Modelling characteristics to predict Legionella contamination risk – Surveillance of drinking water plumbing systems and identification of risk areas

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health - Tập 219 Số 1 - Trang 101-109 - 2016
Sebastian F. Völker1, Christiane Schreiber1, Thomas Kistemann1
1Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Alleron, 2013, VBNC Legionella pneumophila cells are still able to produce virulence proteins, Water Res., 47, 6606, 10.1016/j.watres.2013.08.032

Bargellini, 2011, Parameters predictive of Legionella contamination in hot water systems: association with trace elements and heterotrophic plate counts, Water Res., 45, 2315, 10.1016/j.watres.2011.01.009

Bartram, 2007

Bédard, 2015, Temperature diagnostic to identify high risk areas and optimize Legionella pneumophila surveillance in hot water distribution systems, Water Res., 10.1016/j.watres.2015.01.006

Bentham, 2000, Routine sampling and the control of Legionella spp. in cooling tower water systems, Curr. Microbiol., 41, 271, 10.1007/s002840010133

Best, 1984, Heat eradication measures for control of hospital-acquired Legionnaires’ disease: implementation, education, and cost analysis, Am. J. Infect. Control, 12, 26, 10.1016/0196-6553(84)90069-5

Borella, 2004, Legionella infection risk from domestic hot water, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 10, 457, 10.3201/eid1003.020707

Buse, 2012, Legionellae in engineered systems and use of quantitative microbial risk assessment to predict exposure, Water Res., 46, 921, 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.022

Craun, 2010, Causes of outbreaks associated with drinking water in the United States from 1971 to 2006, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 23, 507, 10.1128/CMR.00077-09

DVGW, 2004

EWGLI (The European Working Group for Legionella Infections), 2011

Exner, 2005, Prevention and control of health care-associated waterborne infections in health care facilities, Am. J. Infect. Control Hosp. Water Filtr. Hosp. Water Filtr., 33, S26

Flannery, 2006, Reducing Legionella colonization in water systems with monochloramine, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 12, 588, 10.3201/eid1204.051101

Flemming, 2014, The last meters before the tap: where drinking water quality is at risk, 207

Hoebe, 2000, Control of legionella in drinking-water systems, Lancet, 355, 2093, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02374-6

Huang, 2010, Water quality parameters associated with prevalence of Legionella in hot spring facility water bodies, Water Res., 44, 4805, 10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.063

ISO, 1998

ISO, 2005

ISO, 2006

Kistemann, 2010, Vorkommen mikrobieller Trinkwasserkontaminationen in Hausinstallationen, 31

Lautenschlager, 2010, Overnight stagnation of drinking water in household taps induces microbial growth and changes in community composition, Water Res., 44, 4868, 10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.032

Leclerc, 2003, Relationships between common water bacteria and pathogens in drinking-water, 80

Lin, 1998, Disinfection of water distribution systems for Legionella, Semin. Respir. Infect., 13, 147

Lin, 2011, Controlling Legionella in hospital drinking water: an evidence-based review of disinfection methods, Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol., 32, 166, 10.1086/657934

Lin, 2002, Negative effect of high pH on biocidal efficacy of copper and silver ions in controlling Legionella pneumophila, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 2711, 10.1128/AEM.68.6.2711-2715.2002

Marrie, 1992, Each water outlet is a unique ecological niche for Legionella pneumophila, Epidemiol. Infect., 108, 261, 10.1017/S0950268800049736

Mathys, 2008, Occurrence of Legionella in hot water systems of single-family residences in suburbs of two German cities with special reference to solar and district heating, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 211, 179, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.02.004

Napoli, 2009, Variable bacterial load of Legionella spp. in a hospital water system, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 242, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.09.039

Pierre, 2014, Editorial commentary: risk assessment and prediction for health care-associated Legionnaires’ disease: percent distal site positivity as a cut-point, Am. J. Infect. Control, 42, 1248, 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.06.032

RKI (Robert Koch Institute), 2000, Empfehlung des Umweltbundesamtes: Nachweis von Legionellen in Trinkwasser und Badebeckenwasser nach Anhörung der Trinkwasserkommission, Bundesgesundheitsblatt, 43, 911, 10.1007/s001030050381

Rogers, 1994, Influence of temperature and plumbing material selection on biofilm formation and growth of Legionella pneumophila in a model potable water system containing complex microbial flora, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60, 1585, 10.1128/aem.60.5.1585-1592.1994

TrinkwV (Trinkwasserverordnung – German Drinking Water Ordinance), 2001. Trinkwasserverordnung in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 2. August 2013 (BGBl. I S. 2977), die zuletzt durch Artikel 4 Absatz 22 des Gesetzes vom 7. August 2013 (BGBl. I S. 3154) geändert worden ist; 2001 (in German).

Van der Kooij, 2005, Biofilm formation and multiplication of Legionella in a model warm water system with pipes of copper, stainless steel and cross-linked polyethylene, Water Res., 39, 2789, 10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.075

Van Rijsbergen, 1979

Völker, 2015, Field testing hot water temperature reduction as an energy-saving measure – does the Legionella presence change in a clinic's plumbing system?, Environ. Technol., 36, 2138, 10.1080/09593330.2015.1022231

Völker, 2010, Drinking water quality in household supply infrastructure – a survey of the current situation in Germany, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 213, 204, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.04.005

Wang, 2012, Effect of disinfectant, water age, and pipe material on occurrence and persistence of Legionella, mycobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and two amoebas, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 11566, 10.1021/es303212a

Wingender, 2011, Biofilms in drinking water and their role as reservoir for pathogens, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 214, 417, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.05.009