Model convergence and state variable update in forest gap models
Tài liệu tham khảo
Amann, 1954, Bäume und Sträucher des Waldes, 232
Bernatzky, 1978, Tree Ecology and Preservation, Vol. 2, 357
Bonan, 1992, Soil temperature, nitrogen mineralization, and carbon source-sink relationships in boreal forests, Can. J. For. Res., 22, 629, 10.1139/x92-084
Bormann, 1979, Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem: Disturbance, Development and the Steady State, 253
Botkin, 1993, Forest Dynamics: An Ecological Model, 309
Botkin, 1972, Some ecological consequences of a computer model of forest growth, J. Ecol., 60, 849, 10.2307/2258570
Bray, 1956, Gap-phase replacement in a maple-basswood forest, Ecology, 37, 598, 10.2307/1930185
Bugmann, 1994, On the ecology of mountainous forests in a changing climate: A simulation study, 258
Bugmann, 1992, Ecological processes in forest gap models — analysis and improvement, 953
Bugmann, 1995, How physics and biology matter in forest gap models, Clim. Change, 29, 251, 10.1007/BF01091863
Bugmann, 1996, A comparison of forest gap models: Model structure and behaviour, Clim. Change, 10.1007/BF00224640
Busing, 1993, Effects of area on old-growth forest attributes: implications for the equilibrium landscape concept, Landscape Ecol., 8, 119, 10.1007/BF00141591
Cellier, 1984, How to enhance the robustness of simulation software, 519
Cellier, 1982, Computer-assisted modelling of ill-defined systems, 417
Curtis, 1959
Dale, 1989, Potential effects of climate change on stand development in the Pacific Northwest, Can. J. For. Res., 19, 1581, 10.1139/x89-240
Dale, 1984, CLIMACS: A computer model of forest stand development for western Oregon and Washington, 10.2737/PNW-RP-327
Ellenberg, 1986, Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in ökologischer Sicht, 989
Ellenberg, 1972, Waldgesellschaften und Waldstandorte der Schweiz, Eidg. Anst. Forstl. Versuchswes., Mitt., 48, 587
Emanuel, 1978, Spectral analysis of forest model time series, Ecol. Model., 4, 313, 10.1016/0304-3800(78)90025-X
Fischlin, 1991, Interactive modeling and simulation of environmental systems on workstations, 131
Fischlin, 1987, Simulation and computer aided control system design in engineering education, 51
Fischlin, 1994, ModelWorks 2.2: An interactive simulation environment for personal computers and workstations, 323
Forman, 1981, Patches and structural components for a landscape ecology, BioScience, 31, 733, 10.2307/1308780
Friend, 1993, A physiology-based gap model of forest dynamics, Ecology, 74, 792, 10.2307/1940806
Fulton, 1991, A computationally efficient forest succession model: Design and initial tests, For. Ecol. Manage., 42, 23, 10.1016/0378-1127(91)90062-Z
Hess, 1980, Vol. 4
Kienast, 1987, FORECE — A forest succession model for southern central Europe, 69
Kienast, 1991, Simulated effects of increasing CO2 on the successional characteristics of Alpine forest ecosystems, Landscape Ecol., 5, 225, 10.1007/BF00141437
Kienast, 1989, Simulating forest succession along ecological gradients in southern Central Europe, Vegetatio, 79, 7, 10.1007/BF00044844
Kienast, 1989, Computergestützte Simulation von Waldcntwicklungen, Schweiz. Z. Forstwes, 140, 189
Leemans, 1992, The biological component of the simulation model for boreal forest dynamics, 428
Leemans, 1989, FORSKA. a general forest succession model, 70
Martin, 1992, EXE: A climatically sensitive model to study climate change and CO2 enrichment effects on forests, Aust. J. Bot., 40, 717, 10.1071/BT9920717
Mitscherlich, 1970, Wald, Wachstum und Umwelt — Form und Wachstum von Baum und Bestand, 142
Pastor, 1985
Reed, 1980, An ecological approach to modeling growth of forest trees, For. Sci., 26, 33
Shugart, 1984, A Theory of Forest Dynamics, 278
Shugart, 1985, Carbon dioxide increase: the implications at the ecosystem level, Plant Cell Environ., 8, 381, 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1985.tb01673.x
Shugart, 1977, Development of an Appalachian deciduous forest succession model and its application to assessment of the impact of the chestnut blight, J. Environ. Manage., 5, 161
Shugart, 1979, Size and pattern of simulated forest stands, For. Sci., 25, 120
Shugart, 1980, Forest succession models, BioScience, 30, 308, 10.2307/1307854
Shugart, 1973, Forest succession models: a rationale and methodology for modeling forest succession over large regions, For. Sci., 19, 203
Sokal, 1981, Biometry, 859
Sollins, 1976, Simulating the physiology of a temperate deciduous forest, Vol. 4, 173
Solomon, 1986, Transient response of forests to CO2-induced climate change: simulation modeling experiments in eastern North America, Oecologia, 68, 567, 10.1007/BF00378773
Solomon, 1981, Simulating the role of climate change and species immigration in forest succession, 154
Urban, 1993, Potential response of pacific northwestern forests to climatic change, effects of stand age and initial composition, Clim. Change, 23, 247, 10.1007/BF01091618
Watt, 1947, Pattern and process in the plant community, J. Ecol., 35, 1, 10.2307/2256497
Whittaker, 1953, A consideration of climax theory: The climax as a population and pattern, Ecol. Monogr., 23, 41, 10.2307/1943519
Wirth, 1985, Programming in Modula-2, 202
Wirth, 1992, MacMETH — A fast Modula-2 language system for the Apple Macintosh, 116
Wymore, 1976
Wymore, 1984, Theory of systems
Zar, 1984, Biostatistical Analysis, 718
Zeigler, 1976, Theory of Modelling and Simulation, 435
Zeigler, 1979, Multilevel multiformalism modeling: an ecosystem example, 17