Morphological plasticity promotes resistance to phagocyte killing of uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Urban, 2006, How do microbes evade neutrophil killing?, Cell. Microbiol., 8, 1687, 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00792.x Justice, 2008, Morphological plasticity as a bacterial survival strategy, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 6, 162, 10.1038/nrmicro1820 Young, 2006, The selective value of bacterial shape, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 70, 660, 10.1128/MMBR.00001-06 Mulvey, 1998, Induction and evasion of host defenses by type 1-piliated uropathogenic Escherichia coli, Science, 282, 1494, 10.1126/science.282.5393.1494 Anderson, 2003, Intracellular bacterial biofilm-like pods in urinary tract infections, Science, 301, 105, 10.1126/science.1084550 Justice, 2004, From the cover: Differentiation and developmental pathways of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in urinary tract pathogenesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 101, 1333, 10.1073/pnas.0308125100 Justice, 2006, Maturation of intracellular Escherichia coli communities requires Sura, Infect. Immun., 74, 4793, 10.1128/IAI.00355-06 Garofalo, 2007, Escherichia coli from urine of females suffering from urinary tract infections are competent for IBC-formation, Infect. Immun., 75, 52, 10.1128/IAI.01123-06 Justice, 2006, Filamentation by Escherichia coli subverts innate defenses during urinary tract infection, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 103, 19884, 10.1073/pnas.0606329104 Mysorekar, 2006, Mechanisms of uropathogenic Escherichia coli persistence and eradication from the urinary tract, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 103, 14170, 10.1073/pnas.0602136103 Rosen, 2007, Detection of intracellular bacterial communities in human urinary tract infection, PLoS Med., 4, e329, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040329 Mulvey, 2001, Establishment of a persistent Escherichia coli reservoir during the acute phase of a bladder infection, Infect. Immun., 69, 4572, 10.1128/IAI.69.7.4572-4579.2001 Valdivia, 1996, Applications for green fluorescent protein (gfp) in the study of host-pathogen interactions, Gene, 173, 47, 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00706-7 Silhavy, 1984 Hung, 2009, A murine model of urinary tract infection, Nat. Protoc., 4, 1230, 10.1038/nprot.2009.116 Zhang, 2008, The isolation and characterization of murine macrophages, Curr. Protoc. Immunol., 14 Mysorekar, 2002, Molecular regulation of urothelial renewal and host defenses during infection with uropathogenic Escherichia coli, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 7412, 10.1074/jbc.M110560200 Schilling, 2001, Bacterial invasion augments epithelial cytokine responses to Escherichia coli through a lipopolysaccharide-dependent mechanism, J. Immunol., 166, 1148, 10.4049/jimmunol.166.2.1148 Ingersoll, 2008, G-csf induction early in uropathogenic Escherichia coli infection of the urinary tract modulates host immunity, Cell. Microbiol., 10, 2568, 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01230.x Shahin, 1987, Neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance correlated with lps responsiveness in local gram-negative infection, J. Immunol., 138, 3475, 10.4049/jimmunol.138.10.3475 Agace, 1993, Interleukin-8 and the neutrophil response to mucosal gram-negative infection, J. Clin. Invest., 92, 780, 10.1172/JCI116650 Engel, 2006, Tumor necrosis factor alpha- and inducible nitric oxide synthase-producing dendritic cells are rapidly recruited to the bladder in urinary tract infection but are dispensable for bacterial clearance, Infect. Immun., 74, 6100, 10.1128/IAI.00881-06 Engel, 2008, Ccr2 mediates homeostatic and inflammatory release of gr1(high) monocytes from the bone marrow, but is dispensable for bladder infiltration in bacterial urinary tract infection, J. Immunol., 181, 5579, 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5579 Taylor, 2005, Macrophage receptors and immune recognition, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 23, 901, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115816 Bergquist, 2009, Applications of flow cytometry in environmental microbiology and biotechnology, Extremophiles, 13, 389, 10.1007/s00792-009-0236-4 Davey, 1996, Flow cytometry and cell sorting of heterogeneous microbial populations: the importance of single-cell analyses, Microbiol. Rev., 60, 641, 10.1128/mr.60.4.641-696.1996 Zubkov, 1999, Determination of total protein content of bacterial cells by sypro staining and flow cytometry, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65, 3251, 10.1128/AEM.65.7.3251-3257.1999 Walberg, 1997, Rapid assessment of ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin susceptibility in exponentially-growing E. coli cells by means of flow cytometry, Cytometry A, 27, 169, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0320(19970201)27:2<169::AID-CYTO9>3.0.CO;2-B Gant, 1993, The application of flow cytometry to the study of bacterial responses to antibiotics, J. Med. Microbiol., 39, 147, 10.1099/00222615-39-2-147 Wickens, 2000, Flow cytometric investigation of filamentation, membrane patency, and membrane potential in Escherichia coli following ciprofloxacin exposure, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44, 682, 10.1128/AAC.44.3.682-687.2000 Li, 2010, SOS regulatory elements are essential for UPEC pathogenesis, Microb. Infect., 12, 662, 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.04.009 Lehtinen, 2004, Green fluorescent protein-propidium iodide (gfp-pi) based assay for flow cytometric measurement of bacterial viability, Cytometry A, 60, 165, 10.1002/cyto.a.20026 Agace, 1996, The role of the epithelial cell in Escherichia coli induced neutrophil migration into the urinary tract, Eur. Respir. J., 9, 1713, 10.1183/09031936.96.09081713 Doyle, 2004, Toll-like receptors induce a phagocytic gene program through p38, J. Exp. Med., 199, 81, 10.1084/jem.20031237 Rosenberger, 2002, Macrophages inhibit Salmonella typhimurium replication through MEK/ERK kinase and phagocyte nadph oxidase activities, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 18753, 10.1074/jbc.M110649200 De Groote, 1995, Genetic and redox determinants of nitric oxide cytotoxicity in a Salmonella typhimurium model, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 92, 6399, 10.1073/pnas.92.14.6399 Rosenberger, 2004, Interplay between antibacterial effectors: a macrophage antimicrobial peptide impairs intracellular Salmonella replication, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 101, 2422, 10.1073/pnas.0304455101 Champion, 2006, Role of target geometry in phagocytosis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 103, 4930, 10.1073/pnas.0600997103 Rooney, 2002, Linking fungal morphogenesis with virulence, Cell. Microbiol., 4, 127, 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2002.00179.x Klein, 2007, Dimorphism and virulence in fungi, Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 10, 314, 10.1016/j.mib.2007.04.002 Leroy, 2007, Multiple consecutive lavage samplings reveal greater burden of disease and provide direct access to the nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae biofilm in experimental otitis media, Infect. Immun., 75, 4158, 10.1128/IAI.00318-07 Piao, 2006, Temperature-regulated formation of mycelial mat-like biofilms by Legionella pneumophila, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72, 1613, 10.1128/AEM.72.2.1613-1622.2006 Chauhan, 2006, Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells growing in macrophages are filamentous and deficient in Ftsz rings, J. Bacteriol., 188, 1856, 10.1128/JB.188.5.1856-1865.2006 Henry, 2005, Identification of Salmonella functions critical for bacterial cell division within eukaryotic cells, Mol. Microbiol., 56, 252, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04540.x Pujol, 2009, Yersinia pestis can reside in autophagosomes and avoid xenophagy in murine macrophages by preventing vacuole acidification, Infect. Immun., 77, 2251, 10.1128/IAI.00068-09 Rowan, 2009, Studies on the susceptibility of different culture morphotypes of listeria monocytogenes to uptake and survival in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 57, 183, 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2009.00597.x Saville, 2006, Inhibition of filamentation can be used to treat disseminated candidiasis, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 50, 3312, 10.1128/AAC.00628-06 Nemecek, 2006, Global control of dimorphism and virulence in fungi, Science, 312, 583, 10.1126/science.1124105 Pernthaler, 2005, Predation on prokaryotes in the water column and its ecological implications, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 3, 537, 10.1038/nrmicro1180