Molecular evolution inDrosophila and the higher diptera

Akam ME, Roberts DB, Wolfe JE (1978a)Drosophila hemolymph proteins: purification, characterization and genetic mapping of larval serum protein 2 inD. melanogaster. Biochem Genet 16:101–119

Akam ME, Roberts DB, Richards GP, Ashburner M (1978b)Drosophila: the genetics of two major larval proteins. Cell 13: 215–225

Alvarez LW (1983) Experimental evidence that an asteroid impact led to the extinction of many species 65 million years ago. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:627–642

Ayala FJ (1975) Genetic differentiation during the speciation process. Evol Biol 8:1–78

Benjamin DC, Berzofsky JA, East IJ, Gurd FRN, Hannum C, Leach SJ, Margoliash E, Michael JG, Miller A, Prager EM, Reichlin M, Sercarz EE, Smith-Gill SJ, Todd PE, Wilson AC (1984) The antigenic structure of proteins: a reappraisal. Annu Rev Immunol 2:67–101

Beverley SM (1977) Purification, characterization and immunological cross-reactivity of a hemolymph protein fromDrosophila larvae. Fed Proc 36:927

Beverley SM (1979) Molecular evolution inDrosophila. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley

Beverley SM (1980) A molecular view of the age and origin of the HawaiianDrosophila. In: Abstracts of the Second International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, Vancouver

Beverley SM, Wilson AC (1982) Molecular evolution inDrosophila and higher Diptera. I. micro-complement fixation studies of a larval hemolymph protein. J Mol Evol 18:251–264

Bisbee, A, Baker MA, Wilson AC, Hadji-Azimi T, Fischberg M (1977) Albumin phylogeny for clawed frogs (Xenopus). Science 195:785–787

Bock I, Wheeler MR (1972) TheDrosophila melanogaster species group. In: Wheeler MR (ed) Studies in genetics, vol. 7. University of Texas, Austin, pp 1–102

Borror DJ, DeLong DM, Triplehorn CA (1976) An introduction to the study of insects. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York

Bruce EJ, Ayala FJ (1979) Phylogenetic relationships between man and the apes: electrophoretic evidence. Evolution 33: 1040–1056

Carlson SS (1975) The evolution of mouse and rat cytochromesc. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley

Carlson SS, Wilson AC, Maxson RD (1978) Do albumin clocks run on time? Science 200:1183–1185

Carson HL (1976) Inference of the time of divergence of someDrosophila species. Nature 259:395–396

Carson HL, Kaneshiro KY (1976)Drosophila of Hawaii: systematics and ecological genetics. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 7:311–345

Carson HL, Hardy DE, Spieth HT, Stone WS (1970) The evolutionary biology of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae. In: Hecht MK, Steere WC (eds) Essays on evolution and genetics in honor of Theodosius Dobzhansky. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, pp 437–543

Champion AB, Soderberg KL, Wilson AC, Ambler RP (1975) Immunological comparison of azurins of known amino acid sequence: dependence of cross-reactivity upon sequence resemblance. J Mol Evol 5:291–305

Champion AB, Barrett EL, Palleroni NJ, Soderberg KL, Kunisawa R, Contopoulou R, Wilson AC, Doudoroff M (1980) Evolution inPseudomonas fluorescens. J Gen Microbiol 120: 485–511

Cohn VH, Thompson MA, Moore GP (1984) Nucleotide sequence comparison of the Adh gene in three Drosophilids. J Mol Evol 20:31–37

Collier GE, MacIntyre RJ (1977) Micro-complement fixation studies on the evolution of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase within the genusDrosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:684–688

Cracraft J (1974) Continental drift, paleoclimatology, and the evolution and biogeography of birds. J Zool 169:455–545

Dalrymple GB, Silver EA (1973) Origin of the Hawaiian islands. Am Sci 61:294–308

Dickerson RE (1971) The structure of cytochrome c and the rate of molecular evolution. J Mol Evol 1:26–45

Dobzhansky T, Ayala FJ, Stebbins GL, Valentine JW (1977) Evolution. WH Freeman, San Francisco, pp 308–313

Fitch WM (1980) Estimating the total number of nucleotide substitutions since the common ancestor of a pair of homologous genes: comparison of several methods and three betahemoglobin messenger RNAs. J Mol Evol 16:153–204

Fitch WM, Margoliash E (1970) The usefulness of amino acid and nucleotide sequences in evolutionary studies. Evol Biol 4:67–109

Fitch WM, Markowitz E (1970) An improved method for determining codon variability and its application to the rate of fixation of mutations in evolution. Biochem Genet 4:579–593

Gillespie JH, Langley CH (1979) Are evolutionary rates really variable? J Mol Evol 13:27–34

Gribbin JR, Cherfas J (1982) The monkey puzzle. Pantheon Books, New York, p 127

Harrison RA (1959) Acalypterate Diptera of New Zealand. NZ Dept Sci Ind Res Bull 128:1–382

Hennig W (1960) Die Dipteren-Fauna von Neuseeland als systematisches und tiergeographisches Problem. Beitr Entomol 10:221–329

Hennig W (1973) Diptera. In Kukenthal W (ed): Handbuch der Zoologie, IV: Arthropoda. de Gruyter, New York, pp 1–377

Hubby JL (1963) Protein differences inDrosophila, I:Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 48:871–879

Hunt JA, Hall TJ, Britten RJ (1981) Evolutionary distances in HawaiianDrosophila measured by DNA reassociation. J Mol Evol 17:365–367

Ibrahimi IM, Prager EM, White TJ, Wilson AC (1979) Amino acid sequence of California quail lysozyme: effects of evolutionary substitutions on the antigenic structure of lysozyme. Biochemistry 18:2736–2744

Kimura M (1979) Model of effectively neutral mutations in which selective constraint is incorporated. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:3440–3444

Kumura M, Ohta T (1971) On the rate of molecular evolution. J Mol Evol 1:1–17

King M-C, Wilson AC (1975) Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees. Science 188:107–116

Laird CD, McCarthy BJ (1968) Magnitude of interspecific nucleotide sequence variability inDrosophila. Genetics 60:303–322

Langley CH, Fitch WM (1974) An examination of the constancy of the rate of molecular evolution. J Mol Evol 3:161–167

MacDonald GA, Abbott AT (1970) Volcanoes in the sea. In: The geology of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, pp 3–7; 263–285

Maxson LR, Wilson AC (1975) Relation between albumin evolution and organismal evolution in treefrogs (Hylidae). Syst Zool 24:1–15

McAlpine JF (1970) First record of calypterate flies in the Mesozoic era. Entomol 102:342–346

McAlpine JF (1973) A fossil ironomyiid fly from Canadian amber. Can Entomol 105:105–111

McAlpine JF, Martin JEH (1966) Systematics of Sciadoceridae and relations with descriptions of two new genera from Ca-nadian amber and erection of family Ironomyiidae. Can Entomol 99:225–236

Munn EA, Greville GD (1969) The soluble proteins of developingCalliphora erythrocephala, particularly calliphorin, and similar proteins in other insects. J Insect Physiol 15:1935–1950

Nei M (1971) Interspecific gene differences and evolutionary time estimated from electrophoretic data on protein identity. Am Nat 105:385–398

Nei M (1975) Molecular population genetics and evolution. North-Holland, Amsterdam

Nei M (1977) Standard error of immunological dating of evolutionary time. J Mol Evol 9:203–211

Nei M, Graur D (1984) Extent of protein polymorphism and the neutral mutation theory. Evol Biol 17 (in press)

Nozawa K, Shotake T, Kawamoto Y, Tanabe Y (1982) Electrophoretically estimated genetic distance and divergence time between chimpanzee and man. Primates 23:432–443

O'Brien SJ, MacIntyre RJ (1969) An analysis of gene-enzyme variability in natural populations ofDrosophila melanogaster andD. simulans. Am Nat 103:97–103

Ohta T (1976) Role of very slightly deleterious mutations in molecular evolution. Theor Popul Biol 10:254–275

Patrusky B (1979) Molecular evolution: a quantifiable contribution. Mosaic 10:12–22

Patterson JT, Stone WS (1952) Evolution in the genusDrosophila. Macmillan, New York

Prager CM, Wilson AC (1971) The dependence of immunological cross-reactivity upon sequence resemblance among lysozymes. I: Micro-complement fixation studies. J Biol Chem 246:5978–5989

Prager EM, Wilson AC (1976) Congruency of phylogenies derived from different proteins. J Mol Evol 9:45–57

Prager EM, Fowler DP, Wilson AC (1976) Rates of evolution in conifers (Pinaceae). Evolution 30:637–649

Roberts DB, Wolfe J, Akam M (1977) The developmental profile of two major haemolymph proteins fromDrosophila melanogaster. J Insect Physiol 23:871–878

Rohdendorf B (1974) The historical development of Diptera. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Canada

Sarich WM (1977) Rates, sample sizes, and the neutrality hypothesis for electrophoresis in evolutionary studies. Nature 265:24–28

Sarich VM, Cronin JE (1976) Molecular systematics of the primates. In: Goodman M, Tashian R (eds) Molecular anthropology. Plenum Press, New York, pp 141–170

Sarich VM, Cronin JE (1980) South American mammal molecular systematics, evolutionary clocks, and continental drift. In: Ciochon RL, Chiarelli AB (eds) Evolutionary biology of the New World monkeys and continental drift. Plenum Press, New York, pp 399–421

Sarich VM, Wilson AC (1966) Quantitative immunochemistry and the evolution of primate albumins: microcomplement fixation. Science 154:1563–1566

Sarich VM, Wilson AC (1967) Rates of albumin evolution in primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 58:142–148

Sarich VM, Wilson AC (1973) Generation time and genomic evolution in primates. Science 179:1144–1147

Sneath PHA (1980) The estimation of differences in protein evolution rates. Proc Geol Assoc 91:71–79

Sneath PHA, Sokal RR (1973) Numerical taxonomy. WH Freeman, San Francisco

Tarling, DH (1980) The geological evolution of South America with special reference to the last 200 million years. In: Ciochon RL, Charelli AB (eds) Evolutionary biology of the New World monkeys and continental drift. Plenum Press, New York, pp 1–41

Throckmorton LH (1975) The phylogeny, ecology and geography ofDrosophila. In: King RC (ed) Handbook of genetics, vol 3. Plenum Press, New York, pp 421–469

Uzzell T, Corbin KW (1971) Fitting discrete probability distributions to evolutionary events. Science 172:1089–1096

Wallace DG, Boulter D (1976) Immunological comparisons of higher plant plastocyanins. Phytochemistry 15:137–141

Wallace DG, King M-C, Wilson AC (1973) Albumin differences among ranid frogs: taxonomic and phylogenetic implications. Syst Zool 22:1–13

Wheeler MR (1963) A note on some fossil Drosophilidae from the amber of Chiapas, Mexico. J Paleontol 37:123–124

Wheeler MR (1981) The Drosophilidae: a taxonomic overview. In: Ashburner M, Carson HL, Thompson JN Jr (eds) The genetics of biology ofDrosophila, vol 3a. Academic Press, New York, pp 1–97

White TJ, Wilson AC (1978) Molecular anthropology. Evolution 32:693–694

Wilson AC (1975) Evolutionary importance of gene regulation. In: Stadler Symposium, vol. 7. University of Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, Columbia, Missouri, p. 117–132

Wilson AC, Carlson SS, White TJ (1977) Biochemical evolution. Annu Rev Biochem 46:573–639

Yang SY, Soule M, Gorman GC (1974)Anolis lizards of the Eastern Caribbean: a case study in evolution, I. Genetic relationships, phylogeny and colonization sequence of theroquet group. Syst Zool 23:387–399

Zwiebel LJ, Cohn VH, Wright DR, Moore GP (1982) Evolution of single-copy DNA and the ADH gene in seven drosophilids. J Mol Evol 19:62–71