Molecular mechanisms of vertebrate photoreceptor light adaptation

Rodieck, 1998 Burkhardt, 1994, Light adaptation and photopigment bleaching in cone photoreceptors in situ in the retina of the turtle, J Neurosci, 14, 1091, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-03-01091.1994 Shapley, 1984, Visual adaptation and retinal gain controls, Prog Retinal Res, 3, 263, 10.1016/0278-4327(84)90011-7 Bownds, 1995, What are the mechanisms of photoreceptor adaptation?, Behav Brain Sci, 18, 415, 10.1017/S0140525X00039170 Detwiler, 1996, The mechanisms of vertebrate light adaptation: speeded recovery versus slowed activation, Curr Opin Neurobiol, 6, 440, 10.1016/S0959-4388(96)80047-X Rispoli, 1998, Calcium regulation of phototransduction in vertebrate rod outer segments, J Photochem Photobiol [B], 44, 1, 10.1016/S1011-1344(98)00083-9 Baylor, 1974, Changes in time scale and sensitivity in turtle photoreceptors, J Physiol, 242, 729, 10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010732 Matthews, 1988, Photoreceptor light adaptation is mediated by cytoplasmic calcium concentration, Nature, 334, 67, 10.1038/334067a0 Nakatani, 1988, Calcium and light adaptation in retinal rods and cones, Nature, 334, 69, 10.1038/334069a0 Nakatani, 1989, Sodium-dependent calcium extrusion and sensitivity regulation in retinal cones of the salamander, J Physiol, 409, 525, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017511 Fain, 1989, Cytoplasmic calcium as the messenger for light adaptation in salamander rods, J Physiol, 416, 215, 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017757 Matthews, 1990, Light adaptation in cone photoreceptors of the salamander: a role for cytoplasmic calcium, J Physiol, 420, 447, 10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp017922 Tamura, 1991, Calcium feedback and sensitivity regulation in primate rods, J Gen Physiol, 98, 95, 10.1085/jgp.98.1.95 Hodgkin, 1988, Control of light-sensitive current in salamander rods, J Physiol, 403, 439, 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017258 Koutalos, 1995, Characterization of guanylate cyclase activity in single retinal rod outer segments, J Gen Physiol, 106, 863, 10.1085/jgp.106.5.863 Koutalos, 1995, The cGMP-phosphodiesterase and its contribution to sensitivity regulation in retinal rods, J Gen Physiol, 106, 891, 10.1085/jgp.106.5.891 Gray-Keller, 1994, The calcium feedback signal in the phototransduction cascade of vertebrate rods, Neuron, 13, 849, 10.1016/0896-6273(94)90251-8 Gray-Keller, 1996, Ca2+ dependence of dark-and light-adapted flash responses in rod photoreceptors, Neuron, 17, 323, 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80163-4 McCarthy, 1994, Free calcium concentrations in bullfrog rods determined in the presence of multiple forms of fura-2, Biophys J, 67, 2076, 10.1016/S0006-3495(94)80691-5 Younger, 1996, Light-dependent control of calcium in intact rods of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana, J Neurophysiol, 75, 354, 10.1152/jn.1996.75.1.354 Sampath, 1998, Bleached pigment produces a maintained decrease in outer segment Ca2+ in salamander rods, J Gen Physiol, 111, 53, 10.1085/jgp.111.1.53 Lagnado, 1990, Electrogenic properties of the Na:Ca exchange, J Membr Biol, 113, 177, 10.1007/BF01870070 Polans, 1996, Turned on by Ca2+: the physiology and pathology of Ca2+-binding proteins in the retina, Trends Neurosci, 19, 547, 10.1016/S0166-2236(96)10059-X Koutalos, 1996, Regulation of sensitivity in vertebrate rod photoreceptors by calcium, Trends Neurosci, 19, 73, 10.1016/0166-2236(96)89624-X Pugh, 1997, Photoreceptor guanylate cyclases: a review, Biosci Reports, 17, 429, 10.1023/A:1027365520442 Hsu, 1993, Modulation of the cGMP-gated channel of rod photoreceptor cells by calmodulin, Nature, 361, 76, 10.1038/361076a0 Hsu, 1994, Interaction of calmodulin with the cyclic GMP-gated channel of rod photoreceptor cells. Modulation of activity, affinity purification, and localization, J Biol Chem, 269, 29765, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)43947-6 Chen, 1994, Subunit 2 (or beta) of retinal rod cGMP-gated cation channel is a component of the 240-kDa channel-associated protein and mediates Ca2+-calmodulin modulation, 91, 11757 Bauer, 1996, Cyclic GMP-gated channels of bovine rod photoreceptors: affinity, density and stoichiometry of Ca2+-calmodulin binding sites, J Physiol, 494, 675, 10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021523 Grunwald, 1998, Identification of a domain on the beta-subunit of the rod cGMP-gated cation channel that mediates inhibition by calcium-calmodulin, J Biol Chem, 273, 9148, 10.1074/jbc.273.15.9148 Weitz, 1998, Calmodulin controls the rod photoreceptor CNG Channel through an unconventional binding site in the N-terminus of the beta-subunit, EMBO J, 17, 2273, 10.1093/emboj/17.8.2273 Rebrik, 1998, In intact cone photoreceptors, a Ca2+- dependent, diffusible factor modulates the cGMP-gated ion channels differently than in rods, J Gen Physiol, 112, 537, 10.1085/jgp.112.5.537 Dowling, 1970, Visual adaptation in the retina of the skate, J Gen Physiol, 56, 491, 10.1085/jgp.56.4.491 Nikonov, 1998, Kinetics of recovery of the dark-dapted salamander rod photoresponse, J Gen Physiol, 111, 7, 10.1085/jgp.111.1.7 Torre, 1986, Role of calcium in regulating the cyclic GMP cascade of phototransduction in retinal rods, 83, 7109 Lagnado, 1994, Calcium controls light-triggered formation of catalytically active rhodopsin, Nature, 367, 273, 10.1038/367273a0 Jones, 1995, Light adaptation and the rising phase of the flash photocurrent of salamander retinal rods, J Physiol, 487, 441, 10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020891 Lamb, 1992, A quantitative account of the activation steps involved in phototransduction in amphibian photoreceptors, J Physiol, 449, 719, 10.1113/jphysiol.1992.sp019111 Thomas, 1999, Light adaptation and dark adaptation of human rod photoreceptors measured from the a-wave of the electroretinogram, J Physiol, 518, 479, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0479p.x Murnick, 1996, Kinetics of desensitization induced by saturating flashes in toad and salamander rods, J Physiol, 495, 1, 10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021569 Matthews, 1996, Static and dynamic actions of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in the adaptation of responses to saturating flashes in salamander rods, J Physiol, 490, 1, 10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021123 Matthews, 1997, Actions of Ca2+ on an early stage in phototransduction revealed by the dynamic fall in Ca2+ concentration during the bright flash response, J Gen Physiol, 109, 141, 10.1085/jgp.109.2.141 Dodd, 1998, The role of arrestin and recoverin in signal transduction by retinal rod photoreceptors Pepperberg, 1994, Modulation of transduction gain in light adaptation of retinal rods, Vis Neurosci, 11, 53, 10.1017/S095252380001110X Lyubarsky, 1996, The kinetics of inactivation of the rod phototransduction cascade with constant [Ca2+], J Gen Physiol, 107, 19, 10.1085/jgp.107.1.19 Wilden, 1986, Phosphodiesterase activation by photoexcited rhodopsin is quenched when rhodopsin is phosphorylated and binds the intrinsic 48-kDa protein of rod outer segments, 83, 1174 Palczewski, 1992, The influence of arrestin (48K protein) and rhodopsin kinase on visual transduction, Neuron, 8, 117, 10.1016/0896-6273(92)90113-R Chen, 1999, Abnormal photoresponses and light-induced apoptosis in rods lacking rhodopsin kinase, 96, 3718 Xu, 1997, Prolonged photoresponses in transgenic mouse rods lacking arrestin, Nature, 389, 505, 10.1038/39068 Pulvermüller, 1993, Interaction between photoactivated rhodopsin and its kinase: stability and kinetics of complex formation, Biochemistry, 32, 14082, 10.1021/bi00214a002 Kawamura, 1993, Rhodopsin phosphorylation as a mechanism of cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase regulation by S-modulin, Nature, 362, 855, 10.1038/362855a0 Chen, 1995, Ca2+-dependent interaction of recoverin with rhodopsin kinase as a regulatory mechanism in rhodopsin signaling, J Biol Chem, 270, 1 Klenchin, 1995, Inhibition of rhodopsin kinase by recoverin: evidence for a negative feedback system in phototransduction, J Biol Chem, 270, 16147, 10.1074/jbc.270.27.16147 Calvert, 1998, Onset of feedback reactions underlying vertebrate rod photoreceptor light adaptation, J Gen Physiol, 111, 39, 10.1085/jgp.111.1.39 Otto-Bruc, 1998, Phosphorylation of photolyzed rhodopsin is calcium-insensitive in retina permeabilized by alpha-toxin, 95, 15014 Whitlock, 1999, Variability in the time-course of single-photon responses from toad rods: termination of rhodopsin's activity, Neuron, 23, 337, 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80784-9 Lagnado, 1992, Calcium homeostasis in the outer segments of retinal rods from the tiger salamander, J Physiol, 455, 111, 10.1113/jphysiol.1992.sp019293 Lamb, 1980, Spontaneous quantal events induced in toad rods by pigment bleaching, Nature, 287, 349, 10.1038/287349a0 He, 1998, RGS9, a GTPase accelerator for phototransduction, Neuron, 20, 95, 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80437-7 Makino, 1999, The GTPase activating factor for transducin in rod photoreceptors is the complex between RGS9 and type 5 G protein β subunit, 96, 1947 Erickson, 1998, The effect of recombinant recoverin on the photoresponse of truncated rod photoreceptors Proc, Natl Acad Sci USA, 95, 6474, 10.1073/pnas.95.11.6474