Multifaceted Role of the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) and Its Receptor (uPAR): Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Applications
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Barkan, 2010, Extracellular matrix: a gatekeeper in the transition from dormancy to metastatic growth, Eur J Cancer, 46, 1181, 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.02.027
Weigelt, 2005, Breast cancer metastasis: markers and models, Nat Rev Cancer, 5, 591, 10.1038/nrc1670
Rabbani, 2007, Evaluating distant metastases in breast cancer: from biology to outcomes, Cancer Metastasis Rev, 26, 663, 10.1007/s10555-007-9085-8
Pillay, 2007, The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor as a gene therapy target for cancer, Trends Biotechnol, 25, 33, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.10.011
Duffy, 2004, The urokinase plasminogen activator system: role in malignancy, Curr Pharm Des, 10, 39, 10.2174/1381612043453559
Su, 2016, The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system as a biomarker and therapeutic target in human malignancies, Expert Opin Ther Targets, 20, 551, 10.1517/14728222.2016.1113260
Duffy, 2004, The urokinase plasminogen activator system: a rich source of tumour markers for the individualised management of patients with cancer, Clin Biochem, 37, 541, 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.05.013
Duffy, 2002, Urokinase plasminogen activator and its inhibitor, PAI-1, as prognostic markers in breast cancer: from pilot to level 1 evidence studies, Clin Chem, 48, 1194, 10.1093/clinchem/48.8.1194
Shin, 2005, Expression of E-cadherin and uPA and their association with the prognosis of pancreatic cancer, Jpn J Clin Oncol, 35, 342, 10.1093/jjco/hyi154
Taubert, 2010, Co-detection of members of the urokinase plasminogen activator system in tumour tissue and serum correlates with a poor prognosis for soft-tissue sarcoma patients, Br J Cancer, 102, 731, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605520
Pappot, 2006, The complex between urokinase (uPA) and its type-1 inhibitor (PAI-1) in pulmonary adenocarcinoma: relation to prognosis, Lung Cancer, 51, 193, 10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.10.002
Sperl, 2001, The uPA/uPA receptor system as a target for tumor therapy, Drug News Perspect, 14, 401, 10.1358/dnp.2001.14.7.858423
Muehlenweg, 2001, Interference with the urokinase plasminogen activator system: a promising therapy concept for solid tumours, Expert Opin Biol Ther, 1, 683, 10.1517/14712598.1.4.683
McMahon, 2015, Components of the plasminogen-plasmin system as biologic markers for cancer, Adv Exp Med Biol, 867, 145, 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_10
Stoppelli, 2013, The Plasminogen Activation System in Cell Invasion
O’Rourke, 2005, Distribution of sympathetic tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) to a distant microvasculature, J Neurosci Res, 79, 727, 10.1002/jnr.20366
Leurer, 2015, Chapter 6: Plasminogen activator system—diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications in breast cancer, A Concise Review of Molecular Pathology of Breast Cancer
Mekkawy, 2014, Involvement of urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in cancer: an overview, Med Res Rev, 34, 918, 10.1002/med.21308
Mazar, 2011, Development of novel therapeutics targeting the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and their translation toward the clinic, Curr Pharm Des, 17, 1970, 10.2174/138161211796718152
Cianfrocca, 2006, Phase 1 trial of the antiangiogenic peptide ATN-161 (Ac-PHSCN-NH2), a beta integrin antagonist, in patients with solid tumours, Br J Cancer, 94, 1621, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603171
Guo, 2000, A peptide derived from the nonreceptor binding region of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) inhibits tumor progression and angiogenesis and induces tumor cell death in vivo, FASEB J, 14, 1400, 10.1096/fj.14.10.1400
Choong, 2003, Urokinase plasminogen activator system: a multifunctional role in tumor progression and metastasis, Clin Orthop Relat Res, 415, S46, 10.1097/01.blo0000093845.72468.bd
Sobel, 1952, Urokinase-an activator of plasma profibrinolysin extracted from urine, Am J Physiol, 171, 768
Danø, 1985, Plasminogen activators, tissue degradation, and cancer, Adv Cancer Res, 44, 139, 10.1016/S0065-230X(08)60028-7
Wang, 1995, Structure of the human urokinase receptor gene and its similarity to CD59 and the Ly-6 family, FEBS J, 227, 116
Appella, 1987, The receptor-binding sequence of urokinase. A biological function for the growth-factor module of proteases, J Biol Chem, 262, 4437, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)61211-6
Kristensen, 1984, Human endothelial cells contain one type of plasminogen activator, FEBS Lett, 168, 33, 10.1016/0014-5793(84)80201-X
Schmitt, 1990, Biological and clinical relevance of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in breast cancer, Biomed Biochim Acta, 50, 731
Petersen, 1988, One-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator from human sarcoma cells is a proenzyme with little or no intrinsic activity, J Biol Chem, 263, 11189, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)37940-7
Stack, 1994, Human mast cell tryptase activates single-chain urinary-type plasminogen activator (pro-urokinase), J Biol Chem, 269, 9416, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36896-5
Van Veldhuizen, 1996, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression in human prostate carcinomas, Am J Med Sci, 312, 8, 10.1016/S0002-9629(15)41739-2
Goretzki, 1992, Effective activation of the proenzyme form of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (pro-uPA) by the cysteine protease cathepsin L, FEBS Lett, 297, 112, 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80339-I
Koutsilieris, 1987, Characteristics of prostate-derived growth factors for cells of the osteoblast phenotype, J Clin Invest, 80, 941, 10.1172/JCI113186
Koutsilieris, 1987, Effects of human prostatic mitogens on rat bone cells and fibroblasts, J Endocrinol, 115, 447, 10.1677/joe.0.1150447
Rabbani, 1990, An amino-terminal fragment of urokinase isolated from a prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) is mitogenic for osteoblast-like cells, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 173, 1058, 10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80893-9
Rabbani, 1992, Structural requirements for the growth factor activity of the amino-terminal domain of urokinase, J Biol Chem, 267, 14151, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)49691-9
Ellis, 1991, Plasminogen activation by receptor-bound urokinase. A kinetic study with both cell-associated and isolated receptor, J Biol Chem, 266, 12752, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98963-5
Higazi, 1995, Enhancement of the enzymatic activity of single-chain urokinase plasminogen activator by soluble urokinase receptor, J Biol Chem, 270, 17375, 10.1074/jbc.270.29.17375
Xu, 2014, Identification of a new epitope in uPAR as a target for the cancer therapeutic monoclonal antibody ATN-658, a structural homolog of the uPAR binding integrin CD11b (αM), PLoS One, 9, e85349, 10.1371/journal.pone.0085349
Mars, 1993, Activation of hepatocyte growth factor by the plasminogen activators uPA and tPA, Am J Pathol, 143, 949
Irigoyen, 1999, The plasminogen activator system: biology and regulation, Cell Mol Life Sci, 56, 104, 10.1007/PL00000615
Nagamine, 2005, Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the plasminogen activator system, Thromb Haemost, 93, 661, 10.1160/TH04-12-0814
Benasciutti, 2004, MAPK and JNK transduction pathways can phosphorylate Sp1 to activate the uPA minimal promoter element and endogenous gene transcription, Blood, 104, 256, 10.1182/blood-2003-08-2661
D’Orazio, 1997, Cooperation of two PEA3/AP1 sites in uPA gene induction by TPA and FGF-2, Gene, 201, 179, 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00445-9
Pakneshan, 2003, Methylation status of uPA promoter as a molecular mechanism regulating prostate cancer invasion and growth in vitro and in vivo, FASEB J, 17, 1081, 10.1096/fj.02-0973com
Guo, 2002, Regulation of DNA methylation in human breast cancer effect on the urokinase-type plasminogen activator gene production and tumor invasion, J Biol Chem, 277, 41571, 10.1074/jbc.M201864200
Xing, 1999, Transcriptional regulation of urokinase (uPA) gene expression in breast cancer cells: role of DNA methylation, Int J Cancer, 81, 443, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19990505)81:3<443::AID-IJC19>3.0.CO;2-T
Pakneshan, 2004, Demethylation of urokinase promoter as a prognostic marker in patients with breast carcinoma, Clin Cancer Res, 10, 3035, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0545
Fowler, 1998, Binding of human single chain urokinase to Chinese hamster ovary cells and cloning of hamster u-PAR, Thromb Haemost, 80, 148, 10.1055/s-0037-1615154
Stoppelli, 1985, Differentiation-enhanced binding of the amino-terminal fragment of human urokinase plasminogen activator to a specific receptor on U937 monocytes, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 82, 4939, 10.1073/pnas.82.15.4939
Vassalli, 1985, A cellular binding site for the Mr 55,000 form of the human plasminogen activator, urokinase, J Cell Biol, 100, 86, 10.1083/jcb.100.1.86
Ploug, 1991, Cellular receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator. Carboxyl-terminal processing and membrane anchoring by glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol, J Biol Chem, 266, 1926, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)52382-6
Llinas, 2005, Crystal structure of the human urokinase plasminogen activator receptor bound to an antagonist peptide, EMBO J, 24, 1655, 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600635
Degryse, 2008, The urokinase receptor and integrins constitute a cell migration signalosome, Cancer Degradome, 451, 10.1007/978-0-387-69057-5_23
Montuori, 2005, Soluble and cleaved forms of the urokinase-receptor: degradation products or active molecules, Thromb Haemost, 93, 192, 10.1160/TH04-09-0580
O’Halloran, 2013, The many spaces of uPAR: delivery of theranostic agents and nanobins to multiple tumor compartments through a single target, Theranostics, 3, 496, 10.7150/thno.4953
Kugler, 2003, Urokinase receptor and integrin interactions, Curr Pharm Des, 9, 1565, 10.2174/1381612033454658
Hu, 2011, Crosstalk between the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and EGF receptor variant III supports survival and growth of glioblastoma cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108, 15984, 10.1073/pnas.1113416108
Webb, 2000, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase functions in the urokinase receptor-dependent pathway by which neutralization of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein promotes fibrosarcoma cell migration and matrigel invasion, J Cell Sci, 113, 123, 10.1242/jcs.113.1.123
Rønne, 1995, The receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator is present in plasma from healthy donors and elevated in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, Br J Haematol, 89, 576, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb08366.x
Lomholt, 2009, Intact and cleaved forms of the urokinase receptor enhance discrimination of cancer from non-malignant conditions in patients presenting with symptoms related to colorectal cancer, Br J Cancer, 101, 992, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605228
Resnati, 2002, The fibrinolytic receptor for urokinase activates the G protein-coupled chemotactic receptor FPRL1/LXA4R, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 1359, 10.1073/pnas.022652999
Nykjaer, 1998, Mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-II receptor targets the urokinase receptor to lysosomes via a novel binding interaction, J Cell Biol, 141, 815, 10.1083/jcb.141.3.815
Mazar, 2008, Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor choreographs multiple ligand interactions: implications for tumor progression and therapy, Clin Cancer Res, 14, 5649, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4863
Gonias, 2015, Urokinase receptor and resistance to targeted anticancer agents, Front Pharmacol, 6, 1, 10.3389/fphar.2015.00154
Chandran, 2015, HER2 and uPAR cooperativity contribute to metastatic phenotype of HER2-positive breast cancer, Oncoscience, 2, 207, 10.18632/oncoscience.146
Pierga, 2005, Real-time quantitative PCR determination of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expression of isolated micrometastatic cells from bone marrow of breast cancer patients, Int J Cancer, 114, 291, 10.1002/ijc.20698
Meng, 2006, uPAR and HER-2 gene status in individual breast cancer cells from blood and tissues, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103, 17361, 10.1073/pnas.0608113103
Andreasen, 1990, Plasminogen activator inhibitors: hormonally regulated serpins, Mol Cell Endocrinol, 68, 1, 10.1016/0303-7207(90)90164-4
Thorsen, 1988, Kinetics of inhibition of tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activator by plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 and type 2, FEBS J, 175, 33
Croucher, 2008, Revisiting the biological roles of PAI2 (SERPINB2) in cancer, Nat Rev Cancer, 8, 535, 10.1038/nrc2400
Harbeck, 2013, Ten-year analysis of the prospective multicentre Chemo-N0 trial validates American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)-recommended biomarkers uPA and PAI-1 for therapy decision making in node-negative breast cancer patients, Eur J Cancer, 49, 1825, 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.01.007
Halamkova, 2011, Clinical relevance of uPA, uPAR, PAI 1 and PAI 2 tissue expression and plasma PAI 1 level in colorectal carcinoma patients, Hepatogastroenterology, 58, 1918, 10.5754/hge10232
Lee, 2005, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: the expression, biological functions, and effects on tumorigenesis and tumor cell adhesion and migration, J Cancer Mol, 1, 25
Stefansson, 1996, The serpin PAI-1 inhibits cell migration by blocking integrin alphavbeta3 binding to vitronectin, Nature, 383, 441, 10.1038/383441a0
Plesner, 1997, Structure, function and expression on blood and bone marrow cells of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, uPAR, Stem Cells, 15, 398, 10.1002/stem.150398
Naldini, 1992, Extracellular proteolytic cleavage by urokinase is required for activation of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, EMBO J, 11, 4825, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05588.x
Hannocks, 1992, Regulation of proteolytic activity in human bone marrow stromal cells by basic fibroblast growth factor, interleukin-1, and transforming growth factor beta, Blood, 79, 1178, 10.1182/blood.V79.5.1178.1178
Degryse, 1999, Src-dependence and pertussis-toxin sensitivity of urokinase receptor-dependent chemotaxis and cytoskeleton reorganization in rat smooth muscle cells, Blood, 94, 649, 10.1182/blood.V94.2.649
Mukhina, 2000, The chemotactic action of urokinase on smooth muscle cells is dependent on its kringle domain characterization of interactions and contribution to chemotaxis, J Biol Chem, 275, 16450, 10.1074/jbc.M909080199
Resnati, 1996, Proteolytic cleavage of the urokinase receptor substitutes for the agonist-induced chemotactic effect, EMBO J, 15, 1572, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00502.x
Myöhänen, 1993, Distribution and lateral mobility of the urokinase-receptor complex at the cell surface, J Histochem Cytochem, 41, 1291, 10.1177/41.9.8394852
Limongi, 1995, Biosynthesis and apical localization of the urokinase receptor in polarized MDCK epithelial cells, FEBS Lett, 369, 207, 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00742-R
Estreicher, 1990, The receptor for urokinase type plasminogen activator polarizes expression of the protease to the leading edge of migrating monocytes and promotes degradation of enzyme inhibitor complexes, J Cell Biol, 111, 783, 10.1083/jcb.111.2.783
Blasi, 1993, Urokinase and urokinase receptor: a paracrine/autocrine system regulating cell migration and invasiveness, Bioessays, 15, 105, 10.1002/bies.950150206
Mondino, 2004, uPA and uPAR in fibrinolysis, immunity and pathology, Trends Immunol, 25, 450, 10.1016/j.it.2004.06.004
Sanderson-Smith, 2013, A key role for the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in invasive Group A streptococcal infection, PLoS Pathog, 9, e1003469, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003469
Abraham, 2003, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator potentiates lipopolysaccharide-induced neutrophil activation, J Immunol, 170, 5644, 10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5644
Cao, 1995, Human urokinase-type plasminogen activator primes neutrophils for superoxide anion release. Possible roles of complement receptor type 3 and calcium, J Immunol, 154, 1817, 10.4049/jimmunol.154.4.1817
May, 1998, Urokinase receptor (CD87) regulates leukocyte recruitment via β2 integrins in vivo, J Exp Med, 188, 1029, 10.1084/jem.188.6.1029
Gyetko, 1995, Function of the urokinase receptor (CD87) in neutrophil chemotaxis, J Leukoc Biol, 58, 533, 10.1002/jlb.58.5.533
Gyetko, 1996, Urokinase is required for the pulmonary inflammatory response to Cryptococcus neoformans. A murine transgenic model, J Clin Invest, 97, 1818, 10.1172/JCI118611
Rijneveld, 2002, Urokinase receptor is necessary for adequate host defense against pneumococcal pneumonia, J Immunol, 168, 3507, 10.4049/jimmunol.168.7.3507
Gyetko, 2000, Urokinase receptor-deficient mice have impaired neutrophil recruitment in response to pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, J Immunol, 165, 1513, 10.4049/jimmunol.165.3.1513
Nykjaer, 1994, Urokinase receptor. An activation antigen in human T lymphocytes, J Immunol, 152, 505, 10.4049/jimmunol.152.2.505
Gyetko, 2004, Urokinase-deficient mice fail to generate a type 2 immune response following schistosomal antigen challenge, Infect Immun, 72, 461, 10.1128/IAI.72.1.461-467.2004
Gyetko, 2002, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator is required for the generation of a type 1 immune response to pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection, J Immunol, 168, 801, 10.4049/jimmunol.168.2.801
Gyetko, 1994, The urokinase receptor is required for human monocyte chemotaxis in vitro, J Clin Invest, 93, 1380, 10.1172/JCI117114
Gyetko, 2001, Cutting edge: antigen-driven lymphocyte recruitment to the lung is diminished in the absence of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor, but is independent of uPA, J Immunol, 167, 5539, 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.5539
Zheng, 2001, Source of plasminogen activator in rhesus monkey semen and its possible role in sperm capacitation, Sheng Li Xue Bao, 53, 45
Qin, 2015, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator: a new target for male contraception?, Asian J Androl, 17, 269, 10.4103/1008-682X.143316
Aguirre-Ghiso, 2001, Urokinase receptor and fibronectin regulate the ERKMAPK to p38MAPK activity ratios that determine carcinoma cell proliferation or dormancy in vivo, Mol Biol Cell, 12, 863, 10.1091/mbc.12.4.863
Ulisse, 2009, The urokinase plasminogen activator system: a target for anti-cancer therapy, Curr Cancer Drug Targets, 9, 32, 10.2174/156800909787314002
Shapiro, 1996, Induction of primary cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms in urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)-deficient and wild-type mice: cellular blue nevi invade but do not progress to malignant melanoma in uPA-deficient animals, Cancer Res, 56, 3597
Bergers, 2000, Matrix metalloproteinase-9 triggers the angiogenic switch during carcinogenesis, Nat Cell Biol, 2, 737, 10.1038/35036374
Chen, 2004, Inhibition of apoptosis and caspase-3 in vascular smooth muscle cells by plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, J Cell Biochem, 92, 178, 10.1002/jcb.20058
Soeda, 2001, Deficient release of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from astrocytes triggers apoptosis in neuronal cells, Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 91, 96, 10.1016/S0169-328X(01)00133-4
Subramanian, 2006, siRNA-mediated simultaneous downregulation of uPA and its receptor inhibits angiogenesis and invasiveness triggering apoptosis in breast cancer cells, Int J Oncol, 28, 831, 10.3892/ijo.28.4.831
Kenny, 2011, Targeting the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor inhibits ovarian cancer metastasis, Clin Cancer Res, 17, 459, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2258
Chen, 2008, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 inhibits prostate tumor growth through endothelial apoptosis, Mol Cancer Ther, 7, 1227, 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0051
Balsara, 2008, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: the double-edged sword in apoptosis, Thromb Haemost, 100, 1029, 10.1160/TH08-07-0427
Aguirre-Ghiso, 2007, Models, mechanisms and clinical evidence for cancer dormancy, Nat Rev Cancer, 7, 834, 10.1038/nrc2256
Ghiso, 1999, Tumor dormancy induced by downregulation of urokinase receptor in human carcinoma involves integrin and MAPK signaling, J Cell Biol, 147, 89, 10.1083/jcb.147.1.89
Montuori, 2016, Urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) as a new therapeutic target in cancer, Transl Med UniSa, 15, 15
Liu, 2002, EGFR is a transducer of the urokinase receptor initiated signal that is required for in vivo growth of a human carcinoma, Cancer Cell, 1, 445, 10.1016/S1535-6108(02)00072-7
Aguirre-Ghiso, 2003, ERKMAPK activity as a determinant of tumor growth and dormancy; regulation by p38SAPK, Cancer Res, 63, 1684
Ghiso, 2002, Inhibition of FAK signaling activated by urokinase receptor induces dormancy in human carcinoma cells in vivo, Oncogene, 21, 2513, 10.1038/sj.onc.1205342
Duffy, 1992, The role of proteolytic enzymes in cancer invasion and metastasis, Clin Exp Metastasis, 10, 145, 10.1007/BF00132746
Gerwins, 2000, Function of fibroblast growth factors and vascular endothelial growth factors and their receptors in angiogenesis, Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 34, 185, 10.1016/S1040-8428(00)00062-7
Preissner, 2011, Vitronectin in vascular context: facets of a multitalented matricellular protein, Semin Thromb Hemost, 37, 408, 10.1055/s-0031-1276590
Unseld, 2015, PTEN expression in endothelial cells is down-regulated by uPAR to promote angiogenesis, Thromb Haemost, 114, 379, 10.1160/TH15-01-0016
Raghu, 2012, uPA and uPAR shRNA inhibit angiogenesis via enhanced secretion of SVEGFR1 independent of GM-CSF but dependent on TIMP-1 in endothelial and glioblastoma cells, Mol Oncol, 6, 33, 10.1016/j.molonc.2011.11.008
Gondi, 2007, Intraperitoneal injection of a hairpin RNA–expressing plasmid targeting urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor and uPA retards angiogenesis and inhibits intracranial tumor growth in nude mice, Clin Cancer Res, 13, 4051, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-3032
Raghu, 2011, Specific knockdown of uPA/uPAR attenuates invasion in glioblastoma cells and xenografts by inhibition of cleavage and trafficking of Notch-1 receptor, Mol Cancer, 10, 130, 10.1186/1476-4598-10-130
Stefansson, 2001, Inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo by plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, J Biol Chem, 276, 8135, 10.1074/jbc.M007609200
Bajou, 1998, Absence of host plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 prevents cancer invasion and vascularization, Nat Med, 4, 923, 10.1038/nm0898-923
Andreasen, 1997, The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in cancer metastasis: a review, Int J Cancer, 72, 1, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970703)72:1<1::AID-IJC1>3.0.CO;2-Z
Hsiao, 2013, Surface α-enolase promotes extracellular matrix degradation and tumor metastasis and represents a new therapeutic target, PLoS One, 8, e69354, 10.1371/journal.pone.0069354
Obermajer, 2009, Cytokeratin 8 ectoplasmic domain binds urokinase-type plasminogen activator to breast tumor cells and modulates their adhesion, growth and invasiveness, Mol Cancer, 8, 88, 10.1186/1476-4598-8-88
Kalluri, 2009, The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, J Clin Invest, 119, 1420, 10.1172/JCI39104
Kalluri, 2003, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its implications for fibrosis, J Clin Invest, 112, 1776, 10.1172/JCI200320530
Lester, 2007, uPAR induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition in hypoxic breast cancer cells, J Cell Biol, 178, 425, 10.1083/jcb.200701092
Rabbani, 2010, An anti-urokinase plasminogen activator receptor antibody (ATN-658) blocks prostate cancer invasion, migration, growth, and experimental skeletal metastasis in vitro and in vivo, Neoplasia, 12, 778, 10.1593/neo.10296
Zhang, 2015, A niche role for cancer exosomes in metastasis, Nat Cell Biol, 17, 709, 10.1038/ncb3181
Alderton, 2012, Metastasis: exosomes drive premetastatic niche formation, Nat Rev Cancer, 12, 447, 10.1038/nrc3304
Min, 2016, The roles and implications of exosomes in sarcoma, Cancer Metastasis Rev, 35, 377, 10.1007/s10555-016-9630-4
Endo-Munoz, 2015, Progression of osteosarcoma from a non-metastatic to a metastatic phenotype is causally associated with activation of an autocrine and paracrine uPA Axis, PLoS One, 10, e0133592, 10.1371/journal.pone.0133592
Harris, 2015, Exosomes released from breast cancer carcinomas stimulate cell movement, PLoS One, 10, e0117495, 10.1371/journal.pone.0117495
Dass, 2008, Evolving role of uPA/uPAR system in human cancers, Cancer Treat Rev, 34, 122, 10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.10.005
O’Grady, 1985, Multiple forms of plasminogen activator in human breast tumors, Cancer Res, 45, 6216
Duffy, 1988, Urokinase-plasminogen activator, a marker for aggressive breast carcinomas. Preliminary report, Cancer, 62, 531, 10.1002/1097-0142(19880801)62:3<531::AID-CNCR2820620315>3.0.CO;2-B
Foekens, 2000, The urokinase system of plasminogen activation and prognosis in 2780 breast cancer patients, Cancer Res, 60, 636
Jänicke, 2001, Randomized adjuvant chemotherapy trial in high-risk, lymph node-negative breast cancer patients identified by urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, J Natl Cancer Inst, 93, 913, 10.1093/jnci/93.12.913
Look, 2002, Pooled analysis of prognostic impact of tumor biological factors uPA and PAI-1 in 8377 breast cancer patients, J Natl Cancer Inst, 94, 116, 10.1093/jnci/94.2.116
Harris, 2007, American Society of Clinical Oncology 2007 update of recommendations for the use of tumor markers in breast cancer, J Clin Oncol, 25, 5287, 10.1200/JCO.2007.14.2364
Jelisavac-Cosic, 2011, Prognostic significance of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) in patients with primary invasive ductal breast carcinoma-a 7.5-year follow-up study, Tumori, 97, 532, 10.1177/030089161109700419
Paik, 2004, A multigene assay to predict recurrence of tamoxifen-treated, node-negative breast cancer, N Engl J Med, 351, 2817, 10.1056/NEJMoa041588
Knauer, 2010, The predictive value of the 70-gene signature for adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer, Breast Cancer Res Treat, 120, 655, 10.1007/s10549-010-0814-2
Nicolini, 2017, Prognostic and predictive biomarkers in breast cancer: past, present and future, Semin Cancer Biol, 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.08.010
Foekens, 1995, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-2: prognostic relevance in 1012 patients with primary breast cancer, Cancer Res, 55, 1423
Shariat, 2007, Association of the circulating levels of the urokinase system of plasminogen activation with the presence of prostate cancer and invasion, progression, and metastasis, J Clin Oncol, 25, 349, 10.1200/JCO.2006.05.6853
Kjellman, 2011, Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor as a prognostic marker in men participating in prostate cancer screening, J Intern Med, 269, 299, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02284.x
Kumano, 2009, Expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in prostate cancer: correlation with clinicopathological outcomes in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy, Urol Oncol, 27, 180, 10.1016/j.urolonc.2008.01.012
Sier, 1998, The level of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor is increased in serum of ovarian cancer patients, Cancer Res, 58, 1843
Sier, 2004, Metabolism of tumour-derived urokinase receptor and receptor fragments in cancer patients and xenografted mice, Thromb Haemost, 91, 403, 10.1160/TH03-06-0351
Sier, 1999, Presence of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in urine of cancer patients and its possible clinical relevance, Lab Invest, 79, 717
Ljuca, 2007, Monitoring of chemotherapy successfulness of platina/taxol chemotherapy protocol by using determination of serum urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in patients with ovarian carcinoma FIGO II and III stage, Bosn J Basic Med Sci, 7, 113, 10.17305/bjbms.2007.3063
Kuhn, 1999, Prognostic significance of urokinase (uPA) and its inhibitor PAI-1 for survival in advanced ovarian carcinoma stage FIGO IIIc, Br J Cancer, 79, 1746, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690278
Hoffmann, 1999, Urokinase and plasminogen activator-inhibitor (PAI-1) status in primary ovarian carcinomas and ovarian metastases compared to benign ovarian tumors as a function of histopathological parameters, Clin Chem Lab Med, 37, 47, 10.1515/CCLM.1999.007
Daneri-Navarro, 1998, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAI-1 and PAI-2) in extracts of invasive cervical carcinoma and precursor lesions, Eur J Cancer, 34, 566, 10.1016/S0959-8049(97)10038-7
Kobayashi, 1994, Impact of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its inhibitor type 1 on prognosis in cervical cancer of the uterus, Cancer Res, 54, 6539
Koelbl, 1988, Increased plasma levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator with endometrial and cervical cancer, Obstet Gynecol, 72, 252
Memarzadeh, 2002, Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor: prognostic biomarker for endometrial cancer, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 10647, 10.1073/pnas.152127499
Riisbro, 2001, Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in preoperatively obtained plasma from patients with gynecological cancer or benign gynecological diseases, Gynecol Oncol, 82, 523, 10.1006/gyno.2001.6324
Dariusz, 2012, A potency of plasminogen activation system in long-term prognosis of endometrial cancer: a pilot study, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 163, 193, 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.03.031
Choong, 1997, Urokinase plasminogen activator levels and prognosis in 69 soft tissue sarcomas, J Bone Joint Surg Br Vol, 79, 411
de Vries, 1995, Components of the plasminogen activation system in uveal melanoma—a clinico-pathological study, J Pathol, 175, 59, 10.1002/path.1711750110
Stabuc, 2003, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 and type 2 in stage I malignant melanoma, Oncol Rep, 10, 635, 10.3892/or.10.3.635
Riisbro, 2005, Preoperative plasma soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor as a prognostic marker in rectal cancer patients. An EORTC-Receptor and Biomarker Group collaboration, Int J Biol Markers, 20, 93, 10.1177/172460080502000203
Herszényi, 2008, Tumor marker utility and prognostic relevance of cathepsin B, cathepsin L, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, CEA and CA 19-9 in colorectal cancer, BMC Cancer, 8, 194, 10.1186/1471-2407-8-194
Papadopoulou, 2002, Significance of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in human colorectal carcinomas, Tumor Biol, 23, 170, 10.1159/000064033
Yang, 2000, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor in colorectal cancer: independent prognostic factors of metastasis and cancer-specific survival and potential therapeutic targets, Int J Cancer, 89, 431, 10.1002/1097-0215(20000920)89:5<431::AID-IJC6>3.0.CO;2-V
Halamkova, 2011, Clinical significance of the plasminogen activator system in relation to grade of tumor and treatment response in colorectal carcinoma patients, Neoplasma, 58, 377, 10.4149/neo_2011_05_377
Sier, 1994, Inactive urokinase and increased levels of its inhibitor type 1 in colorectal cancer liver metastasis, Gastroenterology, 107, 1449, 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90549-5
Dubuisson, 2000, Expression and cellular localization of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor in human hepatocellular carcinoma, J Pathol, 190, 190, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(200002)190:2<190::AID-PATH511>3.0.CO;2-H
Zheng, 1998, Inhibitor of plasminogen activator 1 (PAI-1) in hepatocellular carcinoma, Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi, 36, 474
Chen, 2011, Detection of cathepsin B, cathepsin L, cystatin C, urokinase plasminogen activator and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in the sera of lung cancer patients, Oncol Lett, 2, 693, 10.3892/ol.2011.302
Langkilde, 2011, Increased plasma soluble uPAR level is a risk marker of respiratory cancer in initially cancer-free individuals, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 20, 609, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-1009
Almasi, 2013, The liberated domain I of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor – a new tumour marker in small cell lung cancer, APMIS, 121, 189, 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02955.x
Salden, 2000, The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in resected non-small-cell lung cancer, Ann Oncol, 11, 327, 10.1023/A:1008312801800
Witkiewicz, 2015, Whole-exome sequencing of pancreatic cancer defines genetic diversity and therapeutic targets, Nat Commun, 6, 6744, 10.1038/ncomms7744
Harris, 2017, SerpinB2 regulates stromal remodelling and local invasion in pancreatic cancer, Oncogene, 36, 4288, 10.1038/onc.2017.63
Chen, 2007, Accurate discrimination of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and chronic pancreatitis using multimarker expression data and samples obtained by minimally invasive fine needle aspiration, Int J Cancer, 120, 1511, 10.1002/ijc.22487
Sorio, 2011, Elevated urinary levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma identify a clinically high-risk group, BMC Cancer, 11, 448, 10.1186/1471-2407-11-448
Beyer, 2006, Urokinase system expression in gastric carcinoma, Cancer, 106, 1026, 10.1002/cncr.21682
Plebani, 1997, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in gastric cancer: tissue expression and prognostic role, Clin Exp Metastasis, 15, 418, 10.1023/A:1018454305889
Luebke, 2006, Is the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system a reliable prognostic factor in gastric cancer?, Int J Biol Markers, 21, 162, 10.5301/JBM.2008.3029
Baker, 2007, Plasminogen activator system in oral squamous cell carcinoma, Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 45, 623, 10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.04.021
Hundsdorfer, 2005, Tumour-associated urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor PAI-1 in normal and neoplastic tissues of patients with squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity—clinical relevance and prognostic value, J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 33, 191, 10.1016/j.jcms.2004.12.005
Shiomi, 2000, Cellular distribution and clinical value of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, its receptor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Am J Pathol, 156, 567, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64761-X
Zheng, 1998, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor (uPA-R) and inhibitors (PA I-1) expression in hepatocellular carcinoma in relation to cancer invasion/metastasis and prognosis, Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi, 20, 57
Zhao, 2002, Prognostic value of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its inhibitors in squamous cell carcinoma of human larynx, J Clin Otolaryngol, 16, 599
Wang, 2005, Expressions and clinical significance of urokinase-type activator (uPA) and uPA receptor (uPAR) in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, J Clin Otolaryngol, 19, 529
Strojan, 1998, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) in tissue and serum of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients, Eur J Cancer, 34, 1193, 10.1016/S0959-8049(98)00029-X
Schmidt, 1999, Increased levels of urokinase receptor in plasma of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients, Acta Otolaryngol, 119, 949, 10.1080/00016489950180342
Ohba, 2005, Expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and plasminogen activator inhibitors in patients with renal cell carcinoma: correlation with tumor associated macrophage and prognosis, J Urol, 174, 461, 10.1097/01.ju.0000165150.46006.92
Span, 2008, Components of the plasminogen activator system and their complexes in renal cell and bladder cancer: comparison between normal and matched cancerous tissues, BJU Int, 102, 177, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07568.x
Lanza, 1998, Expression and functional role of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in normal and acute leukaemic cells, Br J Haematol, 103, 110, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00932.x
Mustjoki, 1999, Blast cell-surface and plasma soluble urokinase receptor in acute leukemia patients: relationship to classification and response to therapy, Thromb Haemost, 81, 705, 10.1055/s-0037-1614558
Rasch, 2008, Intact and cleaved uPAR forms: diagnostic and prognostic value in cancer, Front Biosci, 13, 6752, 10.2741/3186
Li, 2013, Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) targeted nuclear imaging and radionuclide therapy, Theranostics, 3, 507, 10.7150/thno.5557
Yang, 2016, Antibody-based PET of uPA/uPAR signaling with broad applicability for cancer imaging, Oncotarget, 7, 73912, 10.18632/oncotarget.12528
Jänicke, 1989, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator antigen and early relapse in breast cancer, Lancet, 334, 1049, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91070-2
Jänicke, 1991, Clinical relevance of the urokinase-type and tissue-type plasminogen activators and of their type 1 inhibitor in breast cancer, Semin Thromb Hemost, 17, 303, 10.1055/s-2007-1002624
Mengele, 2010, Characteristics of the level-of-evidence-1 disease forecast cancer biomarkers uPA and its inhibitor PAI-1, Expert Rev Mol Diagn, 10, 947, 10.1586/erm.10.73
Schmitt, 2008, Assessment of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its inhibitor PAI-1 in breast cancer tissue: historical aspects and future prospects, Breast Care, 3, 3, 10.1159/000151737
Spyratos, 2002, Prognostic value of uPA, PAI-1 and PAI-2 mRNA expression in primary breast cancer, Anticancer Res, 22, 2997
Lamy, 2007, Urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 mRNA assessment in breast cancer by means of NASBA: correlation with protein expression, Am J Clin Pathol, 128, 404, 10.1309/K4JAF2NMD5EJU67Y
Al-Janabi, 2014, Association of tissue mRNA and serum antigen levels of members of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system with clinical and prognostic parameters in prostate cancer, Biomed Res Int, 2014, 972587, 10.1155/2014/972587
Mahmood, 2017, DNA methylation and breast cancer: mechanistic and therapeutic applications, Trends Cancer Res, 12, 1
Gao, 2005, CpG methylation of the PAI-1 gene 5’ flanking region is inversely correlated with PAI-1 mRNA levels in human cell lines, Thromb Haemostas, 94, 651, 10.1160/TH05-02-0114
Rabbani, 2002, Urokinase receptor antibody can reduce tumor volume and detect the presence of occult tumor metastases in vivo, Cancer Res, 62, 2390
Baart, 2017, uPAR directed-imaging of head-and-neck cancer, Oncotarget, 8, 20519, 10.18632/oncotarget.16240
Persson, 2015, First-in-human uPAR PET: imaging of cancer aggressiveness, Theranostics, 5, 1303, 10.7150/thno.12956
Boonstra, 2015, uPAR-targeted multimodal tracer for pre-and intraoperative imaging in cancer surgery, Oncotarget, 6, 14260, 10.18632/oncotarget.3680
Sidenius, 2003, The urokinase plasminogen activator system in cancer: recent advances and implication for prognosis and therapy, Cancer Metastasis Rev, 22, 205, 10.1023/A:1023099415940
Lund, 2011, uPAR as anti-cancer target: evaluation of biomarker potential, histological localization, and antibody-based therapy, Curr Drug Targets, 12, 1744, 10.2174/138945011797635902
Ossowski, 1991, Inhibition of urokinase-type plasminogen activator by antibodies: the effect on dissemination of a human tumor in the nude mouse, Cancer Res, 51, 274
Towle, 1993, Inhibition of urokinase by 4-substituted benzo [b] thiophene-2-carboxamidines: an important new class of selective synthetic urokinase inhibitor, Cancer Res, 53, 2553
Rabbani, 1995, Prevention of prostate-cancer metastasis in vivo by a novel synthetic inhibitor of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), Int J Cancer, 63, 840, 10.1002/ijc.2910630615
Xing, 1997, Prevention of breast cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis by antiestrogen tamoxifen alone or in combination with urokinase inhibitor B-428, Cancer Res, 57, 3585
Meyer, 2008, The oral serine protease inhibitor WX-671–first experience in patients with advanced head and neck carcinoma, Breast Care, 3, 20, 10.1159/000151736
Goldstein, 2008, Experience in phase I trials and an upcoming phase II study with uPA inhibitors in metastatic breast cancer, Breast Care, 3, 25, 10.1159/000151733
Schmitt, 2011, Cancer therapy trials employing level-of-evidence-1 disease forecast cancer biomarkers uPA and its inhibitor PAI-1, Expert Rev Mol Diagn, 11, 617, 10.1586/erm.11.47
Crowley, 1993, Prevention of metastasis by inhibition of the urokinase receptor, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 90, 5021, 10.1073/pnas.90.11.5021
Goodson, 1994, High-affinity urokinase receptor antagonists identified with bacteriophage peptide display, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 91, 7129, 10.1073/pnas.91.15.7129
Ploug, 2001, Peptide-derived antagonists of the urokinase receptor. Affinity maturation by combinatorial chemistry, identification of functional epitopes, and inhibitory effect on cancer cell intravasation, Biochemistry, 40, 12157, 10.1021/bi010662g
Bürgle, 1997, Inhibition of the interaction of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) with its receptor (uPAR) by synthetic peptides, Biol Chem, 378, 231, 10.1515/bchm.1997.378.3-4.231
Franco, 1997, Phosphorylation of human pro-urokinase on Ser138/303 impairs its receptor-dependent ability to promote myelomonocytic adherence and motility, J Cell Biol, 137, 779, 10.1083/jcb.137.3.779
Guo, 2002, An antiangiogenic urokinase-derived peptide combined with tamoxifen decreases tumor growth and metastasis in a syngeneic model of breast cancer, Cancer Res, 62, 4678
Boyd, 2003, A urokinase-derived peptide (Å6) increases survival of mice bearing orthotopically grown prostate cancer and reduces lymph node metastasis, Am J Pathol, 162, 619, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63855-2
Mishima, 2000, A peptide derived from the non-receptor-binding region of urokinase plasminogen activator inhibits glioblastoma growth and angiogenesis in vivo in combination with cisplatin, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97, 8484, 10.1073/pnas.150239497
Piotrowicz, 2011, A6 peptide activates CD44 adhesive activity, induces FAK and MEK phosphorylation, and inhibits the migration and metastasis of CD44-expressing cells, Mol Cancer Ther, 10, 2072, 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-11-0351
Finlayson, 2015, Modulation of CD44 activity by A6-peptide, Front Immunol, 6, 135, 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00135
Gold, 2012, A phase II study of a urokinase-derived peptide (A6) in the treatment of persistent or recurrent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study, Gynecol Oncol, 125, 635, 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.03.023
Van Buren, 2009, Targeting the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor with a monoclonal antibody impairs the growth of human colorectal cancer in the liver, Cancer, 115, 3360, 10.1002/cncr.24371
D’Alessio, 2004, Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides for urokinase-plasminogen activator receptor have anti-invasive and anti-proliferative effects in vitro and inhibit spontaneous metastases of human melanoma in mice, Int J Cancer, 110, 125, 10.1002/ijc.20077
Mohan, 1999, Adenovirus-mediated delivery of antisense gene to urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor suppresses glioma invasion and tumor growth, Cancer Res, 59, 3369
Margheri, 2005, Effects of blocking urokinase receptor signaling by antisense oligonucleotides in a mouse model of experimental prostate cancer bone metastases, Gene Ther, 12, 702, 10.1038/sj.gt.3302456
Gondi, 2007, Down-regulation of uPAR and uPA activates caspase-mediated apoptosis and inhibits the PI3K/AKT pathway, Int J Oncol, 31, 19, 10.3892/ijo.31.1.19
Karikó, 1994, Lipofectin-aided cell delivery of ribozyme targeted to human urokinase receptor mRNA, FEBS Lett, 352, 41, 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00914-7
Pakneshan, 2004, Reversal of the hypomethylation status of urokinase (uPA) promoter blocks breast cancer growth and metastasis, J Biol Chem, 279, 31735, 10.1074/jbc.M401669200
Shukeir, 2006, Alteration of the methylation status of tumor-promoting genes decreases prostate cancer cell invasiveness and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo, Cancer Res, 66, 9202, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1954
Mahmood, 2018, Methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) supplementation attenuates breast cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis in vivo; therapeutic and chemopreventive applications, Oncotarget, 9, 5169, 10.18632/oncotarget.23704
Koutsilieris, 1997, Growth factors mediate glucocorticoid receptor function and dexamethasone-induced regression of osteoblastic lesions in hormone refractory prostate cancer, Anticancer Res, 17, 1461
Mustjoki, 1998, Interferons and retinoids enhance and dexamethasone suppresses urokinase-mediated plasminogen activation in promyelocytic leukemia cells, Leukemia, 12, 164, 10.1038/sj.leu.2400918
Sundaram, 2013, Therapeutic RNA aptamers in clinical trials, Eur J Pharm Sci, 48, 259, 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.10.014
Blake, 2009, Antimetastatic potential of PAI-1 – specific RNA aptamers, Oligonucleotides, 19, 117, 10.1089/oli.2008.0177
Dupont, 2009, Biochemical properties of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, Front Biosci, 14, 1337, 10.2741/3312
Mathiasen, 2008, A peptide accelerating the conversion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 to an inactive latent state, Mol Pharmacol, 74, 641, 10.1124/mol.108.046417
Knör, 2008, Development and evaluation of peptidic ligands targeting tumour-associated urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) for use in α-emitter therapy for disseminated ovarian cancer, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 35, 53, 10.1007/s00259-007-0582-3
Vallera, 2002, Targeting urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor on human glioblastoma tumors with diphtheria toxin fusion protein DTAT, J Natl Cancer Inst, 94, 597, 10.1093/jnci/94.8.597
Hall, 2006, Efficacy of antiangiogenic targeted toxins against glioblastoma multiforme, Neurosurg Focus, 20, E23, 10.3171/foc.2006.20.4.15
Huang, 2012, Intracerebral infusion of the bispecific targeted toxin DTATEGF in a mouse xenograft model of a human metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, J Neurooncol, 109, 229, 10.1007/s11060-012-0904-6
Rajagopal, 2000, Recombinant toxins that bind to the urokinase receptor are cytotoxic without requiring binding to the α2-macroglobulin receptor, J Biol Chem, 275, 7566, 10.1074/jbc.275.11.7566
Zhang, 2013, Urokinase plasminogen activator system-targeted delivery of nanobins as a novel ovarian cancer therapy, Mol Cancer Ther, 12, 2628, 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-13-0204
Kirpotin, 2012, 7 building and characterizing antibody-targeted lipidic nanotherapeutics, Methods Enzymol, 502, 139, 10.1016/B978-0-12-416039-2.00007-0
Yang, 2009, Receptor-targeted nanoparticles for in vivo imaging of breast cancer, Clin Cancer Res, 15, 4722, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-3289
Abdalla, 2011, Enhanced noscapine delivery using uPAR-targeted optical-MR imaging trackable nanoparticles for prostate cancer therapy, J Control Release, 149, 314, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.10.030