Modelling a granular bentonite system as a discrete set of continuum units

Koch, 2002, Bentonites as a basic material for technical base liners and site encapsulation cut-off walls, Appl Clay Sci, 21, 1, 10.1016/S0169-1317(01)00087-4 Bennett, 2008, Overview of European concepts for high-level waste and spent fuel disposal with special reference waste container corrosion, J Nucl Mater, 379, 1, 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.06.001 Sellin, 2013, The use of clay as an engineered barrier in radioactive-waste management - a review, Clays Clay Miner, 61, 477, 10.1346/CCMN.2013.0610601 Alonso, 2011, Hydromechanical behaviour of compacted granular expansive mixtures: experimental and constitutive study, Géotechnique, 61, 329, 10.1680/geot.2011.61.4.329 Geet, 2005, The use of microfocus X-ray computed tomography in characterising the hydration of a clay pellet/powder mixture, Appl Clay Sci, 29, 73, 10.1016/j.clay.2004.12.007 Molinero Guerra, 2017, In-depth characterisation of a mixture composed of powder/pellets MX80 bentonite, Appl Clay Sci, 135, 538, 10.1016/j.clay.2016.10.030 Molinero-Guerra, 2020, Water-retention properties and microstructure changes of a bentonite pellet upon wetting/drying; application to radioactive waste disposal, Géotechnique, 70, 199, 10.1680/jgeot.17.P.291 Molinero-Guerra, 2018, Analysis of the structural changes of a pellet/powder bentonite mixture upon wetting by X-ray computed microtomography, Appl Clay Sci, 165, 164, 10.1016/j.clay.2018.07.043 Molinero-Guerra, 2018, Investigation of the hydro-mechanical behaviour of a pellet/powder MX80 bentonite mixture using an infiltration column, Eng Geol, 243, 18, 10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.06.006 Molinero-Guerra, 2019, Characterization of water retention, compressibility and swelling properties of a pellet/powder bentonite mixture, Eng Geol, 248, 14, 10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.11.005 Bernachy-Barbe, 2020, Simultaneous fluid and solid density measurements in swelling clay using X-ray microtomography and 3D particle tracking, Strain, 57, 10.1111/str.12373 Bernachy-Barbe, 2020, Observed heterogeneities after hydration of MX-80 bentonite under pellet/powder form, Appl Clay Sci, 189, 10.1016/j.clay.2020.105542 Mokni, 2020, Modelling the long-term hydro-mechanical behaviour of a bentonite pellet/powder mixture with consideration of initial structural heterogeneities, Géotechnique, 70, 563, 10.1680/jgeot.18.P.110 Bernachy-Barbe, 2021, Homogenization of bentonite upon saturation: Density and pressure fields, Appl Clay Sci, 209, 10.1016/j.clay.2021.106122 Roux, 2000, Geometric origin of mechanical properties of granular materials, Phys Rev E, 61, 1, 10.1103/PhysRevE.61.6802 Roux, 2019, Granular materials: Micromechanical approaches of model systems, Vol. 587, 141 Andrade, 2012, Granular element method (GEM): linking inter-particle forces with macroscopic loading, Granul Matter, 14, 51, 10.1007/s10035-011-0298-8 Radjai, 2017, Modelling granular materials: Century-long research across scales, J Eng Mech, 143, 10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001196 Tolomeo, 2020, An assessment of discrete element approaches to infer intergranular forces from experiments on 2D granular media, Int J Solids Struct, 187, 48, 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2019.01.010 Cundall, 1979, A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies, Géotechnique, 29, 47, 10.1680/geot.1979.29.1.47 Darde, 2018, Hydro-mechanical behaviour of high-density bentonite pellet on partial hydration, Géotechnique Lett, 8, 1, 10.1680/jgele.18.00114 Darde, 2020, Effects of the initial granular structure of clay sealing materials on their swelling properties: experiments and DEM simulations, EPJ Nucl Sci Technol, 6, 1, 10.1051/epjn/2019059 Darde, 2020, Modelling the behaviour of bentonite pellet-powder mixtures upon hydration from dry granular state to saturated homogeneous state, Eng Geol, 278, 10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105847 Darde, 2021, Investigating the hydromechanical behaviour of bentonite pellets by swelling pressure tests and discrete element modelling, Acta Geotech, 16, 507, 10.1007/s11440-020-01040-5 Darve, 2017, DEM modelling in geomechanics: Some recent breakthroughs, 188 Sweijen, 2020, Unsaturated flow in a packing of swelling particles; a grain-scale model, Adv Water Resour, 142, 10.1016/j.advwatres.2020.103642 Sánchez, 2005, A double structure generalized plasticity model for expansive materials, Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech, 29, 751, 10.1002/nag.434 Guimarães, 2013, A chemo-mechanical constitutive model accounting for cation exchange in expansive clays, Géotechnique, 63, 221, 10.1680/geot.SIP13.P.012 Navarro, 2017, Modelling of compacted bentonite swelling accounting for salinity effects, Eng Geol, 223, 48, 10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.04.016 Navarro, 2019, Development of a multiphysics numerical solver for modeling the behavior of a clay-based engineered barriers, Nucl Eng Technol, 51, 1047, 10.1016/j.net.2019.02.007 Gens, 1992, A framework for the behaviour of unsaturated expansive clays, Can Geotech J, 29, 1013, 10.1139/t92-120 Yong, 1999, Overview of modeling of clay microstructure and interactions for prediction of waste isolation barrier performance, Eng Geol, 54, 83, 10.1016/S0013-7952(99)00064-2 Tournassat, 2011, Modelling approaches for anion-exclusion in compacted na-bentonite, Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 75, 3698, 10.1016/j.gca.2011.04.001 Jacinto, 2012, Influence of water density on the water retention curve of expansive clays, Géotechnique, 62, 657, 10.1680/geot.7.00127 Navarro, 2022, Density of water adsorbed on bentonites: Determination and effect on microstructural void ratio modelling, Appl Clay Sci, 219, 10.1016/j.clay.2022.106434 Navarro, 2015, Differentiated intra-and inter-aggregate water content models of mx-80 bentonite, Appl Clay Sci, 118, 325, 10.1016/j.clay.2015.10.015 Navarro, 2018, A microstructural effective stress definition for compacted active clays, Geomech Energy Environ, 15, 47, 10.1016/j.gete.2017.11.003 De la Morena, 2021, A water retention model accounting for void ratio changes in double porosity clays, Acta Geotech, 16, 2775, 10.1007/s11440-020-01126-0 Edlefsen, 1943, Thermodynamics of soil moisture, Hilgardia, 15, 31, 10.3733/hilg.v15n02p031 Navarro, 2020, A triple porosity hydro-mechanical model for MX-80 bentonite pellet mixtures, Eng Geol, 265, 10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105311 Gens, 2011, Hydromechanical behaviour of a heterogeneous compacted soil: experimental observations and modelling, Géotechnique, 61, 367, 10.1680/geot.SIP11.P.015 Olivella, 2000, Vapour transport in low permeability unsaturated soils with capillary effects, Transp Porous Media, 40, 219, 10.1023/A:1006749505937 Pollock, 1986, Simulation of fluid flow and energy transport processes associated with high-level radioactive waste disposal in unsaturated alluvium, Water Resour Res, 22, 765, 10.1029/WR022i005p00765 Gallipoli, 2015, A bounding surface hysteretic water retention model for deformable soils, Géotechnique, 65, 793, 10.1680/jgeot.14.P.118 Cases, 1992, Mechanism of adsorption and desorption of water vapor by homoionic montmorillonite, 1. The sodium-exchanged form, Langmuir, 8, 2730, 10.1021/la00047a025 Bérend, 1995, Mechanism of adsorption and desorption of water vapor by homoionic montmorillonites: 2, The Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+-exchanged forms, Clays Clay Miner, 43, 324, 10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430307 Montes, 2003, Swelling–shrinkage kinetics of MX80 bentonite, Appl Clay Sci, 22, 279, 10.1016/S0169-1317(03)00120-0 Wadsö, 2004, An experimentally simple method for measuring sorption isotherms, Dry Technol, 22, 2427, 10.1081/DRT-200032898 Salles, 2009, Hydration sequence of swelling clays: evolutions of specific surface area and hydration energy, J Colloid Interface Sci, 333, 510, 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.02.018 Wang, 2014, Time- and density-dependent microstructure features of compacted bentonite, Soils Found, 54, 657, 10.1016/j.sandf.2014.06.021 Cui, 2017, On the hydro-mechanical behavior of MX80 bentonite-based materials, J Rock Mech Geotech Eng, 9, 565, 10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.09.003 Navarro, 2021, Numerical model of free swelling processes in compacted MX-80 bentonites, Int J Rock Mech Min Sci, 141, 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104713 Alonso, 1990, A constitutive model for partially saturated soils, Géotechnique, 40, 405, 10.1680/geot.1990.40.3.405 Potyondy, 2004, A bonded-particle model for rock, Int J Rock Mech Min Sci, 41, 1329, 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.09.011 COMSOL AB, 2020 Saba, 2014, Microstructure and anisotropic swelling behaviour of compacted bentonite/sand mixture, J Rock Mech Geotech Eng, 6, 126, 10.1016/j.jrmge.2014.01.006 Navarro, 2021, Modeling the behavior of compacted bentonites under low porosity conditions, Eng Geol, 293, 10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106333