Stone, 2010, Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated vasculitis, N Engl J Med, 363, 221, 10.1056/NEJMoa0909905 Jones, 2010, Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis, N Engl J Med, 363, 211, 10.1056/NEJMoa0909169 Silva-Fernandez, 2014, Biological therapy for systemic vasculitis: a systematic review, Semin Arthritis Rheum, 43, 542, 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.07.010 Kim, 2010, Mepolizumab as a steroid-sparing treatment option in patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 125, 1336, 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.03.028 Kahn, 2010, Sustained response to mepolizumab in refractory Churg-Strauss syndrome, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 125, 267, 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.014 Balsalobre Aznar, 2010, Temporal arteritis: treatment controversies, Neurologia, 25, 453, 10.1016/j.nrl.2010.03.009 Ahmed, 2007, Treatment of refractory temporal arteritis with adalimumab, Clin Rheumatol, 26, 1353, 10.1007/s10067-006-0375-2 Schmidt, 2006, Current diagnosis and treatment of temporal arteritis, Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med, 8, 145, 10.1007/s11936-006-0007-9