Molecular characterization of ocular dirofilariasis: a case report of Dirofilaria immitis in south-eastern Iran
Tóm tắt
Dirofilariasis is a zoonotic parasitic infection transmitted from animals to humans by culicid mosquitoes. Although the disease can be caused by Dirofilaria spp. including Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens, human ocular dirofilariasis due to D. immitis is relatively rare in the world. This study was aimed to present a case of ocular dirofilariasis caused by D. immitis in southeastern Iran. A nematode extracted from the right eye of a 69-year-old man referred with clinical symptoms including itching and redness was examined. After the morphometric analysis, Dirofilaria parasite was detected. Afterwards, a piece of worm body was cut and DNA was extracted and a 680-bp gene fragment amplification and nucleotide sequencing were performed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a D. immitis roundworm as the causative agent of infection. The patient was treated with antibiotics and corticosteroid and followed up for 1 month. The present study provides the second report on ocular dirofilariasis caused by D. immitis isolated from a human in southeast Iran. Based on the available evidence, dirofilariasis in dogs has significantly increased in endemic areas such as Iran. Therefore, physicians should be aware of such zoonotic nematodes so as to take proper and timely action and treatment against the disease.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Mccall JW, Genchi C, Kramer LH, Guerrero J, Venco L. Heartworm disease in animals and humans. In: Advances in Parasitology; 2008.
Michalski ML, Bain O, Fischer K, Fischer PU, Kumar S, Foster JM. Identification and phylogenetic analysis of Dirofilaria ursi (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from Wisconsin black bears (Ursus americanus) and its Wolbachia Endosymbiont. J Parasitol. 2010;96:412–9.
Pampiglione S, Rivasi F. Human dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens: an update of world literature from 1995 to 2000. undefined. 2000.
Simón F, López-Belmonte J, Marcos-Atxutegi C, Morchón R, Martín-Pacho JR. What is happening outside North America regarding human dirofilariasis? Vet Parasitol. 2005;133:181–9.
Moorhouse DE. Dirofilaria immitis: a cause of human intra-ocular infection. Infection. 1978;6:192–3.
Farrar J, Hotez PJ, Junghanss T, Kang G, Lalloo D, White NJ. Manson’s tropical diseases: twenty-third edition. Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd; 2013. p. 763.
Mirahmadi H, Maleki A, Hasanzadeh R, Bagher M. Ocular dirofilariasis by Dirofilaria immitis in a child in Iran: a case report and review of the literature. Parasitol Int J. 2017;66:978–81.
Azari-Hamidian SH, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E, Mobedi I, Abai MR. Review of dirofilariasis in Iran. J Guilan Univ Med Sci. 2007;15:102–14.
Maraghi S, Rahdar M, Akbari H, Radmanesh M, Saberi AA. Human dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria repens in Ahvaz - Iran: a report of three cases. Pakistan J Med Sci. 2006;22:211–3.
Fallah Tafti MR, Hajilary A, Siatiri H, Rokni MB, Mobedi I, Mowlavi G. Ocular dirofilariasis, a case report. Iran J Parasitol. 2010;5:64–8.
Athari S, Rouhani A. Ocular dirofilariasis in Iran : a case report. Mjir. 2003;17:1–2.
Radmanesh M, Saberi A, Maraghi S, Emad-Mostowfi N, Radmanesh M. Dirofilaria repens: a dog parasite presenting as a paranasal subcutaneous nodule. Int J Dermatol. 2006;45:477–8.
Negahban S, Daneshbod Y, Atefi S, Daneshbod K, Sadjjadi SM, Hosseini SV, et al. Dirofilaria repens diagnosed by the presence of microfilariae in fine needle aspirates: a case report. Acta Cytol. 2007;51:567–70.
Jamshidi A, Jamshidi M, Mobedi I, Khosroara M. Periocular Dirofilariasis in a young woman : a case report. Korean J Parasitol. 2008;46:265–7.
Simón F, Morchón R, González-Miguel J, Marcos-Atxutegi C, Siles-Lucas M. What is new about animal and human dirofilariosis? Trends Parasitol. 2009;25:404–9.
Sadighian A. Helminth parasites of stray dogs and jackals in Shahsavar area, Caspian region. Iran J Parasitol. 1969;55:372–4.
Bamorovat M, Sharifi I, Harandi MF, Nasibi S, Sadeghi B-A, Mam JK. Parasitological, serological and molecular study of dirofilaria immitis in domestic dogs, Southeastern Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2017;12:260–6.
Tse BC, Siatkowski R, Tse DT. A technique for capturing migratory periocular worms: a case series and review of literature. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;26:323–6.
Anderson RC, Bain O. In: Anderson RC, Chabaud AG, Willmott S, editors. Keys to the genera of the order Spirurida. In diplotriaenoidea, aproctoidea and filarioidea. CIH keys to the nematode parasites of vertebrates. Number 3. Part 3. London: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux; 1976. p. 59–116.
Kimura M. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol. 1980;16:111–20.
Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol. 2013;30:2725–9.
Iraj M, AMR JE. Introduction of canine heartworm zoonosis Dirofilaria immitis (Nematod, Filaroidea) in Meshkinshahr (East Azarbaijan Province) and its importance in Iran. In: International Congress of Parasitic Diseases in Iran; 1989.
Bartkova AD, Poliakova LF, Ermolenko A V. Human dirofilariasis in the Primorye Territory. Med Parazitol (Mosk). 2011;1:47–8.
Hosseini SH, Jalousian SF. Helminths of veterinary and public health importance in iran : the great neglected parasitic diseases as impor tant challenge for the country. Iran J Vet Med. 2018;12:2–7.
Rouhani S, Athari A. Ocular dirofilariasis in Iran: a case report; 2003.
Tavakolizadeh S, Mobedi I. Orbital dirofilariasis in Iran : a case report. Korean J Parasitol. 2009;47:397–9.
Hartnack S, Alobo G, Kankya C. Toxocariasis in Africa: a one health perspective. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2017;20:3–4.
Roberts LS, Janovy J Jr. Foundations of Parasitology: eight edition. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008. p. 475.