Molecular profiling in Parkinsonian syndromes: CSF biomarkers

Clinica Chimica Acta - Tập 506 - Trang 55-66 - 2020
Federico Paolini Paoletti1, Lorenzo Gaetani1, Lucilla Parnetti1,2
1Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
2Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy

Tài liệu tham khảo

Dorsey, 2007, Projected number of people with Parkinson disease in the most populous nations, 2005 through 2030, Neurology, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000247740.47667.03 Beck, 2018, Dysregulation of striatal projection neurons in Parkinson’s disease, J. Neural. Transm., 10.1007/s00702-017-1744-5 Mcfarland, 2016, Diagnostic approach to atypical parkinsonian syndromes, Contin. Lifelong Learn. Neurol., 10.1212/CON.0000000000000348 McFarland, 2017, Recognizing atypical parkinsonisms: red flags and therapeutic approaches, Semin. Neurol. Postuma, 2015, MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease, Mov. Disord., 10.1002/mds.26424 McKeith, 2017, Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies, Neurology, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004058 Gilman, 2008, Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy, Neurology, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000324625.00404.15 Höglinger, 2017, Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: The movement disorder society criteria, MovDisord. Armstrong, 2013, Criteria for the diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration, Neurology, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827f0fd1 Ali, 2015, Parkinson’s disease: Chameleons and mimics, PractNeurol. Picillo, 2017, Merging clinical and imaging biomarkers to tackle Parkinson’s disease, MovDisord. Clin. Pract. Wakabayashi, 2007, The Lewy body in Parkinson’s disease: Molecules implicated in the formation and degradation of α-synuclein aggregates, Neuropathology, 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2007.00803.x Anderson, 2006, Phosphorylation of Ser-129 is the dominant pathological modification of α-synuclein in familial and sporadic lewy body disease, J. Biol. Chem., 10.1074/jbc.M600933200 Wakabayashi, 2013, The Lewy body in Parkinson’s disease and related neurodegenerative disorders, Mol. Neurobiol., 10.1007/s12035-012-8280-y Trojanowski, 2007, Proposed neuropathological criteria for the post mortem diagnosis of multiple system atrophy, Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol., 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00907.x Campbell, 2001, The solubility of α-synuclein in multiple system atrophy differs from that of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease, J. Neurochem. Ingelsson, 2016, Alpha-synuclein oligomers-neurotoxic molecules in Parkinson’s disease and other lewy body disorders, Front. Neurosci., 10.3389/fnins.2016.00408 Parnetti, 2014, Differential role of CSF alpha-synuclein species, tau, and Aβ42 in Parkinson’s disease, Front. Aging Neurosci., 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00053 Tokuda, 2010, Detection of elevated levels of α-synuclein oligomers in CSF from patients with Parkinson disease, Neurology, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181fd613b Wennström, 2013, Low CSF levels of both α-synuclein and the α-synuclein cleaving enzyme neurosin in patients with synucleinopathy, PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0053250 Bentahir, 2006, Presenilin clinical mutations can affect γ-secretase activity by different mechanisms, J. Neurochem., 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03578.x Dubois, 2014, Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease: The IWG-2 criteria, Lancet. Neurol., 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70090-0 Compta, 2011, Lewy- and Alzheimer-type pathologies in Parkinson’s disease dementia: Which is more important?, Brain, 10.1093/brain/awr031 Kurata, 2007, Enhanced accumulation of phosphorylated α-synuclein in double transgenic mice expressing mutant β-amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1, J. Neurosci. Res., 10.1002/jnr.21352 Parnetti, 2008, Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease with dementia and dementia with lewy bodies, Biol. Psychiatry., 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.02.016 Siderowf, 2010, CSF amyloid β 1–42 predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson disease, Neurology, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f39a78 Alves, 2014, CSF Aβ 42 predicts early-onset dementia in Parkinson disease, Neurology, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000425 Blennow, 2016, Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases-From pathophysiology to clinical practice, Mov. Disord., 10.1002/mds.26656 Mietelska-Porowska, 2014, Tau protein modifications and interactions: Their role in function and dysfunction, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 10.3390/ijms15034671 Irwin, 2012, Acetylated tau, a novel pathological signature in Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies, Brain, 10.1093/brain/aws013 Yoshida, 2014, Astrocytic inclusions in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration, Neuropathology, 10.1111/neup.12143 Guo, 2013, XDistinct α-synuclein strains differentially promote tau inclusions in neurons, Cell, 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.057 Kalaitzakis, 2011, Striatal Aβ peptide deposition mirrors dementia and differentiates DLB and PDD from other Parkinsonian syndromes, Neurobiol. Dis., 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.10.005 Borroni, 2011, CSF Alzheimer’s disease-like pattern in corticobasal syndrome: Evidence for a distinct disorder, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 10.1136/jnnp.2010.221853 Hall, 2012, Accuracy of a panel of 5 cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of patients with dementia and/or Parkinsonian disorders, Arch. Neurol., 10.1001/archneurol.2012.1654 Wagshal, 2015, Divergent CSF τ alterations in two common tauopathies: Alzheimer’s disease and progressive supranuclear palsy, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 10.1136/jnnp-2014-308004 Meredith, 2013, Characterization of novel CSF tau and ptau biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease, PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0076523 Cicognola, 2019, Novel tau fragments in cerebrospinal fluid: relation to tangle pathology and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease, Acta Neuropathol., 137, 279, 10.1007/s00401-018-1948-2 Yuan, 2017, Neurofilaments and neurofilament proteins in health and disease, Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 9, 10.1101/cshperspect.a018309 Gaetani, 2019, Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker in neurological disorders, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 10.1136/jnnp-2018-320106 Bridel, 2019, Diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light protein in neurology: A systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA Neurol., 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1534 Gaetani, 2018, A new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for neurofilament light in cerebrospinal fluid: Analytical validation and clinical evaluation, Alzheimer’s Res. Ther., 10 Parnetti, 2019, CSF and blood biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease, Lancet Neurol., 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30024-9 Holmberg, 1998, Increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of neurofilament protein in progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple-system atrophy compared with Parkinson’s disease, Mov. Disord., 13, 70, 10.1002/mds.870130116 Brettschneider, 2006, Neurofilament heavy-chain NfH(SMI35) in cerebrospinal fluid supports the differential diagnosis of Parkinsonian syndromes, Mov. Disord., 21, 2224, 10.1002/mds.21124 Thompson, 2019, Review: Fluid biomarkers in the human prion diseases, Mol. Cell Neurosci., 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.12.003 De Vos, 2017, Neurogranin and tau in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of patients with acute ischemic stroke, BMC Neurol., 10.1186/s12883-017-0945-8 Kang, 2016, CSF biomarkers associated with disease heterogeneity in early Parkinson’s disease: the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative study, Acta Neuropathol., 10.1007/s00401-016-1552-2 Iqbal, 2016, Tau and neurodegenerative disease: The story so far, Nat. Rev. Neurol., 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.225 Portelius, 2015, Cerebrospinal fluid neurogranin: Relation to cognition and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease, Brain, 10.1093/brain/awv267 Koob, 2014, Neurogranin binds α-synuclein in the human superior temporal cortex and interaction is decreased in Parkinson’s disease, Brain Res., 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.013 Bereczki, 2017, Synaptic proteins in CSF relate to Parkinson’s disease stage markers, Npj Park. Dis., 10.1038/s41531-017-0008-2 Selnes, 2017, Impaired synaptic function is linked to cognition in Parkinson’s disease, Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol., 10.1002/acn3.446 Ransohoff, 2016, How neuroinflammation contributes to neurodegeneration, Science, 353, 777, 10.1126/science.aag2590 Ransohoff, 2012, Innate immunity in the central nervous system, J. Clin. Invest., 10.1172/JCI58644 Sanchez-Guajardo, 2013, Neuroimmunological Processes in Parkinson’s Disease and their Relation to α-Synuclein: Microglia as the Referee between Neuronal Processes and Peripheral Immunity, ASN Neuro., 10.1042/AN20120066 Llorens, 2017, YKL-40 in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of neurodegenerative dementias, Mol. Neurodegener., 10.1186/s13024-017-0226-4 Dohgu, 2019, Monomeric α-synuclein induces blood–brain barrier dysfunction through activated brain pericytes releasing inflammatory mediators in vitro, Microvasc. Res., 10.1016/j.mvr.2019.03.005 Schröder, 2018, Immune cell activation in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with parkinson’s disease, Front. Neurol., 10.3389/fneur.2018.01081 Moors, 2016, Lysosomal dysfunction and α-synuclein aggregation in Parkinson’s disease: diagnostic links, Mov. Disord., 10.1002/mds.26562 Sidransky, 2009, Multicenter analysis of glucocerebrosidase mutations in Parkinson’s disease, N. Engl. J. Med., 10.1056/NEJMoa0901281 Nalls, 2013, A multicenter study of glucocerebrosidase mutations in dementia with Lewy bodies, JAMA Neurol., 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.1925 Sklerov, 2017, Frequency of GBA variants in autopsy-proven multiple system atrophy, Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract., 10.1002/mdc3.12481 Cilia, 2016, Survival and dementia in GBA-associated Parkinson’s disease: The mutation matters, Ann. Neurol., 10.1002/ana.24777 O’Regan, 2017, Glucocerebrosidase mutations in parkinson disease, J. Parkinsons. Dis., 10.3233/JPD-171092 Sevlever, 2008, Cathepsin D is the main lysosomal enzyme involved in the degradation of α-synuclein and generation of its carboxy-terminally truncated species, Biochemistry, 10.1021/bi800699v Gegg, 2012, Glucocerebrosidase deficiency in substantia nigra of parkinson disease brains, Ann. Neurol., 10.1002/ana.23614 Chiasserini, 2015, Selective loss of glucocerebrosidase activity in sporadic Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, Mol. Neurodegener., 10.1186/s13024-015-0010-2 Moors, 2019, Characterization of brain lysosomal activities in GBA-related and sporadic Parkinson’s disease and dementia with lewy bodies, Mol. Neurobiol., 10.1007/s12035-018-1090-0 Murphy, 2014, Reduced glucocerebrosidase is associated with increased α-synuclein in sporadic Parkinson’s disease, Brain, 10.1093/brain/awt367 Tasegian, 2017, Origin of α-mannosidase activity in CSF, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.03.016 Paciotti, 2019, Lysosomal enzyme activities as possible CSF biomarkers of synucleinopathies, Clin. Chim. Acta., 10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.1627 Parnetti, 2014, Cerebrospinal fluid lysosomal enzymes and alpha-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease, Mov. Disord., 10.1002/mds.25772 Parnetti, 2017, Cerebrospinal fluid β-glucocerebrosidase activity is reduced in parkinson’s disease patients, Mov. Disord., 10.1002/mds.27136 Nicklas, 1992, Mitochondrial mechanisms of neurotoxicity, Ann. N Y Acad. Sci., 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb24521.x Rocha, 2018, Alpha-synuclein: Pathology, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease, Neurobiol. Dis., 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.004 Larsen, 2018, The genetic architecture of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease, Cell Tissue Res., 10.1007/s00441-017-2768-8 Kahle, 2009, DJ-1 and prevention of oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease and other age-related disorders, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.08.003 Neumann, 2004, Pathological properties of the Parkinson’s disease-associated protein DJ-1 in α-synucleinopathies and tauopathies: Relevance for multiple system atrophy and Pick’s disease, Acta Neuropathol., 10.1007/s00401-004-0834-2 Waragai, 2006, Increased level of DJ-1 in the cerebrospinal fluids of sporadic Parkinson’s disease, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.011 Waragai, 2007, Plasma levels of DJ-1 as a possible marker for progression of sporadic Parkinson’s disease, Neurosci. Lett., 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.08.010 Hong, 2010, DJ-1 and α-synuclein in human cerebrospinal fluid as biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease, Brain, 10.1093/brain/awq008 Mondello, 2014, CSF α-synuclein and UCH-L1 levels in Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonian disorders, Park. Relat. Disord., 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.01.011 Tateno, 2012, Alpha-synuclein in the cerebrospinal fluid differentiates synucleinopathies (parkinson disease, dementia with lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy) from Alzheimer disease, Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord., 10.1097/WAD.0b013e31823899cc Wang, 2012, Phosphorylated α-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease, Sci. Transl. Med. Tokuda, 2006, Decreased α-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid of aged individuals and subjects with Parkinson’s disease, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.024 Buddhala, 2015, Correlation between decreased CSF α-synuclein and Aβ 1–42 in Parkinson disease, Neurobiol. Aging, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.043 Mollenhauer, 2008, Direct quantification of CSF α-synuclein by ELISA and first cross-sectional study in patients with neurodegeneration, Exp. Neurol., 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.06.004 Mollenhauer, 2013, Total CSF α-synuclein is lower in de novo Parkinson patients than in healthy subjects, Neurosci. Lett., 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.11.004 Mollenhauer, 2011, α-Synuclein and tau concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of patients presenting with parkinsonism: A cohort study, Lancet Neurol., 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70014-X Aerts, 2012, CSF α-synuclein does not differentiate between parkinsonian disorders, Neurobiol. Aging, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.12.001 Aasly, 2014, Elevated levels of cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein oligomers in healthy asymptomatic LRRK2 mutation carriers, Front. Aging Neurosci., 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00248 Öhrfelt, 2009, Cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein in neurodegenerative disorders-A marker of synapse loss?, Neurosci. Lett., 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.11.015 Park, 2011, Elevated levels of α-synuclein oligomer in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naïve patients with Parkinson’s disease, J. Clin. Neurol., 10.3988/jcn.2011.7.4.215 Zhou, 2015, The diagnostic and differential diagnosis utility of cerebrospinal fluid α -synuclein levels in Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis, Parkinsons Dis., 10.1155/2015/567386 Foulds, 2012, Post mortem cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein levels are raised in multiple system atrophy and distinguish this from the other α-synucleinopathies, Parkinson’s disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies, Neurobiol. Dis., 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.08.003 Laurens, 2015, Fluid biomarkers in multiple system atrophy: A review of the MSA Biomarker Initiative, Neurobiol. Dis., 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.004 Shi, 2011, Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Parkinson disease diagnosis and progression, Ann. Neurol., 10.1002/ana.22311 Compta, 2015, Correlates of cerebrospinal fluid levels of oligomeric- and total-α-synuclein in premotor, motor and dementia stages of Parkinson’s disease, J. Neurol., 10.1007/s00415-014-7560-z Parnetti, 2016, Value of cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein species as biomarker in Parkinson’s diagnosis and prognosis, Biomark. Med., 10.2217/bmm.15.107 Eusebi, 2017, Diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Mov. Disord., 10.1002/mds.27110 Schmitz, 2016, The real-Time quaking-induced conversion assay for detection of human prion disease and study of other protein misfolding diseases, Nat. Protoc., 10.1038/nprot.2016.120 Concha-Marambio, 2019, Detection of misfolded α-synuclein aggregates in cerebrospinal fluid by the protein misfolding cyclic amplification platform, Methods Mol. Biol., 10.1007/978-1-4939-9124-2_4 Fairfoul, 2016, Alpha-synuclein RT-QuIC in the CSF of patients with alpha-synucleinopathies, Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol., 10.1002/acn3.338 Groveman, 2018, Rapid and ultra-sensitive quantitation of disease-associated α-synuclein seeds in brain and cerebrospinal fluid by αSyn RT-QuIC, Acta Neuropathol. Commun., 10.1186/s40478-018-0508-2 Shahnawaz, 2017, Development of a biochemical diagnosis of Parkinson disease by detection of α-synuclein misfolded aggregates in cerebrospinal fluid, JAMA Neurol., 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.4547 Bellomo, 2019, Dissecting the interactions between human serum albumin and α-synuclein: new insights on the factors influencing α-synuclein aggregation in biological fluids, J. Phys. Chem. B., 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b02381 Bech, 2012, Amyloid-related biomarkers and axonal damage proteins in parkinsonian syndromes, Park Relat. Disord., 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.08.012 Schoonenboom, 2012, Cerebrospinal fluid markers for differential dementia diagnosis in a large memory clinic cohort, Neurology, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823ed0f0 Andersson, 2011, The cognitive profile and CSF biomarkers in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia, Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 10.1002/gps.2496 Aerts, 2011, Cerebrospinal fluid tau and phosphorylated tau protein are elevated in corticobasal syndrome, Mov. Disord., 10.1002/mds.23341 Constantinides, 2017, CSF biomarkers β-amyloid, tau proteins and a-synuclein in the differential diagnosis of Parkinson-plus syndromes, J. Neurol. Sci., 10.1016/j.jns.2017.09.039 Feneberg, 2018, Multicenter evaluation of neurofilaments in early symptom onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Neurology, 90, e22, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004761 Bäckström, 2015, Cerebrospinal fluid patterns and the risk of future dementia in early, incident Parkinson disease, JAMA Neurol., 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.1449 Herbert, 2015, CSF neurofilament light chain but not FLT3 ligand discriminates parkinsonian disorders, Front. Neurol., 6, 91, 10.3389/fneur.2015.00091 Hansson, 2017, Blood-based NfL: A biomarker for differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorder, Neurology, 88, 930, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003680 Olsson, 2013, The glial marker YKL-40 is decreased in synucleinopathies, Mov. Disord., 10.1002/mds.25589 Wennström, 2015, The inflammatory marker YKL-40 is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer’s but not Parkinson’s disease or dementia with Lewy bodies, PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0135458 Magdalinou, 2015, A panel of nine cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers may identify patients with atypical parkinsonian syndromes, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309562 Parnetti, 2009, Cerebrospinal fluid β-glucocerebrosidase activity is reduced in Dementia with Lewy Bodies, Neurobiol. Dis., 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.03.002 Salvesen, 2012, The DJ-1 concentration in cerebrospinal fluid does not differentiate among Parkinsonian syndromes, Park Relat. Disord., 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.03.013 Herbert, 2014, CSF levels of DJ-1 and tau distinguish MSA patients from PD patients and controls, Park Relat. Disord., 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.09.003 Majbour, 2016, Longitudinal changes in CSF alpha-synuclein species reflect Parkinson’s disease progression, Mov. Disord., 10.1002/mds.26754 Hall, 2015, CSF biomarkers and clinical progression of Parkinson disease, Neurology, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001098 Hall, 2016, Longitudinal measurements of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease, Mov. Disord., 10.1002/mds.26578 Stewart, 2014, Cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson disease progression in the DATATOP cohort, Am. J. Pathol., 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.007 Mollenhauer, 2016, Monitoring of 30 marker candidates in early Parkinson disease as progression markers, Neurology, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002651 Mollenhauer, 2019, Baseline predictors for progression 4 years after Parkinson’s disease diagnosis in the De Novo Parkinson Cohort (DeNoPa), Mov. Disord., 10.1002/mds.27492 Mollenhauer, 2019, Longitudinal analyses of cerebrospinal fluid α-Synuclein in prodromal and early Parkinson’s disease, Mov. Disord., 10.1002/mds.27806 Terrelonge, 2016, CSF β-amyloid 1–42 predicts progression to cognitive impairment in newly diagnosed Parkinson disease, J. Mol. Neurosci., 10.1007/s12031-015-0647-x Abdelnour, 2016, Alzheimer’s disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers predict cognitive decline in lewy body dementia, Mov. Disord., 10.1002/mds.26668 Liu, 2015, CSF tau and tau/Aβ42 predict cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease, Parkinsonism. Relat. Disord., 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.12.027 Rojas, 2018, AL-108-231 Investigators, CSF neurofilament light chain and phosphorylated tau 181 predict disease progression in PSP, Neurology, 90, e273, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004859 Olsson, 2018, Association of cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light protein levels with cognition in patients with dementia, motor neuron disease, and movement disorders, JAMA Neurol., 1 Boxer, 2014, AL-108-231 Investigators, Davunetide in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2/3 trial, Lancet Neurol., 13, 676, 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70088-2 Petzold, 2009, Longitudinal one-year study of levels and stoichiometry of neurofilament heavy and light chain concentrations in CSF in patients with multiple system atrophy, J. Neurol. Sci., 10.1016/j.jns.2008.12.037 Vanderstichele, 2012, Standardization of preanalytical aspects of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker testing for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis: A consensus paper from the Alzheimer’s Biomarkers Standardization Initiative, Alzheimer’s Dement., 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.07.004 Farotti, 2017, Discovery, validation and optimization of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for use in Parkinson’s disease, Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn., 10.1080/14737159.2017.1341312 Cicognola, 2015, Preanalytical confounding factors in the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease: The issue of diurnal variation, Front. Neurol., 10.3389/fneur.2015.00143 Persichetti, 2014, Factors influencing the measurement of lysosomal enzymes activity in human cerebrospinal fluid, PLoS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0101453 Kroksveen, 2011, Proteomics of human cerebrospinal fluid: Discovery and verification of biomarker candidates in neurodegenerative diseases using quantitative proteomics, J. Proteomics., 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.11.010 Shao, 2019, Recent advances and perspectives of metabolomics-based investigations in Parkinson’s disease, Mol. Neurodegener., 10.1186/s13024-018-0304-2