Motor Measures: A Moving Target?

Majnemer, 2002, Importance of outcome determination in pediatric rehabilitation, Dev Med Child Neurol, 44, 773, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00285.x Majnemer, 2012, Selection and use of outcome measures, 3 Law, 1999, Measuring outcomes in children's rehabilitation: A decision protocol, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 80, 629, 10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90164-8 Wells, 2001, Selecting outcome measures for child welfare settings: Lessons for use in performance management, Child Youth Serv Rev, 23, 169, 10.1016/S0190-7409(01)00132-3 Casto, 1986, Selecting outcome measures in early intervention, J Early Int, 10, 118, 10.1177/105381518601000203 Elder, 2000, A conceptual proposal for the study of the quality of rehabilitation care, Disabil Rehabil, 22, 163, 10.1080/096382800296854 Mazer, 2009, Service utilization and health promotion of children with neuro-developmental disabilities, Neurodev Disabil, 426 Lavis, 2004, Use of research to inform public policymaking, Lancet, 364, 1615, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17317-0 Majnemer, 2012, The purpose and framework for this text, 10 Majnemer, 2012 Ten Berge, 2007, Reliability of popliteal angle measurement: A study in cerebral palsy patients and healthy controls, J Pediatr Orthop, 27, 648, 10.1097/BPO.0b013e3180dca15d Wright, 2010, Distribution of contractures and spinal malalignments in adolescents with cerebral palsy: Observations and influences of function, gender and age, Dev Neurorehabil, 13, 46, 10.3109/17518420903267101 Bartlett, 2005, Testing of the spinal alignment and range of motion measure: A discriminative measure of posture and flexibility for children with cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 47, 739, 10.1017/S0012162205001556 Bohannon, 1987, Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity, Phys Ther, 67, 206, 10.1093/ptj/67.2.206 Fosang, 2003, Measures of muscle and joint performance in the lower limb of children with cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 45, 664, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00868.x Clopton, 2005, Interrater and intrarater reliability of the Modified Ashworth Scale in children with hypertonia, Pediatr Phys Ther, 17, 268, 10.1097/01.pep.0000186509.41238.1a Patrick, 2006, The Tardieu Scale differentiates contracture from spasticity whereas the Ashworth Scale is confounded by it, Clin Rehabil, 20, 173, 10.1191/0269215506cr922oa Yam, 2006, Interrater reliability of Modified Ashworth Scale and Modified Tardieu Scale in children with spastic cerebral palsy, J Child Neurol, 21, 1031, 10.1177/7010.2006.00222 Gracies, 2010, Reliability of the Tardieu Scale for assessing spasticity in children with cerebral palsy, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 91, 421, 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.11.017 Boyd, 1999, Objective measurement of clinical findings in the use of botulinum toxin type A for the management of children with cerebral palsy, Eur J Neurol, 6, S23, 10.1111/j.1468-1331.1999.tb00031.x Jethwa, 2010, Development of the Hypertonia Assessment Tool (HAT): A discriminative tool for hypertonia in children, Dev Med Child Neurol, 52, e83, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03483.x Fowler, 2009, Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremity (SCALE): Development, validation, and interrater reliability of a clinical tool for patients with cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 51, 607, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03186.x Taylor, 2004, Test-retest reliability of hand-held dynamometric strength testing in young people with cerebral palsy, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 85, 77, 10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00379-4 Mercer, 2001, Hip abductor and knee extensor muscle strength of children with and without Down syndrome, Pediatr Phys Ther, 13, 18, 10.1097/00001577-200104000-00004 Verschuren, 2008, Reliability of hand-held dynamometry and functional strength tests for the lower extremity in children with Cerebral Palsy, Disabil Rehabil, 30, 1358, 10.1080/09638280701639873 Hébert, 2011, Isometric muscle strength in youth assessed by hand-held dynamometry: A feasibility, reliability, and validity study, Pediatr Phys Ther, 23, 289, 10.1097/PEP.0b013e318227ccff Damiano, 1998, Functional outcomes of strength training in spastic cerebral palsy, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 79, 119, 10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90287-8 Zatsiorsky, 2000, Mechanical power and work in human movement, 195 Verschuren, 2007, Reliability for running tests for measuring agility and anaerobic muscle power in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy, Pediatr Phys Ther, 19, 108, 10.1097/pep.0b013e318036bfce Bar-Or, 1995, Anaerobic performance Verschuren, 2007, Exercise training program in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled trial, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 161, 1075, 10.1001/archpedi.161.11.1075 Verschuren, 2010, Reference values for aerobic fitness in children, adolescents, and young adults who have cerebral palsy and are ambulatory, Phys Ther, 90, 1148, 10.2522/ptj.20090318 Meredith MD, Welk GJ. Fitnessgram and Actvitygram Test Administration Manual. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics, 2010. Verschuren, 2011, Reliability of a shuttle run test for children with cerebral palsy who are classified at Gross Motor Function Classification System level III, Dev Med Child Neurol, 53, 470, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03893.x 2002, ATS statement: Guidelines for the six-minute walk test, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166, 111, 10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.at1102 Li, 2005, The six-minute walk test in healthy children: Reliability and validity, Eur Respir J, 25, 1057, 10.1183/09031936.05.00134904 Lesser, 2010, Does the 6-min walk test correlate with the exercise stress test in children?, Pediatr Pulmonol, 45, 135, 10.1002/ppul.21125 Limsuwan, 2010, Correlation between the 6-min walk test and exercise stress test, Acta Paediatr, 99, 958, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01769.x Limsuwan, 2010, Correlation between 6-min walk test and exercise stress test in healthy children, Acta Paediatr, 99, 438, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01602.x Russell, 2002 Read, 2003, Edinburgh visual gait score for use in cerebral palsy, J Pediatr Orthop, 23, 296, 10.1097/01241398-200305000-00005 Ong, 2008, Reliability and validity of the Edinburgh Visual Gait Score for cerebral palsy when used by inexperienced observers, Gait Post, 28, 323, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.01.008 Provost, 2004, Concurrent validity of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II Motor Scale and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 in children with developmental delays, Pediatr Phys Ther, 16, 149, 10.1097/01.PEP.0000136005.41585.FE Darrah, 1998, Assessment of gross motor skills of at-risk infants: Predictive validity of the Alberta Infant Motor Scale, Dev Med Child Neurol, 40, 485, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15399.x Brown, 2009, The movement assessment battery for children—Second edition (MABC-2): A review and critique, Phys Occup Ther Pediatr, 29, 86, 10.1080/01942630802574908 Ulrich, 2000 Gard, 2009, The qualitative motor observations in Movement ABC: Aspects of reliability and validity, Adv Physiother, 11, 51, 10.1080/14038190902792346 Mercuri, 1999, Congenital hemiplegia in children at school age: Assessment of hand function in the non-hemiplegic hand and correlation with MRI, Neuropediatrics, 30, 8, 10.1055/s-2007-973449 Apache, 2005, Activity-based intervention in motor skill development, Percept Mot Skills, 100, 1011, 10.2466/PMS.100.3.1011-1020 Bruininks, 2005 Liao, 2001, Test-retest reliability of balance tests in children with cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 43, 180 Podsiadlo, 1991, The timed “Up & Go”: A test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons, J Am Geriatr Soc, 39, 142, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x Gan, 2008, Psychometric properties of functional balance assessment in children with cerebral palsy, Neurorehabil Neur Rep, 22, 745, 10.1177/1545968308316474 Franjoine, 2003, Pediatric Balance Scale: A modified version of the Berg Balance Scale for the school-age child with mild to moderate motor impairment, Pediatr Phys Ther, 15, 114, 10.1097/01.PEP.0000068117.48023.18 Niznik, 1996, Functional reach as a measurement of balance for children with lower extremity spasticity, Phys Occup Ther Pediatr, 15, 1, 10.1080/J006v15n03_01 Salem Y, Godwin EM: Effects of task-oriented training on mobility function in children with cerebral palsy. Neurorehabil 24(4):307-313, 2009 Katz-Leurer, 2009, The effects of a ‘home-based’ task-oriented exercise programme on motor and balance performance in children with spastic cerebral palsy and severe traumatic brain injury, Clin Rehabil, 23, 714, 10.1177/0269215509335293 Boyce, 1991, Development of a quality-of-movement measure for children with cerebral palsy, Phys Ther, 71, 820, 10.1093/ptj/71.11.820 Ketelaar, 1998, Functional motor abilities of children with cerebral palsy: A systematic literature review of assessment measures, Clin Rehabil, 12, 369, 10.1191/026921598673571117 Buckon, 2004, Selective dorsal rhizotomy versus orthopedic surgery: A multidimensional assessment of outcome efficacy, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 85, 457, 10.1016/j.apmr.2003.05.009 Buckon, 2004, Comparison of three ankle-foot orthosis configurations for children with spastic diplegia, Dev Med Child Neurol, 46, 590, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb01022.x Wright V, Rosenbaum P, Fehlings D, Mesterman R, Kim M: Reliability of the Quality FM: a measure of quality of movement for ambulatory children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl 52(suppl 5), 2010 Mathiowetz, 1985, Box and Block Test of manual dexterity: Norms for 6 to 19 year olds, Can J Occup Ther, 52, 241, 10.1177/000841748505200505 Kellor, 1971, Hand strength and dexterity, Am J Occup Ther, 25, 79 Mathiowetz, 1986, The Purdue Pegboard: Norms for 14- to 19-year-olds, Am J Occup Ther, 40, 174, 10.5014/ajot.40.3.174 Smith, 2000, Normative and validation studies of the Nine-hole Peg Test with children, Percept Mot Skills, 90, 823, 10.2466/pms.2000.90.3.823 Poole, 2005, Measuring dexterity in children using the Nine-hole Peg Test, J Hand Ther, 18, 348, 10.1197/j.jht.2005.04.003 Wilson, 1982, Purdue Pegboard performance of normal preschool children, J Clin Neuropsychol, 4, 19, 10.1080/01688638208401113 DeMatteo, 1993, The reliability and validity of Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test, Phys Occup Ther Pediatr, 13, 1, 10.1080/J006v13n02_01 Haga, 2007, Test-retest and inter and intra reliability of the Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test in preschool children with cerebral palsy, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 50, 1 Klingels, 2008, Comparison of the Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function and the Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test in hemiplegic CP, Dev Med Child Neurol, 50, 1, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03123.x Beery, 2006 Krumlinde-Sundholm, 2008, Choosing and using assessments of hand function, 176 Russell, 1989, The Gross Motor Function Measure: A means to evaluate the effects of physical therapy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 31, 341, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1989.tb04003.x Russell, 2000, Improved scaling of the gross motor function measure for children with cerebral palsy: Evidence of reliability and validity, Phys Ther, 80, 873, 10.1093/ptj/80.9.873 Wilson, 2011, Development and pilot testing of the Challenge Module: A proposed adjunct to the Gross Motor Function Measure for high functioning children with cerebral palsy, Phys Occup Ther Pediatr, 31, 135, 10.3109/01942638.2010.489543 Jebsen, 1969, An objective and standardized test of hand function, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 50, 311 Bonnier, 2006, Effects of constraint-induced movement therapy in adolescents with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: A day camp model, Scand J Occup Ther, 13, 13, 10.1080/11038120510031833 Charles, 2007, A repeated course of constraint-induced movement therapy results in further improvement, Dev Med Child Neurol, 49, 770, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00770.x Charles, 2006, Efficacy of a child-friendly form of constraint-induced movement therapy in hemiplegic cerebral palsy: A randomized control trial, Dev Med Child Neurol, 48, 635, 10.1017/S0012162206001356 Bourke-Taylor, 2003, Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function: Construct validity and correlation with the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory, Dev Med Child Neurol, 45, 92, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00911.x Spirtos, 2011, Interrater reliability of the Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, Am J Occup Ther, 65, 378, 10.5014/ajot.2011.001222 Klingels, 2010, A systematic review of arm activity measures for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, Clin Rehabil, 10, 887, 10.1177/0269215510367994 Davids, 2006, Validation of the Shriners Hospital for Children Upper Extremity Evaluation (SHUEE) for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, J Bone Jt Surg (Am), 88, 326, 10.2106/JBJS.E.00298 Folio, 2000 Hattie, 1987, A review of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 57, 104 Harvey A, Graham HK, Morris ME, Baker R, Wolfe R: The Functional Mobility Scale: ability to detect change following single event multilevel surgery. Dev Med Child Neurol 49(8):603-607, 2007 Novacheck, 2000, Reliability and validity of the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire as an outcome measure in children with walking disabilities, J Pediatr Orthop, 20, 75, 10.1097/01241398-200001000-00017 Daltroy, 1988, The POSNA Pediatric Musculoskeletal Functional Health questionnaire: Report on reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change, J Pediatr Orthop, 18, 561, 10.1097/00004694-199809000-00001 Coster, 1999, Factor structure of the School Function Assessment, Educ Psychol Meas, 59, 665, 10.1177/00131649921970099 Haley, 1992, Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory. Version 1.0 Deutsch, 1996, The Functional Independence Measures (FIMsm Instrument) and the Functional Independence Measure for Children (WEEFIM Instrument): Ten years of development, Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med, 8, 267 Krumlinde-Sundholm, 2003, Development of the assisting hand assessment: A Rasch-built measure intended for children with unilateral upper limb impairments, Scand J Occup Ther, 10, 16, 10.1080/11038120310004529 Arnould, 2006, ABILHAND-Kids: A measure of manual ability in children with cerebral palsy, Neurology, 63, 1045, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000138423.77640.37 Amundson, 1995 Reisman, 1993, Development and reliability of the research version of the Minnesota Handwriting Test, Phys Occup Ther Pediatr, 13, 41, 10.1080/J006v13n02_03 Rosenbaum, 2007, A report: The definition and classification of cerebral palsy April 2006, Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl, 109, 8 Majnemer, 2010, Level of motivation in mastering challenging tasks in children with cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 52, 1120, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03732.x Wright, 2012, Neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions (B710-B780), 192 Russell, 2010, Development and validation of item sets to improve efficiency of administration of the 66-item Gross Motor Function Measure in children with cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 52, e48, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03481.x Mackey, 2004, Intraobserver reliability of the modified Tardieu scale in the upper limb of children with hemiplegia, Dev Med Child Neurol, 46, 267, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00481.x Love, 2001, The effect of botulinum toxin type A on the functional ability of the child with spastic hemiplegia a randomized controlled trial, Eur J Neurol 8:Suppl, 5, 50, 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2001.00038.x Kilgour, 2003, Intrarater reliability of lower limb sagittal range-of-motion measures in children with spastic diplegia, Dev Med Child Neurol, 45, 391, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00418.x Berry, 2004, Intrasession and intersession reliability of handheld dynamometry in children with cerebral palsy, Pediatr Phys Ther, 16, 191, 10.1097/01.PEP.0000145932.21460.61 Blundell, 2003, Functional strength training in cerebral palsy: A pilot study of a group circuit training class for children aged 4-8 years, Clin Rehabil, 17, 48, 10.1191/0269215503cr584oa Seniorou, 2007, Recovery of muscle strength following multi-level orthopaedic surgery in diplegic cerebral palsy, Gait Post, 26, 475, 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2007.07.008 Damiano, 2000, Muscle force production and functional performance in spastic cerebral palsy: Relationship of cocontraction, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 81, 895, 10.1053/apmr.2000.5579 Vaz, 2008, Effects of strength training aided by electrical stimulation on wrist muscle characteristics and hand function of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy, Phys Occup Ther Pediatr, 28, 309, 10.1080/01942630802307069 Crompton, 2007, Hand-held dynamometry for muscle strength measurement in children with cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 49, 106, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00106.x Verschuren, 2006, Reliability and validity of data for 2 newly developed shuttle run tests in children with cerebral palsy, Phys Ther, 86, 1107, 10.1093/ptj/86.8.1107 Fernhall, 1998, Validation of cardiovascular fitness field tests in children with mental retardation, Am J Ment Retard, 102, 602, 10.1352/0895-8017(1998)102<0602:VOCFFT>2.0.CO;2 Cairney, 2010, Comparison of VO2 maximum obtained from 20m shuttle run and cycle ergometer in children with and without developmental coordination disorder, Res Dev Disabil, 31, 1332, 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.07.008 Cairney, 2007, Developmental coordination disorder and cardiorespiratory fitness in children, Pediatr Exerc Sci, 19, 20, 10.1123/pes.19.1.20 Burns, 2009, Motor coordination difficulties and physical fitness of extremely-low-birthweight children, Dev Med Child Neurol, 51, 136, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03118.x Smith, 2008, Reduced exercise capacity in children born very preterm, Pediatrics, 122, e287, 10.1542/peds.2007-3657 Robergs, 2002, The surprising history of the “HRmax=220-age” equation, J Exerc Physiol, 5, 1 Thompson, 2008, Test-retest reliability of the 10-metre fast walk test and 6-minute walk test in ambulatory school-aged children with cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 50, 370, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.02048.x Nsenga, 2012, Six-Minute walk test in children with cerebral palsy Gross Motor Function Classification System Levels I and II: Reproducibility, validity, and training effects, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 93, 2333, 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.06.005 Maathuis, 2005, Gait in children with cerebral palsy: Observer reliability of Physician Rating Scale and Edinburgh Visual Gait Analysis Interval Testing Scale, J Pediatr Orthop, 25, 268, 10.1097/01.bpo.0000151061.92850.74 Hillman, 2007, Correlation of the Edinburgh Gait Score with the Gillette Gait Index, the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire, and dimensionless speed, J Pediatr Orthop, 27, 7, 10.1097/BPO.0b013e31802b7104 Williams, 2005, Investigation of the timed ‘up & go’ test in children, Dev Med Child Neurol, 47, 518, 10.1017/S0012162205001027 Thorley, 2012, Reliability of the quality of upper extremity skills test for children with cerebral palsy aged 2 to 12 years, Phys Occup Ther Pediatr, 32, 4, 10.3109/01942638.2011.602389 Thorley, 2012, Construct validity of the Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test for children with cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 54, 1037, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04368.x Russell, 1998, Evaluating motor function in children with Down syndrome: Validity of the GMFM, Dev Med Child Neurol, 40, 693, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1998.tb12330.x Harvey, 2008, A systematic review of measures of activity limitation for children with cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 50, 190, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.02027.x Damiano, 2005, Responsiveness and uniqueness of the pediatric outcomes data collection instrument compared to the gross motor function measure for measuring orthopaedic and neurosurgical outcomes in cerebral palsy, J Pediatr Orthop, 25, 641, 10.1097/01.bpo.0000167079.83835.22 Josenby, 2009, Longitudinal construct validity of the GMFM-88 total score and goal total score and the GMFM-66 score in a 5 year follow-up study, Phys Ther, 89, 342, 10.2522/ptj.20080037 Wang, 2006, Evaluating the responsiveness of 2 versions of the gross motor function measure for children with cerebral palsy, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 87, 51, 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.08.117 Christiansen, 2008, Intermittent versus continuous physiotherapy in children with cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 50, 290, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.02036.x Fowler, 2010, Pediatric endurance and limb strengthening (PEDALS) for children with cerebral palsy using stationary cycling: A randomized controlled trial, Phys Ther, 90, 367, 10.2522/ptj.20080364 Lowing, 2010, Goal-directed functional therapy: A longitudinal study on gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy, Disabil Rehabil, 32, 908, 10.3109/09638280903353422 Meyer-Heim, 2009, Improvement of walking abilities after robotic-assisted locomotion training in children with cerebral palsy, Arch Dis Child, 94, 615, 10.1136/adc.2008.145458 Grunt, 2010, Preoperative MRI findings and functional outcome after selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with bilateral spasticity, Childs Nerv Syst, 26, 191, 10.1007/s00381-009-0999-z Randall, 2001, Reliability of the Melbourne assessment of unilateral upper limb function, Dev Med Child Neurol, 43, 761, 10.1017/S0012162201001396 Cusick, 2005, Effect of rater training on reliability of Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function scores, Dev Med Child Neurol, 47, 9, 10.1017/S0012162205000071 Krumlinde-Sundholm, 2012, Reporting outcomes of the Assisting Hand Assessment: What scale should be used?, Dev Med Child Neurol, 54, 807, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04361.x Holmefur, 2007, Interrater and intrarater reliability of the Assisting Hand Assessment, Am J Occup Ther, 61, 79, 10.5014/ajot.61.1.79 Holmefur, 2009, Test-retest and alternate forms reliability of the assisting hand assessment, J Rehabil Med, 41, 886, 10.2340/16501977-0448 Krumlinde-Sundholm, 2007, The Assisting Hand Assessment: Current evidence of validity, reliability and responsiveness to change, Dev Med Child Neurol, 49, 259, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00259.x Eliasson, 2011, An ecological approach of Constraint Induced Movement Therapy for 2-3-year-old children: A randomized control trial, Res Dev Disabil, 32, 2820, 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.05.024 Wallen, 2011, Modified constraint-induced therapy for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: A randomized trial, Dev Med Child Neurol, 53, 1091, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04086.x Gordon, 2011, Bimanual training and constraint-induced movement therapy in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: A randomized trial, Neurorehabil Neur Rep, 25, 692, 10.1177/1545968311402508 Auld, 2012, Impact of tactile dysfunction on upper-limb motor performance in children with unilateral cerebral palsy, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 93, 696, 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.10.025 Arnould, 2004, ABILHAND-Kids: A measure of manual ability in children with cerebral palsy, Neurology, 63, 1045, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000138423.77640.37 Arnould, 2007, Hand impairments and their relationship with manual ability in children with cerebral palsy, J Rehabil Med, 39, 708, 10.2340/16501977-0111 Pencharz, 2001, Comparison of three outcomes instruments in children, J Pediatr Orthop, 21, 425, 10.1097/01241398-200107000-00002 McCarthy, 2002, Comparing reliability and validity of pediatric instruments for measuring health and well-being of children with spastic cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 44, 468, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00308.x Sullivan, 2007, Relationships among functional outcome measures used for assessing children with ambulatory CP, Dev Med Child Neurol, 49, 338, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00338.x McMulkin, 2007, The pediatric outcomes data collection instrument detects improvements for children with ambulatory cerebral palsy after orthopaedic intervention, J Pediatr Orthop, 27, 1, 10.1097/01.bpo.0000242442.34553.c7 Oeffinger, 2004, Gross Motor Function Classification System and outcome tools for assessing ambulatory cerebral palsy: A multicenter study, Dev Med Child Neurol, 46, 311, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00491.x