Mineralogical and physico-chemical properties of halloysite-bearing slip surface material from a landslide during the 2018 Eastern Iburi earthquake, Hokkaido
Tóm tắt
Destructive landslides were triggered by the 6.7 Mw Eastern Iburi earthquake that struck southern Hokkaido, Japan, on 6 September 2018. Heavy rainfall on 4 September in addition to intermittent rainfall around the Iburi Tobu area saturated and weakened the slope-forming materials (mostly altered volcanoclastic soils), making them susceptible to failure because of the earthquake’s strong ground motion. Most of the shallow landslides exhibited long runouts along gentle hill slopes, with characteristic halloysite-bearing slip surface at the base of the volcanic soils. This study investigated the mineralogical and physico-chemical properties of the slip surface material with the aim of understanding weakening and post-failure behaviors during the landslides. Halloysite in the slip surface had irregular-to-hollow-spherical morphology with higher mesopore volumes than tubular halloysite, which is related to a high capacity for water retention after rainfall. To reproduce possible chemical changes in the slip surface during rainfall, the sample was immersed in varying amounts of rainwater; solution pH increased and ionic strength decreased with increasing water content. These findings, alongside electrophoretic analysis, suggest that rainwater infiltration could have increased the absolute zeta potential value of the slip surface material. It is suggested that rainfall before the earthquake enhanced the colloidal stability of halloysite particles within the slip surface, owing to an increase in electrostatic repulsion. This decreased the material’s cohesive strength, which might have led to destabilization of the slope during ground shaking generated by the earthquake, and subsequent high-mobility flow after failure.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Askenasy PE, Dixon JB, McKee TR (1973) Spheroidal Halloysite in a Guatemalan Soil. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 37(5):799–803. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1973.03615995003700050045x
Barrett EP, Joyner LG, Halenda PP (1951) The determination of pore volume and area distributions in porous substances. I. Computations from Nitrogen Isotherms. J Am Chem Soc 73:373–380
Brigatti MF, Galan E, Theng BKG (2006) Structures and mineralogy of clay minerals. In: Bergaya F, Theng BKG, Lagaly G (eds) Handbook of clay science. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 19–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1572-4352(05)01002-0
Chigira M, Nakasuji A, Fujiwara S, Sakagami M (2012) Catastrophic landslides of pyroclastics induced by the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake. pp 139–147 in: Earthquake-induced landslides, Proc. Int. Symp. Earthquake-Induced Landslides, Kiryu, Japan, Springer
Chigira M, Tajika J, Ishimaru S (2019) Landslides of pyroclastic fall deposits induced by the 2018 Eastern Iburi Earthquake with special reference to the weathering of pyroclastics. DPRI Annuals 62:348–356
Chigira M, Yokoyama O (2005) Weathering profile of non-welded ignimbrite and the water infiltration behavior within it in relation to the generation of shallow landslides. Eng Geol 78(3-4):187–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.12.008
Duran JDG, Ontiveros A, Delgado AV, Gonzalez-Caballero F (1998) Kinetics and interfacial interactions in the adhesion of colloidal calcium carbonate to glass in a packedbed. Appl Surf Sci 134(1):125–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(98)00217-7
Earthquake and Volcano Hazards Observation and Research Program (2019) Annual report. http://www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/YOTIKYO/r1seikahoukoku/r1_kadai_seika_small.pdf
Em Y, Stoporev A, Semenov A, Glotov A, Smirnova E, Villevald G, Vinokurov V, Manakov A, Lvov Y (2020) Methane hydrate formation in halloysite clay nanotubes. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng 8(21):7860–7868. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00758
Furukawa R, Nakagawa M (2000) Geological map of Tarumae volcano. Geological Survey of Japan
Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (2018a) https://maps.gsi.go.jp/index_3d.html?z=17&lat=42.7503723926834&lon=141.91060960292816&pxsize=2048&ls=std%7C20180906hokkaido_atsuma_0906do&blend=0#&cpx=10.581&cpy=-70.126&cpz=35.866&cux=0.077&cuy=-0.304&cuz=0.950&ctx=0.000&cty=0.000&ctz=0.000&a=1&b=0&dd=0
Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (2018b) https://maps.gsi.go.jp/#12/42.770442/141.985660/&base=std&ls=std%7C20180906hokkaido_atsuma_0906do%7Cexperimental_anno&blend=0&disp=111&lcd=20180906hokkaid
Hillier S (2000) Accurate quantitative analysis of clay and other minerals in sandstones by XRD: comparison of a Rietveld and a reference intensity ratio (RIR) method and the importance of sample preparation. Clay Minerals 35(1):291–302. https://doi.org/10.1180/000985500546666
Inoue A (1996) Solution-mediated phase transformations of clay minerals. Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Japan 25(4):189–197. https://doi.org/10.2465/gkk1952.25.189
Israelachvili JN (2011) Intermolecular and Surface Forces. 3rd Edition, Academic Press, Cambridge
Ito Y, Yamazaki S, Kurahashi T (2020) Geological features of landslides caused by the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake in Japan. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 501. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP501-2019-122
Iyoda F, Hayashi S, Arakawa S, John B, Okamoto M, Hayashi H, Yuan G (2012) Synthesis and adsorption characteristics of hollow spherical allophane nano–particles. Appl Clay Sci 56:77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2011.11.025
Joussein E, Petit S, Churchman J, Theng B, Righ D, Delvaux B (2005) Halloysite clay minerals — a review. Clay Minerals 40:383–426
Kameda J, Kamiya H, Masumoto H, Morisaki T, Hiratsuka T, Inaoi C (2019) Fluidized landslides triggered by the liquefaction of subsurface volcanic deposits during the 2018 Iburi–Tobu earthquake, Hokkaido. Sci Rep 9(1):13119. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48820-y
Kasai M, Yamada T (2019) Topographic effects on frequency-size distribution of landslides triggered by the Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake in 2018. Earth Planets Space 71(1):89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-019-1069-8
Katsui Y (1959) On the Shikotsu pumice-fall deposit. Special reference to the activity just before the depression of the Shikotsu caldera. Bull Volcanol Soc Jpn 2:33–48
Kawachi T, Matsuura Y, Iyoda F, Arakawa S, Okamoto M (2013) Preparation and characterization of DNA/allophane composite hydrogels. Coll Surf B: Biointerfaces 112:429–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.08.011
Kluger MO, Moon VG, Kreiter S, Lowe DJ, Churchman GJ, Hepp DA, Seibel D, Jorat ME, Mörz T (2017) A new attraction-detachment model for explaining flow sliding in clay-rich tephras. Geology 45(2):131–134. https://doi.org/10.1130/G38560.1
Lagaly G (2006) Colloid clay science. In: Bergaya F, Theng BKG, Lagaly G (eds) Handbook of Clay Science. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 247–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1572-4352(05)01005-6
Lowe DJ (1986) Controls on the rates of weathering and clay mineral genesis in airfall tephras: a review and New Zealand case study. In: Colman SM, Dethier DP (eds) Rates of chemical weathering of rocks and minerals. Academic Press, pp 265–330
Mitchell JK, Soga K (2005) Fundamentals of soil behavior, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 111–130
Moon V (2016) Halloysite behaving badly: geomechanics and slope behaviour of halloysite-rich soils. Clay Miner 51(3):517–528. https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2016.051.3.09
Nakagawa M, Amma-Miyasaka M, Miura D, Uesawa S (2018) Tephrastratigraphy in Ishikari Lowland, Southwestern Hokkaido: eruption history of the Shikotsu-Toya volcanic field. Jour Geol Soc Jpn 124(7):473–489. https://doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.2018.0038
Nakano M, Chigira M, Choun-Sian L (2013) Landslides of pumice fall deposits induced by the 2009 Padang earthquake and the formation of halloysite. Japan Geosci, Union Meeting, Chiba, Japan
Noro H (1986) Hexagonal platy halloysite in an altered tuff bed, Komaki city, Aichi prefecture, Central Japan. Clay Miner 21(3):401–415. https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1986.021.3.11
Noro H, Yamada K, Suzuki K (1981) An application of electron probe microanalysis for clay minerals. Kobutsugaku Zasshi 15:42–54 (in Japanese)
Okada K, Ossaka J, Matsui K, Suzuki M (1986) On the factors influencing the weathering of tephras in various parts of Japan. J Mineral Soc Jpn 17:25–33
Osanai N, Yamada T, Hayashi S, Kastura S, Furuichi T, Yanai S, Murakami Y, Miyazaki T, Tanioka Y, Takiguchi S, Miyazaki M (2019) Characteristics of landslides caused by the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake. Landslides 16(8):1517–1528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01206-7
Parfitt RL, Russell M, Orbell GE (1983) Weathering sequence of soils from volcanic ash involving allophane and halloysite, New Zealand. Geoderma 29(1):41–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(83)90029-0
Plaza I, Ontiveros-Ortega A, Calero J, Romero C (2018) A new approach to triggering mechanism of volcano landslides based on zeta potential and surface free energy balance. Geomorph 301:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.10.009
Saeki K, Sakai M, Wada S (2010) DNA adsorption on synthetic and natural allophanes. Appl Clay Sci 50(4):493–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.09.015
Shibata H, Sakuma T (1994) Acid deposition at forest regions in North-Western part of Tomakomai. Jpn J Soil Sci J PIant Nutr 65:313–320
Sing KSW, Everett DH, Haul RAW, Moscou L, Peirotti RA, Rouquerol J (1985) IUPAC commission on colloid and surface chemistry including catalysis. Pure Appl Chem 57(4):603–619. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198557040603
Smalley I, Ross CW, Whitton J (1980) Clays from New Zealand support the inactive particle theory of soil sensitivity. Nature 288:576–577. https://doi.org/10.1038/288576a0
Smoluchowski MV (1921) Handbook of electricity and magnetism, vol 366. Barth, Leipzig
Środoń JS, Drits VA, Mccarty DK, Hsieh JCC, Eberl DD (2001) Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of clay-bearing rocks from random preparations. Clays Clay Minerals 49(6):514–528. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2001.0490604
Suzuki M, Suzuki S, Maeda M, Tomura S, Mizota T (2001) Hydration rate of allophane and imogolite by hydration heat measurement using as heat exchange absorbents for lower temperature heat source and speedy drying desiccant. J Ceramic Soc Jpn 109(10):874–881. https://doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.109.1274_874
Theng BKG, Wells N (1995) The flow characteristics of halloysite suspensions. Clay Miner 30(2):99–106. https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1995.030.2.02
Tomura S, Maeda M, Inukai K, Ohashi F, Suzuki M, Shibasaki Y, Suzuki S (1997) Water vapor adsorption property of various clays and related materials for applications to humidity self-control materials. Clay Sci 10:195–203
Van Olphen H (1977) An introduction to clay colloid chemistry. Wiley, New York
Vergaro V, Abdullayev E, Lvov YM, Zeitoun A, Cingolani R, Rinaldi R, Leporatti S (2010) Cytocompatibility and uptake of halloysite clay nanotubes. Biomacromolecules 11(3):820–826. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm9014446
Wada K (1977) Minerals in soil environments. Soil Science Society of America. Madison, WI 603–38
Wada K (1980) Soils with variable charge. New Zealand Society of Soil Science, Lower Hutt, p 87
Wada K (1989) Allophane and imogolite, in Minerals in soil environments (2nd ed) Soil Science Society of America. SSSA Book Series 1:1051–1087
Wada K, Mizota C (1979) The Clay Science Society of Japan, p 42
Wang FR, Fan XM, Yunus AP, Subramanian SS, Alonso-Rodriguez A, Dai LX, Xu Q, Huang RQ (2019) Coseismic landslides triggered by the 2018 Hokkaido, Japan (Mw 6.6), earthquake: spatial distribution, controlling factors, and possible failure mechanism. Landslide 16:1551–1566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01187-7
Wang S, Du P, Yuan P, Liu Y, Song H, Zhou J, Deng L, Liu D (2020) Structural alterations of synthetic allophane under acidic conditions: implications for understanding the acidification of allophanic Andosols. Geoderma 376:114561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114561
Yamada S (1958) Studies on the history of volcanic eruptions of alluvium epoch in Hokkaido on the basis of depositional features of the pyroclastics. Monog Ass Geol Collab Jpn 8:1
Yamagishi H, Yamazaki F (2018) Landslides by the 2018 Hokkaido Iburi-Tobu Earthquake on September 6. Landslides 15(12):2521–2524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1092-z
Zhang S, Li R, Wang F, Lio A (2019) Characteristics of landslides triggered by the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake, Northern Japan. Landslides 16(9):1691–1708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01207-6