Models and mechanisms of acute lung injury caused by direct insults

European Journal of Cell Biology - Tập 91 Số 6-7 - Trang 590-601 - 2012
Lucy Kathleen Reiss1, Ulrike Uhlig1, Stefan Uhlig1
1Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, Aachen, Germany

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Abraham, 2000, HMG-1 as a mediator of acute lung inflammation, J. Immunol., 165, 2950, 10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.2950

Albaiceta, 2010, Absence or inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-8 decreases ventilator-induced lung injury, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 43, 555, 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0034OC

Andersson, 2011, HMGB1 is a therapeutic target for sterile inflammation and infection, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 29, 139, 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101323

ARDSNet, 2000, Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network, N. Engl. J. Med., 342, 1301, 10.1056/NEJM200005043421801

Azoulay, 2002, Deterioration of previous acute lung injury during neutropenia recovery, Crit. Care Med., 30, 781, 10.1097/00003246-200204000-00010

Ba, 2011, Signalling mechanism of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in inflammatory diseases, Am. J. Pathol., 178, 946, 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.12.004

Beck-Schimmer, 1997, Expression of lung vascular and airway ICAM-1 after exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 17, 344, 10.1165/ajrcmb.17.3.2861

Beck-Schimmer, 2005, Pulmonary aspiration: new therapeutic approaches in the experimental model, Anesthesiology, 103, 556, 10.1097/00000542-200509000-00019

Belperio, 2002, Critical role for CXCR2 and CXCR2 ligands during the pathogenesis of ventilator-induced lung injury, J. Clin. Invest., 110, 1703, 10.1172/JCI0215849

Bennett, 2006, c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent mechanisms in respiratory disease, Eur. Respir. J., 28, 651, 10.1183/09031936.06.00012106

Bernard, 1994, The American–European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 149, 818, 10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.7509706

Beutler, 2003, Innate immune sensing and its roots: the story of endotoxin, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 3, 169, 10.1038/nri1004

Bianchi, 2007, DAMPs, PAMPs and alarmins: all we need to know about danger, J. Leukoc. Biol., 81, 1, 10.1189/jlb.0306164

Bivas-Benita, 2005, Non-invasive pulmonary aerosol delivery in mice by the endotracheal route, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 61, 214, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2005.04.009

Brigham, 1986, Endotoxin and lung injury, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 133, 913

Buttenschoen, 2008, Endotoxemia and endotoxin tolerance in patients with ARDS, Langenbecks Arch. Surg., 393, 473, 10.1007/s00423-008-0317-3

Caironi, 2005, 5-Lipoxygenase deficiency prevents respiratory failure during ventilator-induced lung injury, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 172, 334, 10.1164/rccm.200501-034OC

Chang, 1994, TNF potentiates PAF-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction in the rat: role of neutrophils and thromboxane A2, J. Appl. Physiol., 77, 2817, 10.1152/jappl.1994.77.6.2817

Chen, 2008, Captopril decreases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in rats with ventilator-induced lung injury, Crit. Care Med., 36, 1880, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817c911d

Chiang, 1990, Correlation between cardiopulmonary changes and severity of acute lung injury in dogs, Crit. Care Med., 18, 419, 10.1097/00003246-199004000-00014

Chignard, 2000, Neutrophil recruitment and increased permeability during acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 279, L1083, 10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.6.L1083

Chong, 2011, Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 5, CD002309

Christman, 1993, Antilipid mediator and antioxidant therapy in adult respiratory distress syndrome, New Horiz., 1, 623

Cilley, 1993, Lung injury produced by moderate lung overinflation in rats, J. Pediatr. Surg., 28, 488, 10.1016/0022-3468(93)90253-H

Damarla, 2009, Mitogen activated protein kinase activated protein kinase 2 regulates actin polymerization and vascular leak in ventilator associated lung injury, PLoS One, 4, e4600, 10.1371/journal.pone.0004600

Dastidar, 2007, Therapeutic benefit of PDE4 inhibitors in inflammatory diseases, Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 8, 364

Davidson, 1999, The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the pathogenesis of aspiration pneumonitis in rats, Anesthesiology, 91, 486, 10.1097/00000542-199908000-00024

Dolinay, 2008, Mitogen-activated protein kinases regulate susceptibility to ventilator-induced lung injury, PLoS One, 3, e1601, 10.1371/journal.pone.0001601

Dombrowsky, 2009, Conserved responses to trichostatin A in rodent lungs exposed to endotoxin or stretch, Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther., 22, 593, 10.1016/j.pupt.2009.08.005

Dombrowsky, 2007, Steroids and histone deacetylase in ventilation-induced gene transcription, Eur. Respir. J., 30, 865, 10.1183/09031936.00134006

Eutamene, 2005, LPS-induced lung inflammation is linked to increased epithelial permeability: role of MLCK, Eur. Respir. J., 25, 789, 10.1183/09031936.05.00064704

Eyal, 2007, Reduction in alveolar macrophages attenuates acute ventilator induced lung injury in rats, Intensive Care Med., 33, 1212, 10.1007/s00134-007-0651-x

Faffe, 2000, Respiratory effects of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory lung injury in mice, Eur. Respir. J., 15, 85, 10.1183/09031936.00.15108500

Fanelli, 2010, Pulmonary-derived phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kgamma) contributes to ventilator-induced lung injury and oedema, Intensive Care Med., 36, 1935, 10.1007/s00134-010-2018-y

Folkesson, 1995, Acid aspiration-induced lung injury in rabbits is mediated by interleukin-8-dependent mechanisms, J. Clin. Invest., 96, 107, 10.1172/JCI118009

Frank, 2006, Alveolar macrophages contribute to alveolar barrier dysfunction in ventilator-induced lung injury, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 291, L1191, 10.1152/ajplung.00055.2006

Frevert, 1995, Functional characterization of the rat chemokine KC and its importance in neutrophil recruitment in a rat model of pulmonary inflammation, J. Immunol., 154, 335, 10.4049/jimmunol.154.1.335

Friedrich, 2004, Bronchoscopic surfactant administration preserves gas exchange and pulmonary compliance after single lung transplantation in dogs, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 127, 335, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2002.10.001

Fujishima, 1995, Neutrophil-mediated tissue injury and its modulation, Intensive Care Med., 21, 277, 10.1007/BF01701489

Funda, 2005, The effects of intratracheal dexamethasone on acute lung injury in rabbits – experimental study, Middle East. J. Anesthesiol., 18, 161

Goldman, 1990, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates acid aspiration-induced systemic organ injury, Ann. Surg., 212, 513, 10.1097/00000658-199010000-00013

Goldman, 1995, Neutrophil adhesion receptor CD18 mediates remote but not localized acid aspiration injury, Surgery, 117, 83, 10.1016/S0039-6060(05)80233-8

Goncalves de Moraes, 1996, Effect of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors and modulators of cyclic AMP formation on lipopolysaccharide-induced neutrophil infiltration in mouse lung, Br. J. Pharmacol., 117, 1792, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15356.x

Gong, 2009, Protective effect of antagonist of high-mobility group box 1 on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice, Scand. J. Immunol., 69, 29, 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02194.x

Guery, 2003, Ventilation-induced lung injury is associated with an increase in gut permeability, Shock, 19, 559, 10.1097/01.shk.0000070738.34700.bf

Harlan, 1991, Mechanisms and consequences of leukocyte–endothelial interaction, West. J. Med., 155, 365

Hicks, 2010, Effects of LTB4 receptor antagonism on pulmonary inflammation in rodents and non-human primates, Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat., 92, 33, 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2010.02.003

Hilberath, 2011, Resolution of Toll-like receptor 4-mediated acute lung injury is linked to eicosanoids and suppressor of cytokine signalling 3, FASEB J., 25, 1827, 10.1096/fj.10-169896

Iba, 2006, Pretreatment of sivelestat sodium hydrate improves the lung microcirculation and alveolar damage in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung inflammation in hamsters, Shock, 26, 95, 10.1097/01.shk.0000223126.34017.d9

Imai, 2008, Identification of oxidative stress and Toll-like receptor 4 signalling as a key pathway of acute lung injury, Cell, 133, 235, 10.1016/j.cell.2008.02.043

Imai, 2005, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure, Nature, 436, 112, 10.1038/nature03712

Ito, 2007, Therapeutic potential of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors in inflammatory respiratory disease, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 321, 1, 10.1124/jpet.106.111674

Iwata, 2010, Effect of neutrophil elastase inhibitor (sivelestat sodium) in the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a systematic review and meta-analysis, Intern. Med., 49, 2423, 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.4010

Jansson, 2005, Effects of budesonide and N-acetylcysteine on acute lung hyperinflation, inflammation and injury in rats, Vascul. Pharmacol., 43, 101, 10.1016/j.vph.2005.03.006

Jerng, 2007, Role of the renin–angiotensin system in ventilator-induced lung injury: an in vivo study in a rat model, Thorax, 62, 527, 10.1136/thx.2006.061945

Jian, 2004, Effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and neutrophil elastase inhibitor (ONO-5046) on acid-induced lung injury in rats, Inflammation, 28, 327, 10.1007/s10753-004-6643-x

Jiang, 2007, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril attenuates ventilator-induced lung injury in rats, J. Appl. Physiol., 102, 2098, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00514.2006

Jin, 2006, The zinc finger protein Gfi1 acts upstream of TNF to attenuate endotoxin-mediated inflammatory responses in the lung, Eur. J. Immunol., 36, 421, 10.1002/eji.200535155

Kaneko, 1997, Neutrophil elastase inhibitor, ONO-5046, modulates acid-induced lung and systemic injury in rabbits, Anesthesiology, 87, 635, 10.1097/00000542-199709000-00025

Kantrow, 2009, Neutrophil-mediated lung permeability and host defense proteins, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 297, L738, 10.1152/ajplung.00045.2009

Kaynar, 2008, Neutrophil elastase is needed for neutrophil emigration into lungs in ventilator-induced lung injury, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 39, 53, 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0315OC

Kennedy, 1989, Acute acid aspiration lung injury in the rat: biphasic pathogenesis, Anesth. Analg., 69, 87, 10.1213/00000539-198907000-00017

Khimenko, 1998, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in ischemia and reperfusion injury in rat lungs, J. Appl. Physiol., 85, 2005, 10.1152/jappl.1998.85.6.2005

Kim, 2006, p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase up-regulates LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation in the development of lung injury and RAW 264.7 macrophages, Toxicology, 225, 36, 10.1016/j.tox.2006.04.053

Kim, 2008, Inflammatory and transcriptional roles of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in ventilator-induced lung injury, Crit. Care, 12, R108, 10.1186/cc6995

Klune, 2008, HMGB1: endogenous danger signalling, Mol. Med., 14, 476, 10.2119/2008-00034.Klune

Knight, 1992, The role of neutrophils, oxidants, and proteases in the pathogenesis of acid pulmonary injury, Anesthesiology, 77, 772, 10.1097/00000542-199210000-00023

Koay, 2002, Macrophages are necessary for maximal nuclear factor-kappa B activation in response to endotoxin, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 26, 572, 10.1165/ajrcmb.26.5.4748

Koh, 1996, Tumor necrosis factor induced acute lung leak in rats: less than with interleukin-1, Inflammation, 20, 461, 10.1007/BF01487039

Komarova, 2010, Regulation of endothelial permeability via paracellular and transcellular transport pathways, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 72, 463, 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135833

Koshika, 2001, Pretreatment with FK506 improves survival rate and gas exchange in canine model of acute lung injury, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 163, 79, 10.1164/ajrccm.163.1.9906111

Kudoh, 1995, The effect of pentoxifylline on acid-induced alveolar epithelial injury, Anesthesiology, 82, 531, 10.1097/00000542-199502000-00023

Lainee, 1991, Mechanisms of pulmonary oedema induced by an organophosphorus compound in anesthetized dogs, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 17, 177, 10.1016/0272-0590(91)90249-4

Lantz, 1991, The role of platelet-activating factor in the pulmonary response to inhaled bacterial endotoxin, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 144, 167, 10.1164/ajrccm/144.1.167

Lee, 2004, Inhibition of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinase improves lung injury, Respir. Res., 5, 23, 10.1186/1465-9921-5-23

Lee, 2006, The Duffy antigen modifies systemic and local tissue chemokine responses following lipopolysaccharide stimulation, J. Immunol., 177, 8086, 10.4049/jimmunol.177.11.8086

Li, 2004, Ventilation-induced neutrophil infiltration depends on c-Jun N-terminal kinase, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 169, 518, 10.1164/rccm.200305-660OC

Li, 2008, Regulatory effects of hydrogen sulfide on IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 levels in the plasma and pulmonary tissue of rats with acute lung injury, Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood.), 233, 1081, 10.3181/0712-RM-354

Li, 1998, Blood monocyte migration to acute lung inflammation involves both CD11/CD18 and very late activation antigen-4-dependent and independent pathways, J. Immunol., 161, 6258, 10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.6258

Liaudet, 2002, Activation of poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase-1 is a central mechanism of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung inflammation, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 165, 372, 10.1164/ajrccm.165.3.2106050

Lin, 2007, Ventilator-induced injury augments interleukin-1beta production and neutrophil sequestration in lipopolysaccharide-treated lungs, Shock, 28, 453, 10.1097/shk.0b013e3180487fb5

Lorenowicz, 2007, cAMP signalling in leukocyte transendothelial migration, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 27, 1014, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.106.132282

Lorne, 2010, Toll-like receptors 2 and 4: initiators of non-septic inflammation in critical care medicine?, Intensive Care Med., 36, 1826, 10.1007/s00134-010-1983-5

Luh, 2007, Effects of thermal preconditioning on the ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute lung injury in minipigs, Shock, 28, 615, 10.1097/shk.0b013e318050c694

Maeda, 2004, Effects of peak inspiratory flow on development of ventilator-induced lung injury in rabbits, Anesthesiology, 101, 722, 10.1097/00000542-200409000-00021

Maniatis, 2009, A critical role for gelsolin in ventilator-induced lung injury, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 41, 426, 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0144OC

Martin, 2001, Changes in airway resistance by simultaneous exposure to TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in perfused rat lungs, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 280, L595, 10.1152/ajplung.2001.280.4.L595

Matute-Bello, 2011, An official American Thoracic Society workshop report: features and measurements of experimental acute lung injury in animals, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 44, 725, 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0210ST

Matute-Bello, 2008, Animal models of acute lung injury, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 295, L379, 10.1152/ajplung.00010.2008

Mercer-Jones, 1997, Inhibition of neutrophil migration at the site of infection increases remote organ neutrophil sequestration and injury, Shock, 8, 193, 10.1097/00024382-199709000-00007

Meyer, 2009, GADD45a is a novel candidate gene in inflammatory lung injury via influences on Akt signalling, FASEB J., 23, 1325, 10.1096/fj.08-119073

Michel, 1983, Quantitative morphology of permeability lung oedema in dogs induced by alpha-naphthylthiourea, Lab. Invest., 49, 412

Miotla, 1996, A role for the beta2 integrin CD11b in mediating experimental lung injury in mice, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 14, 363, 10.1165/ajrcmb.14.4.8600941

Mirzapoiazova, 2011, Non-muscle myosin light chain kinase isoform is a viable molecular target in acute inflammatory lung injury, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 44, 40, 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0197OC

Modelska, 1999, Acid-induced lung injury. Protective effect of anti-interleukin-8 pretreatment on alveolar epithelial barrier function in rabbits, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 160, 1450, 10.1164/ajrccm.160.5.9901096

Mokart, 2008, Monocyte deactivation in neutropenic acute respiratory distress syndrome patients treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, Crit. Care, 12, R17, 10.1186/cc6791

Motosugi, 1998, Role of CD11b in focal acid-induced pneumonia and contralateral lung injury in rats, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 157, 192, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9602095

Nagase, 1999, Platelet-activating factor mediates acid-induced lung injury in genetically engineered mice, J. Clin. Invest., 104, 1071, 10.1172/JCI7727

Nakajima, 2010, T cell pathways involving CTLA4 contribute to a model of acute lung injury, J. Immunol., 184, 5835, 10.4049/jimmunol.0903238

Nakamura, 2006, Interleukin-6 has no effect on surfactant or lung function in different lung insults, Exp. Lung Res., 32, 27, 10.1080/01902140600691456

Nakayama, 1998, Effects of the lazaroid, tirilazad mesylate, on sepsis-induced acute lung injury in minipigs, Crit. Care Med., 26, 538, 10.1097/00003246-199803000-00029

Nathan, 2001, TREM-1: a new regulator of innate immunity in sepsis syndrome, Nat. Med., 7, 530, 10.1038/87846

O’Leary, 1996, Glucocorticoid effects in an endotoxin-induced rat pulmonary inflammation model: differential effects on neutrophil influx, integrin expression, and inflammatory mediators, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 15, 97, 10.1165/ajrcmb.15.1.8679228

O’Leary, 1997, Glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of neutrophil emigration in an endotoxin-induced rat pulmonary inflammation model occurs without an effect on airways MIP-2 levels, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 16, 267, 10.1165/ajrcmb.16.3.9070611

O’Neill, 2007, The family of five: TIR-domain-containing adaptors in Toll-like receptor signalling, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 7, 353, 10.1038/nri2079

Ogawa, 2006, Contribution of high-mobility group box-1 to the development of ventilator-induced lung injury, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 174, 400, 10.1164/rccm.200605-699OC

Ognibene, 1986, Adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe neutropenia, N. Engl. J. Med., 315, 547, 10.1056/NEJM198608283150904

Ohno, 1993, Preparation of in-vivo rat lung model for ischemia-reperfusion injury, Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 41, 304, 10.1055/s-2007-1013877

Ohta, 2001, Glucocorticoid suppresses neutrophil activation in ventilator-induced lung injury, Crit. Care Med., 29, 1012, 10.1097/00003246-200105000-00027

Oikonomou, 2009, Gelsolin expression is necessary for the development of modelled pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, Thorax, 64, 467, 10.1136/thx.2008.107946

Oka, 1991, Low-potassium UW solution for lung preservation. Comparison with regular UW, LPD, and Euro-Collins solutions, Transplantation, 52, 984, 10.1097/00007890-199112000-00009

Oliveira-Junior, 2008, Effects of pentoxifylline on TNF-alpha and lung histopathology in HCL-induced lung injury, Clinics (Sao Paulo), 63, 77, 10.1590/S1807-59322008000100014

Oliveira-Junior, 2003, Pentoxifylline decreases tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 during high tidal volume, Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 36, 1349, 10.1590/S0100-879X2003001000011

Pawlik, 2005, Early treatment with pentoxifylline reduces lung injury induced by acid aspiration in rats, Chest, 127, 613, 10.1378/chest.127.2.613

Pelosi, 2001, Pulmonary and extrapulmonary forms of acute respiratory distress syndrome, Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 22, 259, 10.1055/s-2001-15783

Peter, 2008, Corticosteroids in the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults: meta-analysis, BMJ, 336, 1006, 10.1136/bmj.39537.939039.BE

Peters-Golden, 2009, Putting on the brakes: cyclic AMP as a multipronged controller of macrophage function, Sci. Signal., 2, e37, 10.1126/scisignal.275pe37

Pruessmeyer, 2010, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) mediates inflammation-induced shedding of syndecan-1 and -4 by lung epithelial cells, J. Biol. Chem., 285, 555, 10.1074/jbc.M109.059394

Puri, 2005, The role of endothelial PI3Kgamma activity in neutrophil trafficking, Blood, 106, 150, 10.1182/blood-2005-01-0023

Quinn, 2002, Interactions of lung stretch, hyperoxia, and MIP-2 production in ventilator-induced lung injury, J. Appl. Physiol., 93, 517, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00570.2001

Quintero, 2010, Matrix metalloproteinase-8 inactivates macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha to reduce acute lung inflammation and injury in mice, J. Immunol., 184, 1575, 10.4049/jimmunol.0900290

Reiss, 2011, Recurrent recruitment manoeuvres improve lung mechanics and minimize lung injury during mechanical ventilation of healthy mice, PLoS One, 6, e24527, 10.1371/journal.pone.0024527

Reiss, L.K., Yang, Y., Adam, D., Uhlig, S. TNF-a induced septic shock is attenuated in acid sphingomyelinase-deficient mice. Eur. Respir. J. 34 (Suppl.), in press.

Reutershan, 2006, Critical role of endothelial CXCR2 in LPS-induced neutrophil migration into the lung, J. Clin. Invest., 116, 695, 10.1172/JCI27009

Reutershan, 2009, DARC on RBC limits lung injury by balancing compartmental distribution of CXC chemokines, Eur. J. Immunol., 39, 1597, 10.1002/eji.200839089

Reutershan, 2010, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma required for lipopolysaccharide-induced transepithelial neutrophil trafficking in the lung, Eur. Respir. J., 35, 1137, 10.1183/09031936.00085509

Rhee, 2009, Risk factors for acute respiratory distress syndrome during neutropenia recovery in patients with hematologic malignancies, Crit. Care, 13, R173, 10.1186/cc8149

Rinaldo, 1985, Deterioration of oxygenation and abnormal lung microvascular permeability during resolution of leukopenia in patients with diffuse lung injury, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 131, 579, 10.1164/arrd.1985.131.4.579

Rittirsch, 2008, Acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide is independent of complement activation, J. Immunol., 180, 7664, 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7664

Rocksen, 2004, Lung effects during a generalized Shwartzman reaction and therapeutic intervention with dexamethasone or vitamin E, Shock, 22, 482, 10.1097/01.shk.0000142254.38630.36

Rosemary, 2009, Growth arrest and DNA damage-45 alpha (GADD45alpha), Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 41, 986, 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.06.018

Rosenthal, 1998, A comparison among animal models of acute lung injury, Crit. Care Med., 26, 912, 10.1097/00003246-199805000-00027

Rubenfeld, 2005, Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury, N. Engl. J. Med., 353, 1685, 10.1056/NEJMoa050333

Sakashita, 2007, Neutrophil elastase inhibitor (sivelestat) attenuates subsequent ventilator-induced lung injury in mice, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 571, 62, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.05.053

Sato, 2010, Inhibition of secretory phospholipase A2 activity attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in a mouse model, Exp. Lung Res., 36, 191, 10.3109/01902140903288026

Schmal, 1996, Role for macrophage inflammatory protein-2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in rats, J. Immunol., 156, 1963, 10.4049/jimmunol.156.5.1963

Schreiber, 2007, Effects of a catecholamine-induced increase in cardiac output on lung injury after experimental unilateral pulmonary acid instillation, Crit. Care Med., 35, 1741, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000269374.85160.BF

Segal, 2007, Acid aspiration-induced lung inflammation and injury are exacerbated in NADPH oxidase-deficient mice, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 292, L760, 10.1152/ajplung.00281.2006

Segal, 2010, NADPH oxidase limits innate immune responses in the lungs in mice, PLoS One, 5, e9631, 10.1371/journal.pone.0009631

Segel, 2011, The paradox of the neutrophil's role in tissue injury, J. Leukoc. Biol., 89, 359, 10.1189/jlb.0910538

Seydel, 2000, Lipopolysaccaride, a membrane-forming and inflammation-inducing macromolecule, 217

Shanley, 2000, Role of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 in aspiration-induced lung injury, Crit. Care Med., 28, 2437, 10.1097/00003246-200007000-00041

Shin, 1997, Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury does not induce pulmonary dysfunction in sheep, Yonsei Med. J., 38, 142, 10.3349/ymj.1997.38.3.142

Slutsky, 1999, Lung injury caused by mechanical ventilation, Chest, 116, 9S, 10.1378/chest.116.suppl_1.9S-a

Smith, 2008, Effect of Toll-like receptor 4 blockade on pulmonary inflammation caused by mechanical ventilation and bacterial endotoxin, Exp. Lung Res., 34, 225, 10.1080/01902140802022492

Starcher, 1989, A method for intratracheal instillation of endotoxin into the lungs of mice, Lab. Anim., 23, 234, 10.1258/002367789780810536

Syrkina, 2008, Oxidant stress mediates inflammation and apoptosis in ventilator-induced lung injury, Respirology, 13, 333, 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01279.x

Tang, 2010, Action of a Novel PDE4 inhibitor ZL-n-91 on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury, Int. Immunopharmacol., 10, 406, 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.01.003

Tasaka, 2008, Roles of oxidants and redox signalling in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome, Antioxid. Redox. Signal., 10, 739, 10.1089/ars.2007.1940

Tasaki, 1999, Selectin blockade worsened lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in a swine model, J. Trauma, 46, 1089, 10.1097/00005373-199906000-00023

Tremblay, 1998, Ventilator-induced injury: from barotrauma to biotrauma, Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians, 110, 482

Turner, 1990, Therapeutic intervention in a rat model of ARDS: I. Dual inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism, Circ. Shock, 32, 231

Ueno, 2004, Contributions of high mobility group box protein in experimental and clinical acute lung injury, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 170, 1310, 10.1164/rccm.200402-188OC

Uhlig, 1997, Attenuation by phosphodiesterase inhibitors of lipopolysaccharide-induced thromboxane release and bronchoconstriction in rat lungs, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 283, 1453

Uhlig, 2005, Mechanisms of platelet-activating factor (PAF)-mediated responses in the lung, Pharmacol. Rep., 57, 206

Uhlig, 2004, Biotrauma hypothesis of ventilator-induced lung injury, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 169, 314, 10.1164/ajrccm.169.2.950

Uhlig, 2004, Pharmacological interventions in ventilator-induced lung injury, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 25, 592, 10.1016/j.tips.2004.09.002

Uhlig, 2011, Ventilation-induced lung injury, Compr. Physiol., 1, 635, 10.1002/cphy.c100004

Vaporidi, 2010, Nitric oxide synthase 3 contributes to ventilator-induced lung injury, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 299, L150, 10.1152/ajplung.00341.2009

Vaschetto, 2008, Inhibition of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase attenuates ventilator-induced lung injury, Anesthesiology, 108, 261, 10.1097/01.anes.0000299434.86640.15

Welty-Wolf, 2006, Blockade of tissue factor-factor X binding attenuates sepsis-induced respiratory and renal failure, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 290, L21, 10.1152/ajplung.00155.2005

Wheeldon, 1992, Intratracheal aerosolization of endotoxin in the rat: a model of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Lab. Anim., 26, 29, 10.1258/002367792780809020

Wilson, 2007, Differential roles of p55 and p75 tumor necrosis factor receptors on stretch-induced pulmonary oedema in mice, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 293, L60, 10.1152/ajplung.00284.2006

Winkler, 1989, Review of the significance of pulmonary intravascular macrophages with respect to animal species and age, Exp. Cell Biol., 57, 281

Wolters, 2009, Neutrophil-derived IL-6 limits alveolar barrier disruption in experimental ventilator-induced lung injury, J. Immunol., 182, 8056, 10.4049/jimmunol.0801323

Wolthuis, 2009, Recombinant human soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor fusion protein partly attenuates ventilator-induced lung injury, Shock, 31, 262, 10.1097/SHK.0b013e31817d42dd

Wösten-van Asperen, 2008, ACE mediates ventilator-induced lung injury in rats via angiotensin II but not bradykinin, Eur. Respir. J., 31, 363, 10.1183/09031936.00060207

Wösten-van Asperen, 2010, Ventilator-induced inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide-exposed rat lung is mediated by angiotensin-converting enzyme, Am. J. Pathol., 176, 2219, 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090565

Yamamoto, 1998, The role of leukocyte emigration and IL-8 on the development of lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in rabbits, J. Immunol., 161, 5704, 10.4049/jimmunol.161.10.5704

Yamasawa, 1999, Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury, Inflammation, 23, 263

Yang, 2010, The dual role of TNF in pulmonary oedema, J. Cardiovasc. Dis. Res., 1, 29, 10.4103/0975-3583.59983

Yao, 2008, Losartan attenuates ventilator-induced lung injury, J. Surg. Res., 145, 25, 10.1016/j.jss.2007.03.075

Yap, 1982, A method for intratracheal inoculation of mice, Lab. Anim., 16, 143, 10.1258/002367782781110142

Yasui, 1995, A specific neutrophil elastase inhibitor (ONO-5046.Na) attenuates LPS-induced acute lung inflammation in the hamster, Eur. Respir. J., 8, 1293, 10.1183/09031936.95.08081293

Yokoi, 1997, Prevention of endotoxemia-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome-like lung injury in rabbits by a monoclonal antibody to IL-8, Lab. Invest., 76, 375

Yoshikawa, 2005, Clara cell secretory protein and phospholipase A2 activity modulate acute ventilator-induced lung injury in mice, J. Appl. Physiol., 98, 1264, 10.1152/japplphysiol.01150.2004

Zähringer, 2008, Immunobiology, 213, 205, 10.1016/j.imbio.2008.02.005

Zarbock, 2008, Therapeutic inhibition of CXCR2 by Reparixin attenuates acute lung injury in mice, Br. J. Pharmacol., 155, 357, 10.1038/bjp.2008.270

Zarbock, 2010, Chemokine homeostasis vs. chemokine presentation during severe acute lung injury: the other side of the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 298, L462, 10.1152/ajplung.00224.2009

Zerfaoui, 2009, Effects of PARP-1 deficiency on airway inflammatory cell recruitment in response to LPS or TNF: differential effects on CXCR2 ligands and Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines, J. Leukoc. Biol., 86, 1385, 10.1189/jlb.0309183