Multi-terminal DC grids: challenges and prospects

Reed GF, Grainger BM, Sparacino AR et al (2012) Ship to grid: medium-voltage DC concepts in theory and practice. IEEE Power Energy Mag 10(6):70–79

The evolution of HVDC. ABB Group, Zurich, Switzerland

Renewables 2016 global status report. REN21 Secretariat, Paris, France, 2016. http://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/GSR_2016_Full_Report_lowres.pdf

Saeedifard M, Graovac M, Dias RF et al (2010) DC power systems: challenges and opportunities. In: Proceedings of the IEEE PES general meeting, Providence, RI, USA, 25–29 July 2010, 7 pp

Miranian A, Roozbehi K (2013) Nonlinear power system load identification using local model networks. IEEE Trans Power Syst 28(3):2872–2881

Torres-Olguin RE, Molinas M, Undeland T (2012) Offshore wind farm grid integration by VSC technology with LCC-based HVDC transmission. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 3(4):899–907

Yazdani A, Iravanim R (2010) Voltage-sourced converters in power systems: modeling, control, and applications. Wiley-IEEE Press, Hoboken, NJ

Asplund G, Svensson K, Jiang H et al (1998) DC transmission based on voltage source converters. In: Proceedings of the 1998 CIGRE, Paris, France, 30 August-5 September 1998

Nabae A, Takahashi I, Akagi H (1981) A new neutral-point-clamped PWM inverter. IEEE Trans Ind Appl IA 17(5):518–523

Hagiwara M, Akagi H (2009) Control and experiment of pulsewidth-modulated modular multilevel converters. IEEE Trans Power Electron 24(7):1737–1746

Chaudhuri N, Chaudhuri B, Majumder R et al (2014) Multi-terminal direct-current grids: modeling, analysis, and control. Wiley-IEEE Press, Hoboken, NJ

Guarnieri M (2013) The alternating evolution of DC power transmission [Historical]. IEEE Ind Electron Mag 7(3):60–63

Hertem DV, Gomis-Bellmunt O, Liang J (2016) HVDC grids in the energy vision of the future. In: HVDC grids: for offshore and supergrid of the future, Part 1. Wiley, Chichester, UK

Rouzbehi K, Candela JI, Gharehpetian GB et al (2017) Multiterminal DC grids: operating analogies to AC power systems. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 70:886–895

State Grid. http://www.cet.sgcc.com.cn/

Egea-Alvarez A, Bianchi F, Junyent-Ferre A et al (2013) Voltage control of multiterminal VSC-HVDC transmission systems for offshore wind power plants: design and implementation in a scaled platform. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 60(6):2381–2391

Bernal-Perez S, Villalba SA, Blasco-Gimenez R et al (2012) Wind power plant control for the connection to multiterminal HVDC links. In: Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE energy conversion congress and exposition (ECCE’12), Raleigh, NC, USA, 15–20 September 2012, pp 2873–2879

Blau J (2010) Europe plans a North Sea grid. IEEE Spectrum 47(3):12–13

Van Hertema D, Ghandhari M (2010) Multi-terminal VSC HVDC for the European supergrid: obstacles. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14(9):3156–3163

Bahrman MP, Johnson BK (2007) The ABCs of HVDC transmission technologies. IEEE Power Energy Mag 5(2):32–44. doi: 10.1109/MPAE.2007.329194

Flourentzou N, Agelidis VG, Demetriades GD (2009) VSC-based HVDC power transmission systems: an overview. IEEE Trans Power Electron 24(3):592–602. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2008.2008441

Asplund G (2000) Application of HVDC light to power system enhancement. In: Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Power Engineering society winter meeting, Vol 4, Singapore, 23–27 August 2000, pp 2498–2503

Liu H, Chen Z (2015) Contribution of VSC-HVDC to frequency regulation of power systems with offshore wind generation. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 30(3):918–926

CIGRE Study Committee B4 (2017) Documents related to the development of HVDC grids. SC B4. CIGRE, Paris, France.  http://b4.cigre.org/Publications/Documents-related-to-the-development-of-HVDC-Grids

Dragan J, Ahmed K (2015) High voltage direct current transmission: converters, systems and DC grids. Wiley, Chichester, UK

Zeng R, Xu L, Yao L et al (2016) Hybrid HVDC for integrating wind farms with special consideration on commutation failure. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 31(2):789–797

Chen X, Sun H, Wen J et al (2011) Integrating wind farm to the grid using hybrid multiterminal HVDC technology. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 47(2):965–972

Sharifabadi K, Harnefors L, Nee H-P et al (2016) Design, control and application of modular multilevel converters for HVDC transmission systems. Wiley, Chichester, UK

Van Hertem D, Gomis-Bellmunt O, Liang J (2016) HVDC grids: for offshore and supergrid of the future. Wiley, Chichester, UK

Franck CM (2011) HVDC circuit breakers: a review identifying future research needs. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 26(2):998–1007

Rouzbehi K, Candela JI, Luna A et al (2016) Flexible control of power flow in multiterminal DC grids using DC-DC converter. IEEE J Emerg Sel Topics Power Electron 4(3):1135–1144

Sau-Bassols J, Prieto-Araujo E, Gomis-Bellmunt O (2017) Modelling and control of an interline current flow controller for meshed HVDC grids. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 32(1):11–22

Hafner J, Jacobson B (2011) Proactive hybrid HVDC breakers —a key innovation for reliable HVDC grids. In: Proceedings of the 2011 CIGRE international symposium on the electric power system of the future-integrating supergrids and microgrids, Bologna, Italy, 13–15 September 2011

Program 162 HVDC transmission. Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA, USA, 2017. http://www.epri.com/Our-Portfolio/Pages/Portfolio.aspx?program=062101

Bianchi FD, Domínguez-García JL, Gomis-Bellmunt O (2016) Control of multi-terminal HVDC networks towards wind power integration: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 55:1055–1068

Rouzbehi K, Miranian A, Candela JI et al (2015) A generalized voltage droop strategy for control of multiterminal DC grids. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 51(1):607–618

Egea-Alvarez A, Beerten J, Van Hertem D et al (2015) Hierarchical power control of multiterminal HVDC grids. Electric Power Syst Res 121:207–215

Barker CD, Whitehouse RS (2012) Further developments in autonomous converter control in a multi-terminal HVDC system. In: Proceedings of the 9th IET international conference on AC and DC power transmission (ACDC’10), Birmingham, UK, 19–21 October 2010, 5 pp

Abdel-Khalik AS, Massoud AM, Elserougi AA et al (2013) Optimum power transmission-based droop control design for multi-terminal HVDC of offshore wind farms. IEEE Trans Power Syst 28(3):3401–3409

Chaudhuri NR, Chaudhuri B (2013) Adaptive droop control for effective power sharing in multi-terminal DC (MTDC) grids. IEEE Trans Power Syst 28(1):21–29

Stamatiou G, Bongiorno M (2017) Power-dependent droop-based control strategy for multi-terminal HVDC transmission grids. IET Gener Trans Distrib 11(2):383–391

Thams F, Eriksson R, Molinas M (2017) Interaction of droop control structures and its inherent effect on the power transfer limits in multiterminal VSC-HVDC. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 32(1):182–192

Iggland E, Wiget R, Chatzivasileiadis S et al (2015) Multi-area DC-OPF for HVAC and HVDC grids. IEEE Trans Power Syst 30(5):2450–2459

Aragüés-Peñalba M, Egea-Àlvarez A, Arellano SG et al (2014) Droop control for loss minimization in HVDC multi-terminal transmission systems for large offshore wind farms. Electric Power Syst Res 112:48–55

Rouzbehi K, Miranian A, Luna A et al (2014) DC voltage control and power sharing in multiterminal DC grids based on optimal DC power flow and voltage-droop strategy. IEEE J Emergd Select Topics Power Electron 2(4):1171–1180