Multiphase magmatic activity in the Variscan Kłodzko–Złoty Stok intrusion, Polish Sudetes: evidence from SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages
Tóm tắt
The Kłodzko–Złoty Stok intrusion (KZSI), located in the NE part of the Bohemian Massif of Central Europe, has preserved records of the magmatic and tectonic activity of the Variscan orogeny in the Sudetes. KZSI is extraordinarily complex texturally, and shows a very wide range of chemical, isotopic and mineralogical compositions which indicates a complex, multiphase history of intrusion. New SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages provide evidence of two magmatic episodes with a distinctive hiatus between them at ~ 326–308 Ma. The youngest dated zircons (303.8 ± 3.8/4.2 Ma) are from the Laski leucocratic hornblende–biotite monzogranite and mark a short interval of post-collisional reactivation of the magma system. Zircons from a biotite–hornblende diorite sheet from the northern part of KZSI yielded an age of 349 ± 3.4/3.7 Ma, interpreted as indicating the initial phase of an early Carboniferous, multi-pulse episode. The evolution of the magmatic system can be tied to a 334.4 ± 2.9/3.3 Ma zircon age for melanocratic syenites from Podzamek which represent lamprophyric melt. Based on textural and compositional data and field relationships we interpret the intrusion as having been tilted post-emplacement towards the NW. This, together with the new dating results, ties the early Carboniferous episode of KZSI activity and the Jawornik granitoids (5 km to the SE) to the same magmatic system and arguably to bentonites of the Paprotnia beds (5 km to the NW), all representing different levels of such a system. The newly estimated late Carboniferous age from Laski ties part of the KZSI to other late Carboniferous Sudetic intrusions and late Carboniferous–Permian volcanism.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aleksandrowski P (1998) The Intra-Sudetic fault zone and the Variscan strike-slip tectonics in the West Sudetes. Geolines 6:6–8
Aleksandrowski P, Mazur S (2002) Collage tectonics in the northeasternmost part of the Variscan belt: the Sudetes, Bohemian Massif. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 201:237–277. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.201.01.12
Awdankiewicz M (2007) Late Palaeozoic lamprophyres and associated mafic subvolcanic rocks of the Sudetes (SW Poland): petrology, geochemistry and petrogenesis. Geologia Sudetica 39:11–97
Awdankiewicz M, Kryza R, Szczepara N (2014) Timing of post-collisional volcanism in the eastern part of the Variscan belt: constraints from SHRIMP zircon dating of Permian rhyolites in the North-Sudetic Basin (SW Poland). Geol Mag 151:611–628. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756813000678
Bachliński R, Bagiński B (2007) Kłodzko–Złoty Stok granitoid massif. Granitoids in Poland. Archiwium Mineralogiczne, pp 261–273
Bagiński B (2002) Contact metamorphism induced by the Kłodzko–Złoty Stok Intrusion (Sudetes, Poland). Mineral Soc Pol Spec Pap 20:57–59
Balk R (1925) Primary structure of granite massives. Geol Soc Am Bull 36:679–696. https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-36-679
Barclay J, Carmichael ISE (2004) A hornblende basalt from Western Mexico: water-saturated phase relations constrain a pressure–temperature window of eruptibility. J Petrol 45:485–506. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egg091
Beyrich E, Rose R, Roth I, Runge W (1865) Geologische Karte von dem Niederschlesischen Gebirge und den angrenzenden Gegenden. Schropp Land & Karte, Berlin. http://www.deutschefotothek.de/documents/obj/90010907
Białek D (2001) Mineralogy and Thermobarometry of the Jawornickie Granitoids. Rychlebske Hory. Geolines 13:49
Białek D (2014) SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronology of the Jawornik granitoids (West Sudetes, Poland). Geologia Sudetica 42:4
Black LP, Kamo SL, Allen CM et al (2004) Improved 206Pb/238U microprobe geochronology by the monitoring of a trace-element-related matrix effect; SHRIMP, ID-TIMS, ELA-ICP-MS and oxygen isotope documentation for a series of zircon standards. Chem Geol 205:115–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.01.003
Bojanowski MJ, Barczuk A, Wetzel A (2014) Deep-burial alteration of early-diagenetic carbonate concretions formed in Palaeozoic deep-marine greywackes and mudstones (Bardo Unit, Sudetes Mountains, Poland). Sedimentology 61:1211–1239. https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12098
Bowes DR, Košler J (1993) Geochemical comparison of the subvolcanic appinite suite of the British Caledonides and the durbachite suite of the Central European Hercynides: evidence for associated shoshonitic and granitic magmatism. Mineral Petrol 48:47–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01164908
Bröcker M, Klemd R, Cosca M et al (2009) The timing of eclogite facies metamorphism and migmatization in the Orlica–Śnieżnik complex, Bohemian Massif: constraints from a multimethod geochronological study. J Metamorph Geol 27:385–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2009.00823.x
Budzyń B, Jastrzębski M (2016) Monazite stability and the maintenance of Th–U-total Pb ages during post-magmatic processes in granitoids and host metasedimentary rocks: a case study from the Sudetes (SW Poland). Geol Q 60:106–123. https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1254
Budzyń B, Jastrzębski M, Kozub-Budzyń GA, Konečný P (2015) Monazite Th–U-total Pb geochronology and P–T thermodynamic modelling in a revision of the HP–HT metamorphic record in granulites from Stary Gierałtów (NE Orlica–Śnieżnik Dome, SW Poland). Geol Q 59:700–717. https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1232
Carmichael IS (2002) The andesite aqueduct: perspectives on the evolution of intermediate magmatism in west-central (105–99W) Mexico. Contrib Miner Petrol 143:641–663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-002-0370-9
Chopin F, Schulmann K, Skrzypek E et al (2012) Crustal influx, indentation, ductile thinning and gravity redistribution in a continental wedge: building a Moldanubian mantled gneiss dome with underthrust Saxothuringian material (European Variscan belt). Tectonics 31:TC002951. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002951
Cwojdziński S (1977) Detailed geological map of Sudetes, 1:25000, sheet: Złoty Stok
Cwojdziński S (1979) Evolution of macroenclaves, study based on intrusive and postintrusive tectonics of Kłodzko–Złoty Stok granitoid massif. Wroclaw University, Wrocław
Cwojdziński S (1981) Pre-granitoid semi-lamprophyre at Rogówek (Kłodzko–Złoty Stok granitoid massif). Geol Q 25:31–40
Cymerman Z (1996) The Złoty Stok-Trzebieszowice regional shear zone: the boundary of terranes in the Góry Złote Mts. (Sudetes). Geol Q 40:89–118. https://gq.pgi.gov.pl/article/view/8167
Cymerman Z (2000) Palaeozoic orogeneses in the Sudetes: a geodynamic model. Geol Q 44:59–80. https://gq.pgi.gov.pl/article/view/8032
Cymerman Z (2016) The Orlica–Śnieżnik Dome in the light of tectonic considerations. Przegląd Geologiczny 64:814–830
Dallmeyer RD, Franke W, Weber K (eds) (1995) Pre-Permian geology of Central and Eastern Europe. Springer, Berlin
Davidson J, Turner S, Handley H et al (2007) Amphibole “sponge”. in arc crust? Geology 35:787–790. https://doi.org/10.1130/G23637A.1
Emerle-Tubielewicz H (1979) Detailed geological map of Sudetes, sheet: Kłodzko, 1:25000. Polish Geological Institute, National Research Institute, Warsaw
Ernst WG (2013) Petrogenesis of the Barcroft pluton, northern White-Inyo Mountains, east-central California. Contrib Miner Petrol 165:419–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-012-0815-8
Finckh L, Meister F, Fischer G, Bederke E (1942) Geologische Karte des deutschen Reches 1:25 000. H. 343. Blatt Glatz, Königshein, Reichenstein und Landeck/Erläuterungen/. Reichsamt. für Bodenforschung, Berlin
Finger F, Steyrer HP (1990) I-type granitoids as indicators of a late Paleozoic convergent ocean-continent margin along the southern flank of the central European Variscan orogen. Geology 18:1207. 10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<1207:ITGAIO>2.3.CO;2
Franke W (2000) Orogenic processes: quantification and modelling in the Variscan belt. Geological Society of London, London
Franke W (2006) The Variscan orogen in Central Europe: construction and collapse. Geol Soc Lond Mem 32:333–343. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2006.032.01.20
Franke W (2012) Comment on Dörr and Zulauf: Elevator tectonics and orogenic collapse of a Tibetan-style plateau in the European Variscides: the role of the Bohemian shear zone. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) (2010) 99:299–325. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 101:2027–2034. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0766-3
Franke W (2014) Topography of the Variscan orogen in Europe: failed–not collapsed. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 103:1471–1499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1014-9
Franke W, Żelaźniewicz A (2000) The eastern termination of the Variscides: terrane correlation and kinematic evolution. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 179:63–86. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.179.01.06
Gagnevin D, Daly JS, Whitehouse MJ et al (2008) Zircon as proxy of magma differentiation and mixing in the Tuscan Magmatic Province (Italy). Geochim Cosmochim Acta 72:A288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.05.010
Gagnevin D, Daly JS, Kronz A (2010) Zircon texture and chemical composition as a guide to magmatic processes and mixing in a granitic environment and coeval volcanic system. Contrib Miner Petrol 159:579–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-009-0443-0
Gao Y-Y, Li X-H, Griffin WL et al (2014) Screening criteria for reliable U–Pb geochronology and oxygen isotope analysis in uranium-rich zircons: a case study from the Suzhou A-type granites, SE China. Lithos 192–195:180–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.02.002
Gordon SM, Schneider DA, Manecki M, Holm DK (2005) Exhumation and metamorphism of an ultrahigh-grade terrane: geochronometric investigations of the Sudete Mountains (Bohemia), Poland and Czech Republic. J Geol Soc 162:841–855
Gunia P, Wojciechowska I (2002) Geochemistry of hornblende-bearing pyroxenites within granitoids of the Kłodzko–Złoty Stok intrusion. Mineral Soc Pol Spec Pap 20:97–99
Hamdy M (2001) Mineral chemistry of the phlogopite-bearing olivine two-pyroxene hornblendite from Droszków in the Kłodzko–Złoty Stok granitoid intrusion (SW Poland). Mineral Soc Pol Spec Pap 19:64–66
Holub FV, Żaba J (2003) Geochemical variability of the Kłodzko–Złoty Stok Massif: possible role of multiple mafic end-members of hybrid granitoids. Geolines 16:158–159
Horsman E, Morgan S, de Saint-Blanquat M et al (2010) Emplacement and assembly of shallow intrusions from multiple magma pulses, Henry Mountains, Utah. In: Geological Society of America special papers. Geological Society of America, pp 117–132
Hunter JD (2007) Matplotlib: a 2D graphics environment. Comput Sci Eng 9:90–95. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2007.55
Janoušek V, Žák J (eds) (2015) Euroganites 2015: Variscan plutons of the Bohemian Massif. In: Post-conference field trip following the 26th IUGG general assembly in Prague. Czech Geological Survey, Prague
Jastrzębski M (2012) New insights into the polyphase evolution of the Variscan suture zone: evidence from the Staré Město Belt, NE Bohemian Massif. Geol Mag 149:945–963. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756812000040
Jastrzębski M, Żelaźniewicz A, Nowak I et al (2010) Protolith age and provenance of metasedimentary rocks in Variscan allochthon units: U–Pb SHRIMP zircon data from the Orlica–Śnieżnik Dome, West Sudetes. Geol Mag 147:416–433. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756809990501
Jastrzębski M, Żelaźniewicz A, Majka J et al (2013) Constraints on the Devonian–Carboniferous closure of the Rheic Ocean from a multi-method geochronology study of the Staré Město Belt in the Sudetes (Poland and the Czech Republic). Lithos 170–171:54–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.02.021
Jokubauskas P, Bagiński B, Macdonald R, Awdankiewicz M (2013) Modeling the Kłodzko–Złoty Stok magma system using amphibole and two pyroxene geothermobarometry. Miner Spec Pap 41:47
Jokubauskas P, Awdankiewicz M, Bagiński B, Macdonald R (2014a) The origin of lamprophyres and related dykes in the Kłodzko–Złoty Stok pluton—insights from isotope chemistry and thermobarometry. Mineral Spec Pap 42:61–62
Jokubauskas P, Bagiński B, Macdonald R (2014b) The apophyses and “apophyses” of the Kłodzko–Złoty Stok intrusion—amphibole and 2 pyroxene thermobarometry. Mineral Spec Pap 42:60
Jokubauskas P, Bagiński B, Macdonald R, Awdankiewicz M (2014c) Kłodzko–Złoty Stok intrusion: field trip guide. Mineral Spec Pap 42:127–134
Kamiyama H, Nakajima T, Kamioka H (2007) Magmatic stratigraphy of the tilted Tottabetsu plutonic complex, Hokkaido, North Japan: magma chamber dynamics and pluton construction. J Geol 115:295–314. https://doi.org/10.1086/512754
Klemd R, Bröcker M (1999) Fluid influence on mineral reactions in ultrahigh-pressure granulites: a case study in the Śnieżnik Mts. (West Sudetes, Poland). Contrib Miner Petrol 136:358–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050544
Klomínský J, Jarchovský T, Rajpoot GS (2010) Atlas of plutonic rocks and orthogneisses in the Bohemian Massif. Czech Geological Survey, Prague
Kotkova J (2007) High-pressure granulites of the Bohemian Massif: recent advances and open questions. J Geosci 52:45–71. https://doi.org/10.3190/jgeosci.006
Kryza R, Mazur S, Oberc-Dziedzic T (2004) The Sudetic geological mosaic: Insights into the root of the Variscan orogen. Przegląd Geologiczny 52:761–771
Kryza R, Mazur S, Aleksandrowski P (2008a) Pre-Late Devonian unconformity in the Kłodzko area excavated: a record of Eo-Variscan metamorphism and exhumation in the Sudetes. Geologia Sudetica 32:127–137
Kryza R, Muszer J, August C et al (2008b) Lower Carboniferous bentonites in the Bardo Structural Unit (central Sudetes): geological context, petrology and palaeotectonic setting. Geologia Sudetica 40:19–31
Kryza R, Pin C, Oberc-Dziedzic T et al (2014) Deciphering the geochronology of a large granitoid pluton (Karkonosze Granite, SW Poland): an assessment of U–Pb zircon SIMS and Rb–Sr whole-rock dates relative to U–Pb zircon CA-ID-TIMS. Int Geol Rev 56:756–782. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2014.886364
Kusiak MA, Williams IS, Dunkley DJ et al (2014) Monazite to the rescue: U–Th–Pb dating of the intrusive history of the composite Karkonosze pluton, Bohemian Massif. Chem Geol 364:76–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.11.016
Lange RA, Carmichael ISE (1990) Hydrous Basaltic andesites associated with minette and related lavas in Western Mexico. J Petrol 31:1225–1259. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/31.6.1225
Laurent A, Janoušek V, Magna T et al (2014) Petrogenesis and geochronology of a post-orogenic calc-alkaline magmatic association: the Žulová Pluton, Bohemian Massif. J Geosci 59:415–440. https://doi.org/10.3190/jgeosci.176
Lorenc MW (1991) Uwagi o genezie intruzji kłodzko-złotostockiej (Studium porównawcze na bazie enklaw). Archivum Mineralogiae 47:79–98
Lorenc MW (1994) Role of basic magmas in the granitoid evolution (a comparative study of some hercynian massifs). Geologia Sudetica 28:1–130
Ludwig RK (2009) SQUID 2: a user’s manual. rev. 12. Berkeley Geochron Ctr Spec Pub 5:110
Ludwig RK (2012) Isoplot 3.75: a user’s manual. Berkeley Geochron CtrSpec Pub 5:75
Matte P, Maluski H, Rajlich P, Franke W (1990) Terrane boundaries in the Bohemian Massif: result of large-scale Variscan shearing. Tectonophysics 177:151–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90279-H
Mazur S, Turniak K, Bröcker M (2004) Neoproterozoic and Cambro-Ordovician magmatism in the Variscan Klodzko Metamorphic Complex (West Sudetes, Poland): new insights from U/Pb zircon dating. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 93:758–772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-004-0417-4
Mazur S, Aleksandrowski P, Kryza R, Oberc-Dziedzic T (2006) The Variscan Orogen in Poland. Geol Q 50:89–118
Mazur S, Aleksandrowski P, Turniak K, Awdankiewicz M (2007) Geology, tectonic evolution and Late Palaeozoic magmatism of Sudetes—an overview. In: Kozłowski A, Wiszniewska J (eds) Granitoids in Poland. Geology departament of University of Warsaw and Polish Geological Institute–National Research Institute, Warsaw, pp 59–87
Mikulski SZ, Williams IS (2013) Zircon U–Pb ages of granitoid apophyses in the western part of the Kłodzko–Złoty Stok Granite Pluton (SW Poland). Geol Q 58:251–262. https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1141
Mikulski SZ, Williams IS, Bagiński B (2013) Early Carboniferous (Viséan) emplacement of the collisional Kłodzko–Złoty Stok granitoids (Sudetes, SW Poland): constraints from geochemical data and zircon U–Pb ages. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 102:1007–1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0852-6
Muszer A (1992) Mineralized pyroxenites from the vicinity of Złoty Stok and their relrelations with lineaments. Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis Prace Geologiczno-Mineralogiczne XXVIII:69–77
Muszer J, Uglik M (2013) Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Upper Visean Paprotnia Beds (Bardo Unit, Polish Sudetes) using ichnological and palaeontological data. Geol Q 57:365–384. https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1095
Oberc-Dziedzic T, Kryza R (2012) Late stage Variscan magmatism in the Strzelin Massif (SW Poland): SHRIMP zircon ages of tonalite and Bt-Ms granite of the Gęsiniec intrusion. Geol Q 56:225–236
Oberc-Dziedzic T, Kryza R, Pin C (2015) Variscan granitoids related to shear zones and faults: examples from the Central Sudetes (Bohemian Massif) and the Middle Odra Fault Zone. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 104:1139–1166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1153-7
Oplustil S, Schmitz M, Kachlik V, Stamberg S (2016) Re-assessment of lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and volcanic activity of the Late Paleozoic Intra-Sudetic, Krkonose-Piedmont and Mnichovo Hradiste basins (Czech Republic) based on new U–Pb CA-ID-TIMS ages. Bull Geosci 91:399–432
PGI-NRI Boreholes (2017) Central Geological Database. http://otworywiertnicze.pgi.gov.pl/Details/Information/28694. Accessed 20 Feb 2017
Pietranik A, Storey C, Kierczak J (2013) The Niemcza diorites and monzodiorites (Sudetes, SW Poland):a record of changing geotectonic setting at ca. 340 Ma. Geol Q 57:325–334. https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1084
Ridolfi F, Renzulli A (2012) Calcic amphiboles in calc-alkaline and alkaline magmas: thermobarometric and chemometric empirical equations valid up to 1,130 °C and 2.2 GPa. Contrib Miner Petrol 163:877–895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-011-0704-6
Rock NMS (1991) Lamprophyres. Blackie and Son Ltd, Glasgow
Schulmann K, Gayer R (2000) A model for a continental accretionary wedge developed by oblique collision: the NE Bohemian Massif. J Geol Soc 157:401–416. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs.157.2.401
Schulmann K, Konopásek J, Janoušek V et al (2009) An Andean type Palaeozoic convergence in the Bohemian Massif. C R Geosci 341:266–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2008.12.006
Seifert W, Kramer W (2003) Accessory titanite: an important carrier of zirconium in lamprophyres. Lithos 71:81–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2003.07.002
Skrzypek E, Lehmann J, Szczepański J et al (2014) Time-scale of deformation and intertectonic phases revealed by P–T–D–t relationships in the orogenic middle crust of the Orlica–Śnieżnik Dome, Polish/Czech Central Sudetes. J Meta Geol 32:981–1003. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12103
Turniak K, Mazur S, Domańska-Siuda J, Szuszkiewicz A (2014) SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating for granitoids from the Strzegom–Sobótka Massif, SW Poland: Constraints on the initial time of Permo-Mesozoic lithosphere thinning beneath Central Europe. Lithos 208–209:415–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.09.031
Ventura GD, Bellatreccia F, Williams CT (1999) Zr- and LREE-rich titanite from Tre Croci, Vico Volcanic complex (Latium, Italy). Mineral Mag 63:123–130
von Raumer JF, Finger F, Veselá P, Stampfli GM (2014) Durbachites–Vaugnerites—a geodynamic marker in the central European Variscan orogen. Terra Nova 26:85–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12071
Walker BA, Miller CF, Lowery Claiborne L et al (2007) Geology and geochronology of the Spirit Mountain batholith, southern Nevada: implications for timescales and physical processes of batholith construction. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 167:239–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.12.008
Wenzel T, Oberhänsli R, Mezger K (2000) K rich plutonic rocks and lamprophyres from Meissen Massif (northern Bohemian Massif): Geochemical evidence for variably enriched lithospheric mantle source. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abhandlungen 175:249–293
White LT, Ireland TR (2012) High-uranium matrix effect in zircon and its implications for SHRIMP U–Pb age determinations. Chem Geol 306–307:78–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.02.025
Wierzchołowski B (1976) Granitoids of the Kłodzko–Złoty Stok massif and their contact influence on the country rocks (petrographic characteristics). Geologia Sudetica 11:7–147
Wierzchołowski B (1977) Dyke rocks of the Kłodzko–Złoty Stok granitoid massif. Geologia Sudetica XII:7–28
Wierzchołowski B (2003) Potassium-rich dyke rock of Rogówek (Sudetes,Poland). Arch Miner LIV:77–97
Wieser T (1958) Petrotektonika zachodniej części masywu intruzywnego Kłodzko-Złoty Stok. Geol Q 2:673–687
Williams IS (1998) U–Th–Pb geochronology by ion microprobe. In: McKibben MA, Shanks WC, Ridley WI (eds) Applications of microanalytical techniques to understanding mineralizing processes. Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton, pp 1–35
Williams IS, Claesson S (1987) Isotopic evidence for the Precambrian provenance and Caledonian metamorphism of high grade paragneisses from the Seve Nappes, Scandinavian Caledonides. Contrib Miner Petrol 97:205–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371240
Winchester JA, Pharaoh TC, Verniers J (2002) Palaeozoic amalgamation of Central Europe: an introduction and synthesis of new results from recent geological and geophysical investigations. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 201:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.201.01.01
Wojciechowska I (1975) Tectonics of the Kłodzko–Złoty Stok granitoids massif and its country rocks in the light of mesostructural investigations. Geologia Sudetica 10:61–121
Wojciechowska I (2002) The geotectonic position of the Kłodzko–Złoty Stok granitoids. Miner Soc Pol Spec Pap 20:231–233
Żelaźniewicz A, Jastrzębski M, Redlińska-Marczyńska A, Szczepański J (2014) The Olica-Śnieżnik Dome, the Sudetes, in 2002 and 12 years later. Geologia Sudetica 42:105–123
Zimmer MM, Plank T, Hauri EH et al (2010) The role of water in generating the calc-alkaline trend: new volatile data for aleutian magmas and a new tholeiitic index. J Petrol. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egq062