Multi-Step Regulation of Interferon Induction by Hepatitis C Virus
Tóm tắt
Acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection evokes several distinct innate immune responses in host, but the virus usually propagates by circumventing these responses. Although a replication intermediate double-stranded RNA is produced in infected cells, type I interferon (IFN) induction and immediate cell death are largely blocked in infected cells. In vitro studies suggested that type I and III IFNs are mainly produced in HCV-infected hepatocytes if the MAVS pathway is functional, and dysfunction of this pathway may lead to cellular permissiveness to HCV replication and production. Cellular immunity, including natural killer cell activation and antigen-specific CD8 T-cell proliferation, occurs following innate immune activation in response to HCV, but is often ineffective for eradication of HCV. Constitutive dsRNA stimulation differs in output from type I IFN therapy, which has been an authentic therapy for patients with HCV. Host innate immune responses to HCV RNA/proteins may be associated with progressive hepatic fibrosis and carcinogenesis once persistent HCV infection is established in opposition to the IFN system. Hence, innate RNA sensing exerts pivotal functions against HCV genome replication and host pathogenesis through modulation of the IFN system. Molecules participating in the RIG-I and Toll-like receptor 3 pathways are the main targets for HCV, disabling the anti-viral functions of these IFN-inducing molecules. We discuss the mechanisms that abolish type I and type III IFN production in HCV-infected cells, which may contribute to understanding the mechanism of virus persistence and resistance to the IFN therapy.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Akazawa T, Ebihara T, Okuno M et al (2007) Antitumor NK activation induced by the Toll-like receptor 3-TICAM-1 (TRIF) pathway in myeloid dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:252–257
Andersson A, Yang SC, Huang M et al (2009) IL-7 promotes CXCR3 ligand-dependent T cell antitumor reactivity in lung cancer. J Immunol 182:6951–6958
Angus AGN, Dalrymple D, Boulant S et al (2010) Requirement of cellular DDX3 for hepatitis C virus replication is unrelated to its interaction with the viral core protein. J Gen Virol 91:122–132
Antonelli A, Ferri C, Ferrari SM et al (2008) Immunopathogenesis of HCV-related endocrine manifestations in chronic hepatitis and mixed cryoglobulinemia. Autoimmun Rev 8:18–23
Antonelli A, Ferri C, Ferrari SM et al (2009) Endocrine manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 5:26–34
Apolinario A, Majano PL, Lorente R et al (2005) Gene expression profile of T-cell-specific chemokines in human hepatocyte-derived cells: evidence for a synergistic inducer effect of cytokines and hepatitis C virus proteins. J Viral Hepat 12:27–37
Ariumi Y, Kuroki M, Abe K et al (2007) DDX3 DEAD-box RNA helicase is required for hepatitis C virus RNA replication. J Virol 81:13922–13926
Azuma M, Ebihara T, Oshiumi H et al (2012) Cross-priming for antitumor CTL induced by soluble Ag + polyI:C depends on the TICAM-1 pathway in mouse CD11c+/CD8a+ dendritic cells. Oncoimmunology 1:581–592
Bantel H, Schulze-Osthoff K (2003) Apoptosis in hepatitis C virus infection. Cell Death Differ 10(Suppl 1):S48–S58
Binder M, Kochs G, Bartenschlager R et al (2007) Hepatitis C virus escape from the interferon regulatory factor 3 pathway by a passive and active evasion strategy. Hepatology 46:1365–1374
Bortoluci KR, Medzhitov R (2010) Control of infection by pyroptosis and autophagy: role of TLR and NLR. Cell Mol Life Sci 67:1643–1651
Caskey M, Lefebvre F, Filali-Mouhim A et al (2011) Synthetic double-stranded RNA induces innate immune responses similar to a live viral vaccine in humans. J Exp Med 208:2357–2366
Chang PC, Chi CW, Chau GY et al (2006) DDX3, a DEAD box RNA helicase, is deregulated in hepatitis virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma and is involved in cell growth control. Oncogene 25:1991–2003
Cheng G, Zhong J, Chisari FV (2006) Inhibition of dsRNA-induced signaling in hepatitis C virus-infected cells by NS3 protease-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:8499–8504
Cho YS, Challa S, Moquin D et al (2009) Phosphorylation-driven assembly of the RIP1–RIP3 complex regulates programmed necrosis and virus-induced inflammation. Cell 137:1112–1123
Ding Q, Huang B, Lu J et al (2012) Hepatitis C virus NS3/4A blocks IL-28 production. Eur J Immunol 42:2374–2382
Dixit E, Boulant S, Zhang Y et al (2010) Peroxisomes are signaling platforms for antiviral innate immunity. Cell 141:668–681
Ebihara T, Masuda H, Akazawa T et al (2007) Induction of NKG2D ligands on human dendritic cells by TLR ligand stimulation and RNA virus infection. Int Immunol 19:1145–1155
Ebihara T, Shingai M, Matsumoto M et al (2008) Hepatitis C virus-infected hepatocytes extrinsically modulate dendritic cell maturation to activate T cells and natural killer cells. Hepatology 48:48–58
Ebihara T, Azuma M, Oshiumi H et al (2010) Identification of a polyI:C-inducible membrane protein that participates in dendritic cell-mediated natural killer cell activation. J Exp Med 207:2675–2687
Eksioglu EA, Zhu H, Bayouth L et al (2011) Characterization of HCV interactions with Toll-like receptors and RIG-I in liver cells. PLoS One 6:e21186
Estornes Y, Toscano F, Virard F et al (2012) dsRNA induces apoptosis through an atypical death complex associating TLR3 to caspase-8. Cell Death Differ 19:1482–1494
Ferreon JC, Ferreon AC, Li K et al (2005) Molecular determinants of TRIF proteolysis mediated by the hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease. J Biol Chem 280:20483–20492
Florentin J, Aouar B, Dental C et al (2012) HCV glycoprotein E2 is a novel BDCA2 ligand and acts as an inhibitor of IFN production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Blood 120:4544–4551
Gack MU, Shin YC, Joo CH et al (2007) TRIM25 RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase is essential for RIG-I-mediated antiviral activity. Nature 446:916–920
Harada K, Sato Y, Itatsu K et al (2007) Innate immune response to double-stranded RNA in biliary epithelial cells is ssociated with the pathogenesis of biliary atresia. Hepatology 46:1146–1154
He S, Wang L, Miao L et al (2009) Receptor interacting protein kinase-3 determines cellular necrotic response to TNF-alpha. Cell 137:1100–1111
He S, Liang Y, Shao F et al (2011) Toll-like receptors activate programmed necrosis in macrophages through a receptor-interacting kinase-3-mediated pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:20054–20059
Hogbom M, Collins R, van den Berg S et al (2007) Crystal structure of conserved domains 1 and 2 of the human DEAD-box helicase DDX3X in complex with the mononucleotide AMP. J Mol Biol 372:150–159
Horner SM, Liu HM, Park HS et al (2011) Mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAM) form innate immune synapses and are targeted by hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:14590–14595
Jelinek I, Leonard JN, Price GE et al (2011) TLR3-specific double-stranded RNA oligonucleotide adjuvants induce dendritic cell cross-presentation, CTL responses and antiviral protection. J Immunol 186:2422–2429
Jin B, Wang RY, Qiu Q et al (2007) Induction of potent cellular immune response in mice by hepatitis C virus NS3 protein with double-stranded RNA. Immunology 122:15–27
Kanda T, Steele R, Ray R et al (2009) Inhibition of intrahepatic gamma interferon production by hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A in transgenic mice. J Virol 83:8463–8469
Kawai T, Akira S (2009) The roles of TLRs, RLRs and NLRs in pathogen recognition. Int Immunol 21:317–337
Khvalevsky E, Rivkin L, Rachmilewitz J et al (2007) TLR3 signaling in a hepatoma cell line is skewed towards apoptosis. J Cell Biochem 100:1301–1312
Kim YS, Lee SG, Park SH et al (2001) Gene structure of the human DDX3 and chromosome mapping of its related sequences. Mol Cells 12:209–214
Kono H, Rock KL (2008) How dying cells alert the immune system to danger. Nat Rev Immunol 8:279–289
Larrubia JR, Benito-Martinez S, Calvino M et al (2008) Role of chemokines and their receptors in viral persistence and liver damage during chronic hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 14:7149–7159
Li K, Foy E, Ferreon JC et al (2005a) Immune evasion by hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease-mediated cleavage of the Toll-like receptor 3 adaptor protein TRIF. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:2992–2997
Li XD, Sun L, Seth RB et al (2005b) Hepatitis C virus protease NS3/4A cleaves mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein off the mitochondria to evade innate immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:17717–17722
Li K, Li NL, Wei D et al (2012) Activation of chemokine and inflammatory cytokine response in hepatitis C virus-infected hepatocytes depends on Toll-like receptor 3 sensing of hepatitis C virus double-stranded RNA intermediates. Hepatology 55:666–675
Lim EJ, Chin R, Angus PW et al (2012) Enhanced apoptosis in post-liver transplant hepatitis C: effects of virus and immunosuppressants. World J Gastroenterol 18:2172–2179
Lindenbach BD, Thiel HJ, Rice CM (2007) Flaviviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds) Fields virology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 1117–1118
Liu HM, Loo YM, Horner SM et al (2012) The mitochondrial targeting chaperone 14–3-3ε regulates a RIG-I translocon that mediates membrane association and innate antiviral immunity. Cell Host Microbe 11:528–537
Longhi MP, Trumpfheller C, Idoyaga J et al (2009) Dendritic cells require a systemic type I interferon response to mature and induce CD4+ Th1 immunity with poly IC as adjuvant. J Exp Med 206:1589–1602
Loo YM, Owen DM, Li K et al (2006) Viral and therapeutic control of IFN-beta promoter stimulator 1 during hepatitis C virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:6001–6006
Lucas M, Schachterle W, Oberle K et al (2007) Dendritic cells prime natural killer cells by trans-presenting interleukin 15. Immunity 26:503–517
Matsumoto M, Seya T (2008) TLR3: interferon induction by double-stranded RNA including poly(I:C). Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60:805–812
Matsumoto M, Oshiumi H, Seya T (2011) Antiviral responses induced by the TLR3 pathway. Rev Med Virol. doi:10.1002/rmv.680
McCartney S, Vermi W, Gilfillan S et al (2009) Distinct and complementary functions of MDA5 and TLR3 in poly(I:C)-mediated activation of mouse NK cells. J Exp Med 206:2967–2976
McLauchlan J, Lemberg MK, Hope G et al (2002) Intramembrane proteolysis promotes trafficking of hepatitis C virus core protein to lipid droplets. EMBO J 21:3980–3988
Meylan E, Burns K, Hofmann K et al (2004) RIP1 is an essential mediator of Toll-like receptor 3-induced NF-kappa B activation. Nat Immunol 5:503–507
Morosky SA, Zhu J, Mukherjee A et al (2011) Retinoic acid-induced gene-I (RIG-I) associates with nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 (NOD2) to negatively regulate inflammatory signaling. J Biol Chem 286:28574–28583
Mulhern O, Bowie AG (2010) Unexpected roles for DEAD-box protein 3 in viral RNA sensing pathways. Eur J Immunol 40:933–935
Nace G, Evankovich J, Eid R et al (2012) Dendritic cells and damage-associated molecular patterns: endogenous danger signals linking innate and adaptive immunity. J Innate Immun 4:6–15
Nakamura M, Funami K, Komori A et al (2008) Increased expression of Toll-like receptor 3 in intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells at sites of ductular reaction in diseased livers. Hepatol Int 2:222–230
Nitta S, Sakamoto N, Nakagawa M et al (2012) Hepatitis C virus NS4B protein targets STING and abrogates RIG-I-mediated type-I interferon-dependent innate immunity. Hepatology. doi:10.1002/hep.26017
Oda S, Schroder M, Khan AR (2009) Structural basis for targeting of human RNA helicase DDX3 by poxvirus protein K7. Structure 17:1528–1537
Okamoto K, Moriishi K, Miyamura T et al (2004) Intramembrane proteolysis and endoplasmic reticulum retention of hepatitis C virus core protein. J Virol 78:6370–6380
Oshiumi H, Sasai M, Shida K et al (2003) TIR-containing adapter molecule (TICAM)-2, a bridging adapter recruiting to toll-like receptor 4 TICAM-1 that induces interferon-beta. J Biol Chem 278:49751–49762
Oshiumi H, Matsumoto M, Hatakeyama S et al (2009) Riplet/RNF135, a RING finger protein, ubiquitinates RIG-I to promote interferon-beta induction during the early phase of viral infection. J Biol Chem 284:807–817
Oshiumi H, Ikeda M, Matsumoto M et al (2010a) Hepatitis C virus core protein abrogates the DDX3 function that enhances IPS-1-mediated IFN-beta induction. PLoS One 5:e14258
Oshiumi H, Sakai K, Matsumoto M et al (2010b) DEAD/H BOX 3 (DDX3) helicase binds the RIG-I adaptor IPS-1 to up-regulate IFN-beta-inducing potential. Eur J Immunol 40:940–948
Oshiumi H, Miyashita M, Inoue N et al (2010c) The ubiquitin ligase Riplet is essential for RIG-I-dependent innate immune responses to RNA virus infection. Cell Host Microbe 8:496–509
Owsianka AM, Patel AH (1999) Hepatitis C virus core protein interacts with a human DEAD box protein DDX3. Virology 257:330–340
Rathinam VA, Fitzgerald KA (2011) Cytosolic surveillance and antiviral immunity. Curr Opin Virol 1:455–462
Saeed M, Shiina M, Date T et al (2011) In vivo adaptation of hepatitis C virus in chimpanzees for efficient virus production and evasion of apoptosis. Hepatology 54:425–433
Saito T, Owen DM, Jiang F et al (2008) Innate immunity induced by composition-dependent RIG-I recognition of hepatitis C virus RNA. Nature 454:523–527
Sawa Y, Arima Y, Ogura H et al (2009) Hepatic interleukin-7 expression regulates T cell responses. Immunity 30:447–457
Schoggins JW, Wilson SJ, Panis M et al (2011) A diverse range of gene products are effectors of the type I interferon antiviral response. Nature 472:481–485
Schroder M (2009) Human DEAD-box protein 3 has multiple functions in gene regulation and cell cycle control and is a prime target for viral manipulation. Biochem Pharmacol 79:297–306
Schroder M, Baran M, Bowie AG et al (2008) Viral targeting of DEAD box protein 3 reveals its role in TBK1/IKKepsilon-mediated IRF activation. EMBO J 27:2147–2157
Schulz O, Diebold SS, Chen M et al (2005) Toll-like receptor 3 promotes cross-priming to virus-infected cells. Nature 433:887–892
Seth RB, Sun L, Ea CK et al (2005) Identification and characterization of MAVS, a mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein that activates NF-kappaB and IRF 3. Cell 122:669–682
Seya T, Matsumoto M (2009) The extrinsic RNA-sensing pathway for adjuvant immunotherapy of cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 58:1175–1184
Seya T, Shime H, Takaki H et al (2012) TLR3/TICAM-1 signaling in RIP3 tumor necroptosis. Oncoimmunology 1:917–923
Shimoda S, Harada K, Niiro H et al (2008) Biliary epithelial cells and primary biliary cirrhosis: the role of liver-infiltrating mononuclear cells. Hepatology 47:958–965
Shimoda S, Harada K, Niiro H et al (2011) Interaction between Toll-like receptors and natural killer cells in the destruction of bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 53:1270–1281
Sillanpaa M, Kaukinen P, Melen K et al (2008) Hepatitis C virus proteins interfere with the activation of chemokine gene promoters and downregulate chemokine gene expression. J Gen Virol 89:432–443
Soulat D, Burckstummer T, Westermayer S et al (2008) The DEAD-box helicase DDX3X is a critical component of the TANK-binding kinase 1-dependent innate immune response. EMBO J 27:2135–2146
Takaoka A, Taniguchi T (2008) Cytosolic DNA recognition for triggering innate immune responses. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60:847–857
Takaoka A, Yanai H, Kondo S et al (2005) Integral role of IRF-5 in the gene induction programme activated by Toll-like receptors. Nature 434:243–249
Tanabe M, Kurita-Taniguchi M, Takeuchi K et al (2003) Mechanism of up-regulation of human Toll-like receptor 3 secondary to infection of measles virus-attenuated strains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 311:39–48
Thomas E, Gonzalez VD, Li Q et al (2012) HCV infection induces a unique hepatic innate immune response associated with robust production of type III interferons. Gastroenterology 142:978–988
Uematsu S, Akira S (2007) Toll-like receptors and type I interferons. J Biol Chem 282:15319–15323
Wang N, Liang Y, Devaraj S et al (2009) Toll-like receptor 3 mediates establishment of an antiviral state against hepatitis C virus in hepatoma cells. J Virol 83:9824–9934
Wen C, He X, Ma H et al (2008) Hepatitis C virus infection downregulates the ligands of the activating receptor NKG2D. Cell Mol Immunol 5:475–478
Yeretssian G (2012) Effector functions of NLRs in the intestine: innate sensing, cell death, and disease. Immunol Res 54:25–36
Yoneyama M, Kikuchi M, Natsukawa T et al (2004) The RNA helicase RIG-I has an essential function in double-stranded RNA-induced innate antiviral responses. Nat Immunol 5:730–737
Yoneyama M, Onomoto K, Fujita T (2008) Cytoplasmic recognition of RNA. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60:841–846
Zeremski M, Petrovic LM, Talal AH (2007) The role of chemokines as inflammatory mediators in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat 14:675–687
Zhang Z, Kim T, Bao M et al (2011) DDX1, DDX21, and DHX36 helicases form a complex with the adaptor molecule TRIF to sense dsRNA in dendritic cells. Immunity 34:866–878
Zhu H, Dong H, Eksioglu E et al (2007) Hepatitis C virus triggers apoptosis of a newly developed hepatoma cell line through antiviral defense system. Gastroenterology 133:1649–1659