Multimorbidity and mortality in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on the Care of Older Adults with Multimorbidity, 2012, Guiding principles for the care of older adults with multimorbidity: An approach for clinicians, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04188.x

Barnett, 2012, Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: A cross-sectional study, Lancet, 380, 37, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60240-2

Beelen, 2014, Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality: An analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPE project, Lancet, 383, 785, 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62158-3

Buntinx, 2002, Evaluation of Charlson’s comorbidity index in elderly living in nursing homes, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 55, 1144, 10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00485-7

Byles, 2005, Single index of multimorbidity did not predict multiple outcomes, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 58, 997, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.02.025

Calderon-Larranaga, 2012, Multimorbidity, polypharmacy, referrals, and adverse drug events: Are we doing things well?, The British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 62, e821, 10.3399/bjgp12X659295

Chan, 2012, Development and validation of a prognostic index for 2-year mortality in Chinese older residents living in nursing homes, Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 12, 555, 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00804.x

Chan, 2014, Validation study of Charlson Comorbidity Index in predicting mortality in Chinese older adults, Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 14, 452, 10.1111/ggi.12129

Charlson, 1987, A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation, Journal of Chronic Diseases, 40, 373, 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8

Chen, 2010, Predicting mortality of older residents in long-term care facilities: Comorbidity or care problems?, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 11, 567, 10.1016/j.jamda.2009.11.012

Chwastiak, 2010, Association of psychiatric illness and all-cause mortality in the National Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Psychosomatic Medicine, 72, 817, 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181eb33e9

Dahl, 2013, Body mass index, change in body mass index, and survival in old and very old persons, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61, 512, 10.1111/jgs.12158

DeSalvo, 2006, Mortality prediction with a single general self-rated health question. A meta-analysis, Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 267, 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.00291.x

Diederichs, 2011, How to weight chronic diseases in multimorbidity indices? Development of a new method on the basis of individual data from five population-based studies, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 65, 679, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.11.006

Drame, 2008, Derivation and validation of a mortality-risk index from a cohort of frail elderly patients hospitalised in medical wards via emergencies: The SAFES study, European Journal of Epidemiology, 23, 783, 10.1007/s10654-008-9290-y

Fillenbaum, 2000, Comorbidity of five chronic health conditions in elderly community residents: Determinants and impact on mortality, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 55, M84, 10.1093/gerona/55.2.M84

Formiga, 2013, Utility of geriatric assessment to predict mortality in the oldest old: The Octabaix study 3-year follow-up, Rejuvenation Research, 16, 279, 10.1089/rej.2013.1422

Fortin, 2004, Multimorbidity and quality of life in primary care: A systematic review, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2, 51, 10.1186/1477-7525-2-51

Fortin, 2012, A systematic review of prevalence studies on multimorbidity: Toward a more uniform methodology, Annals of Family Medicine, 10, 142, 10.1370/afm.1337

Frenkel, 2014, Validation of the Charlson Comorbidity Index in acutely hospitalized elderly adults: a prospective cohort study, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 62, 342, 10.1111/jgs.12635

Gijsen, 2001, Causes and consequences of comorbidity: A review, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 54, 661, 10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00363-2

Guthrie, 2012, Adapting clinical guidelines to take account of multimorbidity, BMJ, 345, e6341, 10.1136/bmj.e6341

Gutierrez-Misis, 2012, Use of a proxy to the Charlson index to study the short and long-term comorbidity and mortality in the elderly, Atencion Primaria/Sociedad Espanola de Medicina de Familia Y Comunitaria, 44, 153

Harrison, 2014, Examining different measures of multimorbidity, using a large prospective cross-sectional study in Australian general practice, BMJ Open, 4, 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004694

Helvik, 2013, Three-year mortality in previously hospitalized older patients from rural areas—the importance of co-morbidity and self-reported poor health, BMC Geriatrics, 13, 17, 10.1186/1471-2318-13-17

Hempenius, 2013, Inclusion of frail elderly patients in clinical trials: Solutions to the problems, Journal of Geriatric Oncology, 4, 26, 10.1016/j.jgo.2012.08.004

Higgins, 2002, Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis, Statistics in Medicine, 21, 1539, 10.1002/sim.1186

Holt-Lunstad, 2010, Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review, PLoS Medicine, 7, e1000316, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316

Jakobsson, 2006, Mortality among elderly receiving long-term care: A longitudinal cohort study, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 18, 503, 10.1007/BF03324851

Jeong, 2013, Role of severity and gender in the association between late-life depression and all-cause mortality, International Psychogeriatrics/IPA, 25, 677, 10.1017/S1041610212002190

Kalache, 1997, A global strategy for healthy ageing, World Health, 50, 4

Kaplan, 1974, The importance of classifying initial co-morbidity in evaluating the outcome of diabetes mellitus, Journal of Chronic Diseases, 27, 387, 10.1016/0021-9681(74)90017-4

Landi, 2010, Disability, more than multimorbidity, was predictive of mortality among older persons aged 80 years and older, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63, 752, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.09.007

Landi, 2012, Sarcopenia and mortality among older nursing home residents, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 13, 121, 10.1016/j.jamda.2011.07.004

Lima-Costa, 2012, Socioeconomic inequalities in health in older adults in Brazil and England, American Journal of Public Health, 102, 1535, 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300765

Luy, 2014, Do women live longer or do men die earlier?: Reflections on the causes of sex differences in life expectancy, Gerontology, 60, 143, 10.1159/000355310

Mallet, 2007, The challenge of managing drug interactions in elderly people, The Lancet, 370, 185, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61092-7

Marengoni, 2009, The impact of chronic multimorbidity and disability on functional decline and survival in elderly persons. A community-based, longitudinal study, Journal of Internal Medicine, 265, 288, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.02017.x

Marengoni, 2011, Aging with multimorbidity: A systematic review of the literature, Ageing Research Reviews, 10, 430, 10.1016/j.arr.2011.03.003

Marengoni, 2013, Guidelines for elderly patients with multimorbidity: How to cope with a dark night without fear, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 703, 10.1007/s40520-013-0072-3

Martinez-Velilla, 2014, Comorbidity and prognostic indices do not improve the 5-year mortality prediction of components of comprehensive geriatric assessment in hospitalized older patients, BMC Geriatrics, 14, 64, 10.1186/1471-2318-14-64

Mazzella, 2010, Social support and long-term mortality in the elderly: Role of comorbidity, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 51, 323, 10.1016/j.archger.2010.01.011

McDaid, 2013, The effect of multiple chronic conditions on self-rated health, disability and quality of life among the older populations of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland: A comparison of two nationally representative cross-sectional surveys, BMJ Open, 3, 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002571

Meijer, 2012, Do neighborhoods affect individual mortality? A systematic review and meta-analysis of multilevel studies, Social Science & Medicine (1982), 74, 1204, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.034

Mello, 2014, Health-related and socio-demographic factors associated with frailty in the elderly: A systematic literature review, Cadernos de Saude Publica, 30, 1143, 10.1590/0102-311X00148213

Menotti, 2001, Prevalence of morbidity and multimorbidity in elderly male populations and their impact on 10-year all-cause mortality: The FINE study (Finland, Italy, Netherlands, Elderly), Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 54, 680, 10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00368-1

Minicuci, 2003, Predicting mortality in older patients. The VELCA study, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 15, 328, 10.1007/BF03324518

Moher, 2009, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement, Annals of Internal Medicine, 151, 264, 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135

Moraes, 2012, 98

Newman, 2008, A physiologic index of comorbidity: Relationship to mortality and disability. The journals of gerontology. Series A, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 63, 603, 10.1093/gerona/63.6.603

Nybo, 2003, Predictors of mortality in 2,249 nonagenarians-the danish 1905-cohort survey, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51, 1365, 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51453.x

Peterson, 2012, The risk of comorbidity, Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 71, 635, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200473

Rozzini, 2002, Geriatric Index of Comorbidity: Validation and comparison with other measures of comorbidity, Age and Ageing, 31, 277, 10.1093/ageing/31.4.277

Salisbury, 2012, Multimorbidity: Redesigning health care for people who use it, The Lancet, 380, 7, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60482-6

Salive, 2013, Multimorbidity in older adults, Epidemiologic Reviews, 35, 75, 10.1093/epirev/mxs009

Selim, 2002, Risk-adjusted mortality rates as a potential outcome indicator for outpatient quality assessments, Medical Care, 40, 237, 10.1097/00005650-200203000-00007

Shamliyan, 2013, Association of frailty with survival: A systematic literature review, Ageing Research Reviews, 12, 719, 10.1016/j.arr.2012.03.001

Silva, 2014, Social determinants of death among the elderly: A systematic literature review, Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 17, 178, 10.1590/1809-4503201400060015

Smith, 2012, Interventions for improving outcomes in patients with multimorbidity in primary care and community settings, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4, Cd006560

St. John, 2014, Multimorbidity, disability, and mortality in community-dwelling older adults, Canadian Family Physician Medecin de Famille Canadien, 60, e272

Theou, 2012, Disability and co-morbidity in relation to frailty: How much do they overlap?, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 55, e1, 10.1016/j.archger.2012.03.001

Tiainen, 2013, Predictors of mortality in men and women aged 90 and older: A nine-year follow-up study in the Vitality 90+ study, Age and Ageing, 42, 468, 10.1093/ageing/aft030

Tooth, 2008, Weighted multimorbidity indexes predicted mortality, health service use, and health-related quality of life in older women, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 61, 151, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.05.015

Veras, 2014, Integration and continuity of Care in health care network models for frail older adults, Revista de Saude Publica, 48, 357, 10.1590/S0034-8910.2014048004941

Veras, 2009, Population aging today: Demands, challenges and innovations, Revista de Saude Publica, 43, 548, 10.1590/S0034-89102009000300020

Wang, 2009, The contribution of longitudinal comorbidity measurements to survival analysis, Medical Care, 47, 813, 10.1097/MLR.0b013e318197929c

Woo, 2014, Multi-morbidity, dependency, and frailty singly or in combination have different impact on health outcomes, Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands), 36, 923, 10.1007/s11357-013-9590-3

van der Jagt-Willems, 2013, Mortality and incident vertebral fractures after 3 years of follow-up among geriatric patients, Osteoporosis International, 24, 1713, 10.1007/s00198-012-2147-y

van Doorn, 2001, Risk adjustment for older hospitalized persons: A comparison of two methods of data collection for the Charlson index, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 54, 694, 10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00367-X

van Weel, 2006, Comorbidity and guidelines: Conflicting interests, The Lancet, 367, 550, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68198-1