Mixing of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) enhances structural heterogeneity, and the effect increases with water availability

Assmann, 1970

Barbeito, 2011, Regeneration of Mediterranean Pinus sylvestris under two alternative shelterwood systems within a multiscale framework, Can. J. For. Res., 41, 341, 10.1139/X10-214

Barbeito, 2014, Crown responses to neighbor density and species identity in a young mixed deciduous stand, Trees, 28, 1751, 10.1007/s00468-014-1082-2

Bauhus, 2009, Rooting patterns of old-growth forests: is aboveground structural and functional diversity mirrowed belowground?, Ecological Studies, 207, 211, 10.1007/978-3-540-92706-8_10

Bauhus, 2004, Above-ground interactions and productivity in mixed-species plantations of Acacia mearnsii and Eucalyptus globulus, Can. J. For. Res., 34, 686, 10.1139/x03-243

Bayer, 2013, Structural crown properties of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica [L.]) in mixed versus pure stands revealed by terrestrial laser scanning, Trees, 27, 1035, 10.1007/s00468-013-0854-4

Benavides, 2009, Potential productivity of forested areas based on a biophysical model. A case study of a mountainous region in northern Spain, Ann. For. Sci., 66, 1, 10.1051/forest/2008080

Bielak, 2014, Mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) can be more productive than monocultures. Evidence from over 100 years of observation of long-term experiments, For. Syst., 23, 573, 10.5424/fs/2014233-06195

Binkley, 2013, Light absorption and use efficiency in forests: why patterns differ for trees and stands, For. Ecol. Manage., 288, 5, 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.11.002

Binkley, 2004, A hypothesis about the interaction of tree dominance and stand production through stand development, For. Ecol. Manage., 190, 265, 10.1016/j.foreco.2003.10.018

Binkley, 2006, Patterns of growth dominance in forests of the Rocky Mountains, USA, For. Ecol. Manage., 236, 193, 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.001

Bolte, 2007, The north-eastern distribution range of European beech – a review, Forestry, 80, 413, 10.1093/forestry/cpm028

Bortz, 1993

Brunet, 2010, Biodiversity in European beech forests – a review with recommendations for sustainable forest management, Ecol. Bull., 53, 77

de Camino, 1976, Zur Bestimmung der Bestandeshomogenität, Allgem. Forst- und Jagdztg., 147, 54

Chittagong, 2015, Climate to forest productivity: implication of Paterson’s CVP index, Res. J. For., 9, 27, 10.3923/rjf.2015.27.34

Clark, 1954, Distance to nearest neighbour as a measure of spatial relationships in populations, Ecology, 35, 445, 10.2307/1931034

Condés, 2015, Climate modifies tree in interactions in terms of basal area growth and mortality in monospecific and mixed Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris forests, Eur. J. For. Res., 134, 1095, 10.1007/s10342-015-0912-0

Condés, 2013, Mixing effect on volume growth of Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris is modulated by stand density, For. Ecol. Manage., 292, 86, 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.013

Cordonnier, 2015, The Gini index brings asymmetric competition to light, Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst., 17, 107, 10.1016/j.ppees.2015.01.001

Cox, F., 1971. Dichtebestimmung und Strukturanalyse von Pflanzenpopulationen mit Hilfe von Abstandsmessungen. Mitt Bundesforschungsanst Forst- u Holzwirtschaft 87, Reinbek (Hamburg), 184 p.

Díaz, 2006, Biodiversity loss threatens human well-being, PLoS Biol., 4, e277, 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040277

Dieler, 2013, Morphological plasticity of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in pure and mixed-species stands, For. Ecol. Manage., 295, 97, 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.049

Forrester, 2014, The spatial and temporal dynamics of species interactions in mixed-species forests: from pattern to process, For. Ecol. Manage., 312, 282, 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.10.003

Forrester, 2014, Light absorption and light-use efficiency in mixtures of Abies alba and Picea abies along a productivity gradient, For. Ecol. Manage., 328, 94, 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.05.026

Forrester, 2016, A review of processes behind diversity – productivity relationships in forests, Curr. For. Rep., 2, 45, 10.1007/s40725-016-0031-2

Forrester, 2012, Photosynthetic capacity of Eucalyptus globulus is higher when grown in mixture with Acacia mearnsii, Trees Struct. Funct., 26, 1203, 10.1007/s00468-012-0696-5

Forrester, 2015, Tamm review: on the strength of evidence when comparing ecosystem functions of mixtures with monocultures, For. Ecol. Manage., 356, 41, 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.08.016

von Gadow, 1998, Integrating environmental research into forest ecosystems planning, 29, 10.1007/978-94-011-5324-9_4

von Gadow, 2002, vol. 4

Gamfeldt, 2013, Higher levels of multiple ecosystem services are found in forests with more tree species, Nat. Commun., 4, 1340, 10.1038/ncomms2328

Grossiord, 2014, Tree diversity does not always improve resistance of forest ecosystems to drought, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 111, 14812, 10.1073/pnas.1411970111

Griess, 2011, Growth performance, windthrow, and insects: meta-analyses of parameters influencing performance of mixed-species stands in boreal and northern temperate biomes, Can. J. For. Res., 41, 1141, 10.1139/x11-042

Hari, 1985, Theoretical aspects of eco-physiological research, 21

Harper, 1977

Hattemer, 1994, Die genetische Variation und ihre Bedeutung für Wald und Waldbäume, J. For. Suisse, 145, 953

Ishii, 2004, Exploring the relationships among canopy structure, stand productivity, and biodiversity of temperate forest ecosystems, For. Sci., 50, 342

Jactel, 2007, Tree diversity reduces herbivory by forest insects, Ecol. Lett., 10, 835, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01073.x

Johann, K., 1993. DESER-Norm 1993. Normen der Sektion Ertragskunde im Deutschen Verband Forstlicher Forschungsanstalten zur Aufbereitung von waldwachstumskundlichen Dauerversuchen. Proc Dt Verb Forstl Forschungsanst, Sek Ertragskd, in Unterreichenbach-Kapfenhardt, pp. 96–104.

Jucker, 2014, Stabilizing effects of diversity on aboveground wood production in forest ecosystems: linking patterns and processes, Ecol. Lett., 17, 1560, 10.1111/ele.12382

Jucker, 2015, Crown plasticity enables trees to optimize canopy packing in mixed-species forests, Funct. Ecol., 10.1111/1365-2435.12428

Kellogg, 1996, A comparison of logging planning, felling, and skyline yarding costs between clearcutting and five group-selection harvesting methods, West. J. Appl. For., 11, 90, 10.1093/wjaf/11.3.90

Kelty, 1992, Comparative productivity of monocultures and mixed-species stands, 125

Keegan, 1995, Cost of timber harvest under traditional and “New Forestry” silvicultural prescriptions, West. J. Appl. For., 10, 36, 10.1093/wjaf/10.1.36

Knoke, 2008, Integrating selected ecological effects of mixed European beech–Norway spruce stands in bioeconomic modelling, Ecol. Model., 210, 487, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.08.011

Kölling, 2009, Überlegungen zum Risiko des Fichtenanbaus in Deutschland vor dem Hintergrund des Klimawandels, Forstarchiv, 80, 42

Kramer, 1988

Lei, 2009, Relationships between stand growth and structural diversity in spruce-dominated forests in New Brunswick, Canada, Can. J. For. Res., 39, 1835, 10.1139/X09-089

Liang, 2007, Effects of diversity of tree species and size on forest basal area growth, recruitment, and mortality, For. Ecol. Manage., 243, 116, 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.02.028

Martonne, 1926, Une novelle fonction climatologique: L’indice d’aridité, La Météorologie, 21, 449

McElhinny, 2005, Forest and woodland stand structural complexity: its definition and measurement, For. Ecol. Manage., 218, 1, 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.034

Metz, 2013, Crown modeling by terrestrial laser scanning as an approach to assess the effect of aboveground intra-and interspecific competition on tree growth, For. Ecol. Manage., 310, 275, 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.08.014

Monserud, 1999, Modeling individual tree mortality for Austrian forest species, For. Ecol. Manage., 113, 109, 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00419-8

Mund, 2015, Klimaschutzwirkung des Wald- und Holzsektors: Schutz- und Nutzungsszenarien für drei Modellregionen in Thüringen, BfN-Skripten, 396, 1

Nadrowski, 2010, Is forest diversity driving ecosystem function and service?, Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 2, 75, 10.1016/j.cosust.2010.02.003

Neumann, 2001, The significance of different indices for stand structure and diversity in forests, For. Ecol. Manage., 145, 91, 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00577-6

Niklas, 2003, Tree size frequency distributions, plant density, age and community disturbance, Ecol. Lett., 6, 405, 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00440.x

Paillet, 2010, Biodiversity differences between managed and unmanaged forests: meta-analysis of species richness in Europe, Conserv. Biol., 24, 101, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01399.x

Paterson, 1956

Peck, 2014, Tree size distribution and abundance explain structural complexity differentially within stands of even-aged and uneven-aged structure types, Eur. J. For. Res., 133, 335, 10.1007/s10342-013-0765-3

Pielou, 1977

Pommerening, 2002, Approaches to quantifying forest structures, Forestry, 75, 305, 10.1093/forestry/75.3.305

Pretzsch, 1997, Analysis and modeling of spatial stand structures. Methodological considerations based on mixed beech–larch stands in Lower Saxony, For. Ecol. Manage., 97, 237, 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00069-8

Pretzsch, 1998, Structural diversity as a result of silvicultural operations, Lesnictví-Forestry, 44, 429

Pretzsch, 2009, Forest dynamics, growth and yield

Pretzsch, 2014, Canopy space filling and tree crown morphology in mixed-species stands compared with monocultures, For. Ecol. Manage., 327, 251, 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.04.027

Pretzsch, 2016, Tree species mixing can increase maximum stand density, Can. J. For. Res., 10.1139/cjfr-2015-0413

Pretzsch, 2005, Crown allometry and growing space efficiency of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in pure and mixed stands, Plant Biology, 7, 628, 10.1055/s-2005-865965

Pretzsch, 2013, Productivity of pure versus mixed stands of oak (Quercus petraea (MATT.) LIEBL. and Quercus robur L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) along an ecological gradient, Eur. J. For. Res., 132, 263, 10.1007/s10342-012-0673-y

Pretzsch, 2015, Representation of species mixing in forest growth models. A review and perspective, Ecol. Model., 313, 276, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.06.044

Pretzsch, 2016, Wood quality in complex forests versus even-aged monocultures. Review and perspectives, Wood Sci. Technol., 10.1007/s00226-016-0827-z

Pretzsch, 2015, Growth and yield of mixed versus pure stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) analysed along a productivity gradient through Europe, Eur. J. For. Res., 134, 927, 10.1007/s10342-015-0900-4

Pretzsch, 2014, Size-structure dynamics of mixed versus pure forest stands, For. Syst., 23, 560, 10.5424/fs/2014233-06112

Pretzsch, 2015, Effect of tree species mixing on the size structure, density, and yield of forest stands, Eur. J. For. Res., 135, 1, 10.1007/s10342-015-0913-z

Puettmann, 2012

Reineke, 1933, Perfecting a stand-density index for even-aged forests, J. Agric. Res., 46, 627

Río, 2014, Analyzing size-symmetric vs. size-asymmetric and intra-vs. inter-specific competition in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) mixed stands, For. Ecol. Manage., 325, 90, 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.03.047

Río, 2016, Characterization of the structure, dynamics, and productivity of mixed-species stands: review and perspectives, Eur. J. For. Res., 135, 23, 10.1007/s10342-015-0927-6

Río, 2009, Comparing volume growth in pure and mixed stands of Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pyrenaica, Ann. For. Sci., 66, 1, 10.1051/forest/2009035

Roth, 1976, Spatial heterogeneity and bird species diversity, Ecology, 773, 10.2307/1936190

Ruiz-Benito, 2013, Patterns and drivers of tree mortality in Iberian forests: climatic effects are modified by competition, PLoS ONE, 8, e56843, 10.1371/journal.pone.0056843

Shannon, 1948, The mathematical theory of communication, 3

Schober, R., 1967. Buchen-Ertragstafel für mäßige und starke Durchforstung, In: Schober, R. (1972) Die Rotbuche 1971. Schr Forstl Fak Univ Göttingen u Niedersächs Forstl Versuchsanst 43/44, JD Sauerländer’s Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 333 p.

Schütz, 2002, Silvicultural tools to develop irregular and diverse forest structures, Forestry, 75, 329, 10.1093/forestry/75.4.329

Seidel, 2013, The relationship between tree species richness, canopy space exploration and productivity in a temperate broad-leaf mixed forest, For. Ecol. Manage., 310, 366, 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.08.058

Spathelf, 2015, Forest management of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in northern Germany – a brief review of the history and current trends, Forstarchiv, 86, 59

Sterba, 1981, Natürlicher Bestockungsgrad und Reinekes SDI, Cbl. f. d. g. Forstw., 98, 101

Sterba, 1987, Estimating potential density from thinning experiments and inventory data, For. Sci., 33, 1022

Sterba, 2008, Diversity indices based on angle count sampling and their interrelationships when used in forest inventories, Forestry, 81, 587, 10.1093/forestry/cpn010

Stölb, 2005

Tews, 2004, Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance of keystone structures, J. Biogeogr., 31, 79, 10.1046/j.0305-0270.2003.00994.x

Vanclay, 1992, Assessing site productivity in tropical moist forests: a review, For. Ecol. Manage., 54, 257, 10.1016/0378-1127(92)90017-4

Varga, 2005, Tree-size diversity between single- and mixed-species stands in three forest types in western Canada, Can. J. For. Res., 35, 593, 10.1139/x04-193

Wichmann, L., 2002. Competition symmetry. In: Modelling the Effects of Competition between Individual Trees in Forest Stands. PhD Thesis. Unit of Forestry, Copenhagen, pp. 67–77 (Chapter 7).

Wiedemann, E., 1943. Kiefern-Ertragstafel für mäßige Durchforstung, starke Durchforstung und Lichtung. In: Wiedemann, E. (1948) Die Kiefer 1948. Verlag M & H Schaper, Hannover, 337 p.

Wiedemann, 1951

Zenner, 2000, A new method for modeling the heterogeneity of forest structure, For. Ecol. Manage., 129, 75, 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00140-1

Zenner, 2015, The dynamics of structure across scale in a primaeval European beech stand, Forestry, 88, 180, 10.1093/forestry/cpu042