Modulation of aberrant crypt foci and apoptosis by dietary herbal supplements (quercetin, curcumin, silymarin, ginseng and rutin)

Jemal,A., Tiwari,R.C., Murray,T., Ghafoor,A., Samuels,A., Ward,E., Feuer,E.J. and Thun,M.J. ( 2004 ) Cancer statistics, 2004. CA Cancer J. Clin. , 54 , 8 –29.

Kelloff,G.J., Crowell,J.A., Steele,V.E. et al . ( 2000 ) Progress in cancer chemoprevention: development of diet-derived chemopreventive agents. J. Nutr. , 130 , 467S –471S.

Mahmoud,N.N., Carothers,A.M., Grünberger,D., Bilinski,R.T., Churchill,M.R., Martucci,C., Newmark,H.L. and Bertagnolli,M.M. ( 2000 ) Plant phenolics decrease intestinal tumors in an animal model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Carcinogenesis , 21 , 921 –927.

Mutoh,M., Takahashi,M., Fukuda,K., Komatsu,H., Enya,T., Matsushima-Hibiya,Y., Mutoh,H., Sugimura,T. and Wakabayashi,K. ( 2000 ) Suppression by flavonoids of cyclooxygenase-2 promoter-dependent transcriptional activity in colon cancer cells: structure–activity relationship. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. , 91 , 686 –691.

Wenzel,U., Kuntz,S., Brendel,M.D. and Daniel,H. ( 2000 ) Dietary flavone is a potent apoptosis inducer in human colon carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. , 60 , 3823 –3831.

Ludbrook,J. ( 1998 ) Multiple comparison procedures updated. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. , 25 , 1032 –1037.

Brown,W.A., Skinner,S.A., Malcontenti-Wilson,C., Misajon,A., DeJong,T., Vogiagis,D. and O'Brien,P.E. ( 2000 ) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with different cyclooxygenase inhibitory profiles that prevent aberrant crypt foci formation but vary in acute gastrotoxicity in a rat model. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. , 15 , 1386 –1392.

Pretlow,T.P., O'Riordan,M.A., Somich,G.A., Amini,S.B. and Pretlow,T.G. ( 1992 ) Aberrant crypts correlate with tumor incidence in F344 rats treated with azoxymethane and phytate. Carcinogenesis , 13 , 1509 –1512.

Furukawa,F., Nishikawa,A., Kitahori,Y., Tanakamaru,Z. and Hirose,M. ( 2002 ) Spontaneous development of aberrant crypt foci in F344 rats. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. , 21 , 197 –201.

Rodrigues,M.A., Silva,L.A., Salvadori,D.M., De Camargo,J.L. and Montenegro,M.R. ( 2002 ) Aberrant crypt foci and colon cancer: comparison between a short- and medium-term bioassay for colon carcinogenesis using dimethylhydrazine in Wistar rats. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. , 35 , 351 –355.

Fukushima,S., Wanibuchi,H. and Li,W. ( 2001 ) Inhibition by ginseng of colon carcinogenesis in rats. J. Korean Med. Sci. , 16 (Suppl), S75 –S80.

Li,W., Wanibuchi,H., Salim,E.I., Wei,M., Yamamoto,S., Nishino,H. and Fukushima,S. ( 2000 ) Inhibition by ginseng of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine induction of aberrant crypt foci in the rat colon. Nutr. Cancer , 36 , 66 –73.

Kawamori,T., Lubet,R., Steele,V.E., Kelloff,G.J., Kaskey,R.B., Rao,C.V. and Reddy,B.S. ( 1999 ) Chemopreventive effect of curcumin, a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory agent, during the promotion/progression stages of colon cancer. Cancer Res. , 59 , 597 –601.

Kohno,H., Tanaka,T., Kawabata,K., Hirose,Y., Sugie,S., Tsuda,H. and Mori,H. ( 2002 ) Silymarin, a naturally occurring polyphenolic antioxidant flavonoid, inhibits azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Int. J. Cancer , 101 , 461 –468.

Tao,L., Kramer,P.M., Wang,W., Yang,S., Lubet,R.A., Steele,V.E. and Pereira,M.A. ( 2002 ) Altered expression of c-myc, p16 and p27 in rat colon tumors and its reversal by short-term treatment with chemopreventive agents. Carcinogenesis , 23 , 1447 –1454.

Roncucci,L., Pedroni,M., Fante,R., Di Gregorio,C. and Ponz de Leon,M. ( 1993 ) Cell kinetic evaluation of human colonic aberrant crypts. (Colorectal Cancer Study Group of the University of Modena and the Health Care District 16, Modena, Italy). Cancer Res. , 53 , 3726 –3729.

Dashwood,R.H., Xu,M., Orner,G.A. and Horio,D.T. ( 2001 ) Colonic cell proliferation, apoptosis and aberrant crypt foci development in rats given 2-amino-3-methylimidaz. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. , 10 , 139 –145.

McLellan,E.A., Medline,A. and Bird,R.P. ( 1991 ) Dose response and proliferative characteristics of aberrant crypt foci: putative preneoplastic lesions in rat colon. Carcinogenesis , 12 , 2093 –2098.

Siu,I.M., Robinson,D.R., Schwartz,S., Kung,H.J., Pretlow,T.G., Petersen,R.B. and Pretlow,T.P. ( 1999 ) The identification of monoclonality in human aberrant crypt foci. Cancer Res. , 59 , 63 –66.

Mori,H., Yamada,Y., Hirose,Y., Kuno,T., Katayama,M., Sakata,K., Yoshida,K., Sugie,S., Hara,A. and Yoshimi,N. ( 2002 ) Chemoprevention of large bowel carcinogenesis; the role of control of cell proliferation and significance of beta-catenin-accumulated crypts as a new biomarker. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. , 11 (Suppl 2), S71 –S75.

Caderni,G., Femia,A.P., Giannini,A., Favuzza,A., Luceri,C., Salvadori,M. and Dolara,P. ( 2003 ) Identification of mucin-depleted foci in the unsectioned colon of azoxymethane-treated rats: correlation with carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. , 63 , 2388 –2392.

Wargovich,M.J., Harris,C., Chen,C.D., Palmer,C., Steele,V.E. and Kelloff,G.J. ( 1992 ) Growth kinetics and chemoprevention of aberrant crypts in the rat colon. J. Cell Biochem. Suppl. , 16(G) , 51 –54.

Wargovich,M.J., Chen,C.D., Jimenez,A., Steele,V.E., Velasco,M., Stephens,L.C., Price,R., Gray,K. and Kelloff,G.J. ( 1996 ) Aberrant crypts as a biomarker for colon cancer: evaluation of potential chemopreventive agents in the rat. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. , 5 , 355 –360.

Yang,K., Lamprecht,S.A., Liu,Y., Shinozaki,H., Fan,K., Leung,D., Newmark,H., Steele,V.E., Kelloff,G.J. and Lipkin,M. ( 2000 ) Chemoprevention studies of the flavonoids quercetin and rutin in normal and azoxymethane-treated mouse colon. Carcinogenesis , 21 , 1655 –1660.

Hollman,P.C., de Vries,J.H., van Leeuwen,S.D., Mengelers,M.J. and Katan,M.B. ( 1995 ) Absorption of dietary quercetin glycosides and quercetin in healthy ileostomy volunteers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 62 , 1276 –1282.

Agarwal,C., Singh,R.P., Dhanalakshmi,S., Tyagi,A.K., Tecklenburg,M., Sclafani,R.A. and Agarwal,R. ( 2003 ) Silibinin upregulates the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells. Oncogene , 22 , 8271 –8282.

Sato,M. and Ahnen,D.J. ( 1992 ) Regional variability of colonocyte growth and differentiation in the rat. Anat. Rec. , 233 , 409 –414.

Miura,Y.H., Tomita,I., Watanabe,T., Hirayama,T. and Fukui,S. ( 1998 ) Active oxygens generation by flavonoids. Biol. Pharm. Bull. , 21 , 93 –96.

Ruby,A.J., Kuttan,G., Babu,K.D., Rajasekharan,K.N., Kuttan,R. (1995) Anti-tumor and antioxidant activity of natural curcuminoids. Cancer Lett. , 94 , 79 –83.