Morphological and molecular characterization of free-floating and attached green macroalgae Ulva spp. in the Yellow Sea of China

Blomster J, Back S, Fewer DP, Kiirikki M, Lehvo A, Maggs CA, Stanhope MJ (2002) Novel morphology in Enteromorpha (Ulvophyceae) forming green tides. Am J Bot 89(11):1756–1763

Charlier RH, Morand P, Finkl CW (2008) How Brittany and Florida coasts cope with green tides. Int J Environ Res 65(2):191–208

Chinese State Oceanic Administration (2009) 2008 China marine calamities bulletin

Chinese State Oceanic Administration (2010) 2009 China marine calamities bulletin

Clement M, Posada D, Crandall K (2000) TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Mol Ecol 9(10):1657–1660

Coat G, Dion P, Noailles MC, De Reviers B, Fontaine JM, Berger-Perrot Y, Loiseaux-de Goer S (1998) Ulva armoricana (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) from the coasts of Brittany (France). II. Nuclear rDNA ITS sequence analysis. Eur J Phycol 33(1):81–86

Ding L, Luan R (2009) The taxonomy, habit and distribution of a green alga Enteromorpha prolifera (Ulvales, Chlorophyta). Oceanol Limnol Sin 40(1):68–71

Dion P, de Reviers B, Coat G (1998) Ulva armoricana sp. nov. (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) from the coasts of Brittany (France). I. Morphological identification. Eur J Phycol 33(1):73–80

Guiry MD, Guiry GM (2010) AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Available from: http://www.algaebase.org . Accessed on 19 July 2010

Hayden HS, Waaland JR (2004) A molecular systematic study of Ulva (Ulvaceae, Ulvales) from the northeast Pacific. Phycologia 43(4):364–382

Hayden H, Blomster J, Maggs C, Silva P, Stanhope M, Waaland R (2003) Linnaeus was right all along: Ulva and Enteromorpha are not distinct genera. Eur J Phycol 38(3):277–294

Heesch S, Broom JES, Neill KF, Farr TJ, Dalen JL, Nelson WA (2009) Ulva, Umbraulva and Gemina: genetic survey of New Zealand taxa reveals diversity and introduced species. Eur J Phycol 44(2):143–154

Hiraok M, Shimad S, Uenosono M, Masuda M (2003) A new green-tide-forming alga, Ulva ohnoi Hiraoka et Shimada sp. nov. (Ulvales, Ulvophyceae) from Japan. Phycol Res 52(1):17–29

Hiraoka M, Enomoto S (1998) The induction of reproductive cell formation of Ulva pertusa Kjellman (Ulvales, Ulvophyceae). Phycol Res 46(3):199–203

Jiang P, Wang JF, Cui YL, Li YX, Lin HZ, Qin S (2008) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of attached Ulvaceae species and free-floating Enteromorpha from Qingdao coasts in 2007. Chin J Oceanol Limnol 26(3):276–279

Koeman RPT, van den Hoek C (1981) The taxonomy of Ulva (Chlorophyceae) in the Netherlands. Bri Phycol J 16:9–53

Largo DB, Sembrano J, Hiraoka M, Ohno M (2004) Taxonomic and ecological profile of ‘green tide’ species of Ulva (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) in central Philippines. Hydrobiologia 512(1):247–253

Leliaert F, Malta EJ, Engelen AH, Mineur F, De Clerck O (2008) Quindao algal bloom culprit identified. Mar Pollut Bull 56(9):1516

Leliaert F, Zhang X, Ye N, Malta EJ, Engelen AH, Mineur F, Verbruggen H, De Clerck O (2009) Identity of the Qingdao algal bloom. Phycol Res 57(2):147–151

Li J (2008) China Ocean News. Available from: http://epaper.oceanol.com/zghyb/20080822/index.htm . Accessed on 22 August 2008

Liu D, Keesing JK, Xing Q, Shi P (2009) World's largest macroalgal bloom caused by expansion of seaweed aquaculture in China. Mar Pollut Bull 58(6):888–895

Liu D, Keesing JK, Dong Z, Zhen Y, Di B, Shi Y, Fearns P, Shi P (2010a) Recurrence of the world’s largest green-tide in 2009 in Yellow Sea, China: Porphyra yezoensis aquaculture rafts confirmed as nursery for macroalgal blooms. Mar Pollut Bull 60(9):1423–1432

Liu F, Pang S, Chopin T, Xu N, Shan T, Gao S, Sun S (2010b) The dominant Ulva strain of the 2008 green algal bloom in the Yellow Sea was not detected in the coastal waters of Qingdao in the following winter. J Appl Phycol 22(5):531–540

Liu F, Pang SJ, Xu N, Shan TF, Sun S, Hu X, Yang JQ (2010c) Ulva diversity in the Yellow Sea during the large-scale green algal blooms in 2008–2009. Phycol Res 58(4):270–279

Loughnane CJ, McIvor LM, Rindi F, Stengel DB, Guiry MD (2008) Morphology, rbcL phylogeny and distribution of distromatic Ulva (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) in Ireland and southern Britain. Phycologia 47(4):416–429

Malta EJ, Draisma S, Kamermans P (1999) Free-floating Ulva in the southwest Netherlands: species or morphotypes? a morphological, molecular and ecological comparison. Eur J Phycol 34(5):443–454

Pang S, Liu F, Shan T, Xu N, Zhang Z, Gao S, Chopin T, Sun S (2010) Tracking the algal origin of the Ulva bloom in the Yellow Sea by a combination of molecular, morphological and physiological analyses. Mar Environ Res 69(4):207–215

Saitou N, Nei M (1987) The neighbour-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Bio Evol 4(4):406–425

Shea R, Chopin T (2007) Effects of germanium dioxide, an inhibitor of diatom growth, on the microscopic laboratory cultivation stage of the kelp, Laminaria saccharina. J Appl Phycol 19(1):27–32

Shimada S, Hiraoka M, Nabata S, Iima M, Masuda M (2003) Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the Japanese Ulva and Enteromorpha (Ulvales, Ulvophyceae), with special reference to the free-floating Ulva. Phycol Res 51(2):99–108

Shimada S, Yokoyama N, Arai S, Hiraoka M (2008) Phylogeography of the genus Ulva (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta), with special reference to the Japanese freshwater and brackish taxa. J Appl Phycol 20(5):979–989

Sun S, Wang F, Li C, Qin S, Zhou M, Ding L, Pang S, Duan D, Wang G, Yin B (2008) Emerging challenges: massive green algae blooms in the Yellow Sea. Nature Proceedings. doi: hdl:10101/npre.2008.2266.1

Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S (2007) MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Bio Evol 24(8):1596–1599

Tan IH, Blomster J, Hansen G, Leskinen E, Maggs CA, Mann DG, Sluiman HJ, Stanhope MJ (1999) Molecular phylogenetic evidence for a reversible morphogenetic switch controlling the gross morphology of two common genera of green seaweeds, Ulva and Enteromorpha. Mol Bio Evol 16(8):1011–1018

Tang S (2009) China Ocean News. Available from: http://epaper.oceanol.com/zghyb/20090724/index.htm . Accessed on 24 July 2009

Tanner CE (1986) Investigations of the taxonomy and morphological variation of Ulva (Chlorophyta): Ulva californica Wille. Phycologia 25(4):510–520

Wang Q, Tang S (2008) China Ocean News. Available from: http://epaper.oceanol.com/zghyb/20080704/index.htm . Accessed on 4 July 2008

Wang J, Jiang P, Cui Y, Li N, Wang M, Lin H, He P, Qin S (2010) Molecular analysis of green-tide-forming macroalgae in the Yellow Sea. Aquatic Bot 93(1):25–31

Yabe T, Ishii Y, Amano Y, Koga T, Hayashi S, Nohara S, Tatsumoto H (2009) Green tide formed by free-floating Ulva spp. at Yatsu tidal flat, Japan. Limnology 10(3):239–245

Ye N, Zhang X, Mao Y, Zhuang Z, Wang Q (2008a) Life history of Enteromorpha prolifera under laboratory conditions. J Fish Sci China 15(5):853–859

Ye N, Zhuang Z, Jin X, Wang Q, Zhang X, Li D, Wang H, Mao Y, Jiang Z, Li B, and Xue Z (2008b) China is on the track tackling Enteromorpha spp forming green tide. Nature Proceedings. doi: hdl.10101/npre.2008.2352.1

Yotsukura N, Kawai T, Kawashima S, Ebata H, Ichimura T (2006) Nucleotide sequence diversity of the 5S rDNA spacer in the simple blade kelp genera Laminaria, Cymathaere and Kjellmaniella (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) from northern Japan. Phycol Res 54(4):269–279

Zhang X, Mao Y, Zhuang Z, Liu S, Wang Q, Ye N (2008) Morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis of green tide Enteromorpha sp. occurred in the Yellow Sea. J Fish Sci China 15(5):822–829

Zhang X, Wang H, Mao Y, Liang C, Zhuang Z, Wang Q, Ye N (2010) Somatic cells serve as a potential propagule bank of Enteromorpha prolifera forming a green tide in the Yellow Sea, China. J Appl Phycol 22(2):173–180