Molecular determinants of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in Nigeria and the regional emergence of dhps 431V

Aziken, 2011, Efficacy of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine on placental parasitemia in pregnant women in midwestern Nigeria, Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 112, 30, 10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.07.027 Benkert, 2009, QMEAN server for protein model quality estimation, Nucleic Acids Res., 37, W510, 10.1093/nar/gkp322 Blakeley, R.L. 1984. p 191-253, In Blakeley RL, Benkovics SJ (ed), Folates and Pteridines, vol. 1, Wiley, New York, NY. Brooks, 1994, Sequence variation of the hydroxymethyldihydropterin pyrophosphokinase: dihydropteroate synthase gene in lines of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, with differing resistance to sulfadoxine, Eur. J. Biochem., 224, 397, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00397.x Bwakura-Dangarembizi, 2014, A randomized trial of prolonged co-trimoxazole in HIV-infected children in Africa, N. Engl. J. Med., 370, 41, 10.1056/NEJMoa1214901 Chauvin, 2015, Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum parasites resistant to sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine in pregnant women in Yaoundé, Cameroon: emergence of highly resistant pfdhfr/pfdhps alleles, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 70, 2566, 10.1093/jac/dkv160 Cowman, 1988, Amino acid changes linked to pyrimethamine resistance in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene of Plasmodium falciparum, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 85, 9109, 10.1073/pnas.85.23.9109 de Beer, 2006, Elucidation of sulfadoxine resistance with structural models of the bifunctional Plasmodium falciparum dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase-dihydropteroate synthase, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 14, 4433, 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.02.035 Diala, 2013, Perceptions of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) and barriers to adherence in Nasarawa and Cross River States in Nigeria, Malar. J., 12, 342, 10.1186/1475-2875-12-342 Drug resistance maps. Accessed 17 March 2015. Mapping the Distribution of Resistance Genes of Malaria in Africa. http://www.drugresistancemaps.org/ipti/. Ekanem, 1990, Sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine in Nigerian children, Bull. World Health Organ, 68, 45 Falade, 2007, Intermittent preventive treatment with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine is effective in preventing maternal and placental malaria in Ibadan, south-western Nigeria, Malar. J., 6, 88, 10.1186/1475-2875-6-88 Falade, 2014, Evaluation of the comparative efficacy and safety of artemether-lumefantrine, artesunate-amodiaquine and artesunate-amodiaquine-chlorpheniramine (Artemoclo™) for the treatment of acute uncomplicated malaria in Nigerian children, Med. Princ. Pract., 23, 204, 10.1159/000360578 FMOH, 2005, 1 Gesase, 2009, High resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine in northern Tanzania and the emergence of dhps resistance mutation at Codon 581, PLoS One, 4, e4569, 10.1371/journal.pone.0004569 Happi, 2005, Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum dhfr and dhps genes and age related in vivo sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in malaria-infected patients from Nigeria, Acta Trop., 95, 183, 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.06.015 Jelinek, 1999, Plasmodium falciparum: selection of serine 108 of dihydrofolate reductase during treatment of uncomplicated malaria with co-trimoxazole in Ugandan children, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 61, 125, 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.125 Kelley, 2015, The Phyre2 web portal for protein modeling, prediction and analysis, Nat. Protoc., 10, 845, 10.1038/nprot.2015.053 Lawrence, 2005, The three-dimensional structure of the bifunctional 6-hydroxymethyl-7, 8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase/dihydropteroate synthase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Mol. Biol., 348, 655, 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.03.021 Menendez, 1995, Malaria during pregnancy: a priority area of malaria research and control, Parasitol. Today, 11, 178, 10.1016/0169-4758(95)80151-0 Menendez, 2010, Malaria prevention with IPTp during pregnancy reduces neonatal mortality, PLoS One, 5, e9438, 10.1371/journal.pone.0009438 Minja, 2013, Plasmodium falciparum mutant haplotype infection during pregnancy associated with reduced birthweight, Tanzania, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 19, 10.3201/eid1909.130133 Mockenhaupt, 2008, Rapid increase in the prevalence of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance among Plasmodium falciparum isolated from pregnant women in Ghana, J. Infect. Dis., 198, 1545, 10.1086/592455 Naidoo, 2011, Drug resistance maps to guide intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in African infants, Parasitology, 138, 1469, 10.1017/S0031182011000746 Naidoo, 2013, Mapping ‘partially resistant’, fully resistant’ and ‘super resistant’ malaria, Trends Parasitol., 29, 505, 10.1016/j.pt.2013.08.002 Omar, 2001, Co-trimoxazole compared with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Kenyan children, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 95, 657, 10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90107-5 Onoka, 2012, Low coverage of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy in Nigeria: demand-side influences, Malar. J., 11, 82, 10.1186/1475-2875-11-82 Onwujekwe, 2012, Patterns of case management and chemoprevention for malaria-in-pregnancy by public and private sector health providers in Enugu state, Nigeria, BMC Res. Notes, 5, 211, 10.1186/1756-0500-5-211 Oyibo, 2011, Scaling up of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy using sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine: prospects and challenges, Matern. Child. Health J., 15, 542, 10.1007/s10995-010-0608-5 Pearce, 2009, Multiple origins and regional dispersal of resistant dhps in African P. falciparum malaria, PLoS Med., 6, e1000055, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000055 Pearce, 2003, Molecular determination of point mutation haplotypes in the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase of Plasmodium falciparum in three districts of northern Tanzania. Antimicrob, Agents Chemother., 47, 1347, 10.1128/AAC.47.4.1347-1354.2003 Pemble, 2010, Crystal structure of the 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase•dihydropteroate synthase bifunctional enzyme from Francisella tularensis, PLoS One, 5, e14165, 10.1371/journal.pone.0014165 Pires, 2014, DUET: a server for predicting effects of mutations on protein stability using an integrated computational approach, Nucleic Acids Res., 42, W314, 10.1093/nar/gku411 Plasmoview. Accessed 3 September 2015. http://pathogenseq.lshtm.ac.uk/plasmoview. Plowe, 1995, Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 52, 565, 10.4269/ajtmh.1995.52.565 Plowe, 1997, Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase and epidemiologic patterns of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine use and resistance, J. Infect. Dis., 176, 1590, 10.1086/514159 Shulman, 1999, Intermittent sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine to prevent severe anaemia secondary to malaria in pregnancy: a randomised placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 353, 632, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07318-8 Snounou, 1993, High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol, 61, 315, 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90077-B Sutherland, 2009, Novel pfdhps haplotypes among imported cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the United Kingdom. Antimicrob, Agents Chemother., 53, 3405, 10.1128/AAC.00024-09 Tahar, 2007, Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon XXVII. Clinical and parasitological response to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment and Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase alleles in Cameroonian children, Acta Trop., 103, 81, 10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.04.008 Triglia, 1994, Primary structure and expression of the dihydropteroate synthetase gene of Plasmodium falciparum, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 91, 7149, 10.1073/pnas.91.15.7149 Triglia, 1997, Mutations in dihydropteroate synthase are responsible for sulfone and sulfonamide resistance in Plasmodium falciparum, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 94, 13944, 10.1073/pnas.94.25.13944 Triglia, 1998, Allelic exchange at the endogenous genomic locus in Plasmodium falciparum proves the role of dihydropteroate synthase in sulfadoxine-resistant malaria, EMBO J., 17, 3807, 10.1093/emboj/17.14.3807 Ugwu, 2013, Anti-malaria prescription in pregnancy among general practitioners in Enugu state, south east Nigeria, Niger. Med. J., 54, 96, 10.4103/0300-1652.110038 Walter, 1991, Folate metabolism as a target for chemotherapy of malaria, 560 Wang, 1997, Resistance to antifolates in Plasmodium falciparum monitored by sequence analysis of dihydropteroate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase alleles in a large number of field samples of diverse origins, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 89, 161, 10.1016/S0166-6851(97)00114-X WHO, 2000 WHO, 2004, A strategic framework for malaria prevention and control during pregnancy in the Africa region WHO, 2009 WHO, 2012 WHO, 2013 WHO, 2013 WHO, 2014 WHO, 2015