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Lý thuyết Tính tương thích động lực: Vượt ra ngoài tiếp cận nhị nguyên đối với động lực con người
Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science - Trang 1-16 - 2023
Tóm tắt
Nhị nguyên đã từ lâu là một phần của khoa học con người, bao gồm tâm lý học và chuyên ngành động lực của nó. Trong tâm lý học, nhị nguyên này được phản ánh trong sự phân chia giữa chủ nghĩa lý trí và chủ nghĩa kinh nghiệm. Sự phân chia này đã dẫn đến hai quan điểm dường như mâu thuẫn, bao gồm chủ nghĩa kinh nghiệm và chủ nghĩa lý trí. Từ góc độ chủ nghĩa kinh nghiệm, sự tiếp xúc chính giữa chủ thể và đối tượng là sự tiếp nhận thụ động các đầu vào từ môi trường. Từ quan điểm chủ nghĩa lý trí, sự tiếp xúc chính là thông qua sự phù hợp giữa các hình thức khái niệm và quan sát thực nghiệm. Dựa vào khái niệm “sự tồn tại trong thế giới”, các lý thuyết hoạt động hòa giải những khác biệt này bằng cách nhấn mạnh vai trò của hoạt động cá nhân trong sự tiếp xúc giữa cá nhân và thế giới. Tương tự, trong tài liệu về động lực, sự nhị nguyên này được làm nổi bật bằng cách phân chia động lực thành các loại nội tại và ngoại tại. Điều này đã dẫn đến ba dòng quan điểm tương phản về mối quan hệ giữa động lực ngoại tại và nội tại. Dòng quan điểm đầu tiên từ các lý thuyết tăng cường cho rằng hai cơ chế động lực này hoạt động theo cách cộng gộp. Dòng quan điểm thứ hai từ các lý thuyết suy yếu đặt giả thuyết rằng chúng tương tác theo cách tiêu cực. Tuy nhiên, dòng quan điểm thứ ba từ các lý thuyết ngẫu nhiên cho rằng hiệu ứng đồng thời của các cơ chế động lực này phụ thuộc vào độ nổi bật của phần thưởng. Những dòng lý thuyết này hoặc là ngầm định hoặc là công khai ưu tiên cho một loại động lực so với loại còn lại. Nhấn mạnh một lập trường biện chứng, lý thuyết tính tương thích động lực cân nhắc trọng số ngang nhau cho cả hai loại động lực. Lý thuyết này quy định rằng sự tương thích được cảm nhận giữa các cơ chế động lực và ngữ cảnh xác định động lực và hiệu suất tổng thể. Lý thuyết này vượt ra ngoài tiếp cận nhị nguyên trong động lực và giải quyết những mâu thuẫn đã làm khổ cho tài liệu từ lâu.
Từ khóa
#nhị nguyên #tâm lý học #động lực #lý thuyết tăng cường #lý thuyết suy yếu #lý thuyết ngẫu nhiên #tính tương thích động lựcTài liệu tham khảo
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