Monitoring osteoporosis therapies

Lindsay R, Gallagher JC, Kleerekoper M, Pickar JH:Bone response to treatment with lower doses of conjugated estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate in early postmenopausal women.Osteoporos Int 2005,16:372–379.

Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE:Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age and older.N Engl J Med 1997,337:670–676.

Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, et al.:Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.JAMA 2005,293:2257–2264.

Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB, et al.:Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures.Lancet 1996,348:1535–1541.

Harris ST, Watts NB, Genant HK, et al.:Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group.JAMA 1999,282:1344–1352.

Chesnut CH III, Skag A, Christiansen C, et al.:Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis.J Bone Miner Res 2004,19:1241–1249.

Chesnut CH III, Silverman S, Andriano K, et al.:A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the Prevent Recurrence of Osteoporotic Fractures Study. PROOF Study Group.Am J Med 2000,102:267–276.

Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, et al.:Effect of parathyroid hormone (1–34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.N Engl J Med 2001,344:1434–1441.

Tosteson AN, Grove MR, Hammond CS, et al.:Early discontinuation of treatment for osteoporosis.Am J Med 2003,115:209–216.

Miller NH:Compliance with treatment regimens in chronic asymptomatic diseases.Am J Med 1997,102:43–49.

Miller PD, Hochberg MC, Wehren LE, et al.:How useful are measures of BMD and bone turnover? Curr Med Res Opin 2005,21:545–553.

Of importance Miller PD:Bone density and markers of bone turnover in predicting fracture risk and how changes in these measures predict fracture risk reduction.Curr Osteoporos Rep 2005,3:103–110. This is a recent review of the value of surrogate markers of bone turnover and how they can be used in clinical practice to asses efficacy of osteoporosis therapy.

Bonnick SL, Shulman L:Monitoring osteoporosis therapy: bone mineral density, bone turnover markers, or both? Am J Med 2006,119(4 Suppl 1):S25-S31.

Lewiecki EM:Nonresponders to osteoporosis therapy.J Clin Densitom 2003,6:307–314.

Caro JJ, Isaac KJ, Huybrechts KF, et al.:The impact of compliance with osteoporosis therapy on fracture rates in actual practice.Osteoporos Int 2004,15:1003–1008.

Of major importance Siris E, Harris ST, Rosen CJ, et al.:Adherence to bisphosphonate therapy and fracture rates in osteoporotic women: relationship to vertebral and nonvertebral fractures from 2 US claims databases.Mayo Clin Proc 2006,81:1013–1022. This is a review of two large US databases showing the relationship between adherence to osteoporosis therapy and the rate of atraumatic fracture.

Cram P, Schlechte J, Christensen A:A randomized trial to assess the impact of direct reporting of DXA scan results to patients on quality of osteoporosis care.J Clin Densitom 2006,9:393–398.

Dowd R, Recker RR, Heaney RP:Study subjects and ordinary patients.Osteoporos Int 2000,11:533–536.

Lenchik L, Leib ES, Hamdy RC, et al.; International Society for Clinical Densitometry Position Development Panel and Scientific Advisory Committee:Executive summary International Society for Clinical Densitometry Position Development Conference Denver, Colorado, July 20–22, 2001.J Clin Densitom 2002,5(suppl):S1-S3.

Cummings SR, Parfitt AM:Bone density regression to the mean and the individual patient.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001,86:4001–4002.

Lenchik L, Watts NB:Regression to the mean: what does it mean? Using bone density results to monitor treatment of osteoporosis.J Clin Densitom 2001,4:1–4.

Chapurlat RD, Palmero L, Ramsay P, Cummings SR:Risk of fracture among women who lose bone density during treatment with alendronate. The Fracture Intervention Trial.Osteoporos Int 2005,16:842–848.

Watts NB, Guesens P, Barton IP, Felsenberg D:Relationship between changes in BMD and nonvertebral fracture incidence associated with risedronate: reduction in risk of nonvertebral fracture is not related to change in BMD.J Bone Miner Res 2005,20:2097–2104.

Wasnich RD, Miller PD:Antifracture efficacy of antiresorptive agents are [sic] related to changes in bone density.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000,85:231–236.

Cummings SR, Karpf DB, Harris F, et al.:Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment with anti-resorptive drugs.Am J Med 2002,112:281–289.

Hochberg MC, Greenspan SL, Wasnich RD, et al.:Changes in bone density and turnover explain the reductions in incidence of non-vertebral fractures that occur during treatment with antiresorptive agents.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002,87:1586–1592.

Of major importance Chen P, Miller PD, Delmas PD, et al.:Change in lumbar spine bone mineral density and vertebral fracture risk reduction in teriparatide-treated postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.J Bone Miner Res 2006,21:1785–1790. Description of a new statistical method to examine the relationship between changes in bone mineral density and the reduction of fracture risk with teriparatide therapy.

Lewiecki EM, Miller PD, Leib ES, Bilezikian JP:Response to “The Perspective of the International Osteoporosis Foundation on the Official Positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry,” by John A Kanis et al. [comment].J Clin Densitom 2005,8:143–144.

Bonnick SL, Johnston CC Jr, Kleerekoper M, et al.:Importance of precision in bone density measurements.J Clin Densitom 2001,4:105–110.

Delmas PD, Eastell R, Garnero P, et al. for the Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation:A position paper on the use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis.Osteoporosis Int 2000,11(S6):S2-S17.

Miller PD, Baran DT, Bilezikian JP, et al.:Practical clinical application of biochemical markers of bone turnover.J Clin Densitom 1999,2:323–342.

Riggs BL:Are biochemical markers for bone turnover clinically useful for monitoring therapy in individual osteoporotic patients? [editorial].Bone 2000,26:551–552.

Garnero P, Delmas PD:Contribution of bone mineral density and bone turnover markers to the estimation of risk of osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women [review].J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2004,4:50–63.

Eastell R, Barton I, Hannon RA, et al.:Relationship of early changes in bone resorption to the reduction in fracture risk with risedronate.J Bone Miner Res 2003,18:1051–1056.

Bauer DC, Black DM, Garnero P, et al.:Change in bone turnover and hip, non-spine and vertebral fracture in alendronate-treated women: the Fracture Intervention Trial.J Bone Miner Res 2004,19:1250–1258.

Greenspan SL, Resnick NM, Parker RA:Early changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover are associated with long-term changes in bone mineral density in elderly women on alendronate, hormone replacement therapy, or combination therapy: a three-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005,90:2762–2767.

Schousboe JT, Bauer DC, Nyman JA, et al.:Potential for bone turnover markers to cost-effectively identify and select post-menopausal osteopenic women at high risk of fracture for bisphosphonate therapy.Osteoporos Int 2007,18:201–210.

Bauer DC, Garnero P, Hochberg MC, et al. for the Intervention Research Group:Pretreatment levels of bone turnover and the antifracture efficacy of alendronate: the Fracture Intervention Trial.J Bone Miner Res 2006,21:292–299.

Recker R, Stakkestad JA, Chesnut CH 3rd, et al.:Insufficiently dosed intravenous ibandronate injections are associated with suboptimal antifracture efficacy in postmenopausal osteoporosis.Bone 2004,34:890–899.

Ste-Marie LG, Sod E, Johnson T, Chines A:Five years treatment with risedronate and its effects on bone safety in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.Calcif Tissue Int 2004,75:469–476.

Recker RR:Alendronate effects on histomorphometric parameters: is there evidence for over-suppression of bone turnover? [abstract].J Bone Miner Res 2005,M358:S398.

Miller PD, Bilezikian JP, Deal C, et al.:Clinical use of teriparatide in the real world: initial insights.Endocr Pract 2004,10:139–148.

Hodsman AB, Bauer DC, Dempster D, et al.:Parathyroid hormone and teriparatide for the treatment of osteoporosis: a review of the evidence and suggested guidelines for its use.Endocr Rev 2005,10:2004–2006.

Zanchetta JR, Bogado CE, Ferretti JL, et al.:Effects of teriparatide [recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1–34)] on cortical bone in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.J Bone Miner Res 2003,18:539–543.

Uusi-Rasi K, Semanick LM, Zanchetta JR, et al.:Effects of teriparatide [rhPTH (1–34)] treatment on structural geometry of the proximal femur in elderly osteoporotic women.Bone 2005,36:948–958.

Chen P, Satterwhite JH, Licata AA, et al.:Early changes in biochemical markers of bone formation predict BMD response to teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.J Bone Miner Res 2005,20:962–970.

Dobnig H, Sipos A, Jiang Y, et al.:Early changes in biochemical markers of bone formation correlate with improvements in bone structure during teriparatide therapy.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005,90:3970–3977.

Of major importance Lewiecki EM, Laster A:Clinical review: clinical applications of vertebral fracture assessment by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006,91:4215–4222. A thorough review of the science and clinical application of vertebral fracture assessment by DXA for the identification of vertebral fractures.

Lindsay R, Silverman SL, Cooper C, et al.:Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture.JAMA 2001,285:320–323.

Gallagher JC, Genant HK, Crans GG, et al.:Teriparatide reduces the fracture risk associated with increasing number and severity of osteoporotic fractures.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005,90:1583–1587.

Delmas P, Genant HK, Crans GG, et al.:Severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and the risk of subsequent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures: results from the MORE trial.Bone 2003,33:522–532.

Vokes T, Bachman D, Baim S, et al.; International Society for Clinical Densitometry:Vertebral fracture assessment: the 2005 ISCD Official Positions.J Clin Densitom 2006,9:37–46.

Of major importance Lewiecki EM, Binkley N, Petak SM:DXA quality matters.J Clin Densitom 2006,9:388–392. A landmark study showing that quality control and proper interpretation are vital to the clinical implementation of DXA scans.