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Vi nhựa siêu nhỏ trong nhà máy xử lý nước thải sinh học tiên tiến ở Kocaeli, Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ: nguồn lây nhiễm vi nhựa đến Biển Marmara
Tóm tắt
Các nhà máy xử lý nước thải đô thị (WWTP) đóng góp một phần lớn vào việc phát tán vi nhựa (MPs) vào môi trường, mặc dù đã đạt được tỷ lệ loại bỏ tương đối cao. Nghiên cứu này tiến hành đánh giá toàn diện về sự phong phú và đặc điểm của MPs trong nước thải và bùn ở các giai đoạn xử lý khác nhau tại nhà máy xử lý nước thải Gebze, nằm ở Biển Marmara, lần đầu tiên. Nước thải đầu vào có nồng độ MPs trung bình là 70,1 ± 28,6 MPs/L. Sau khi đi qua các đơn vị lưới tinh và bể lắng, nồng độ MPs giảm đáng kể xuống còn 19,7 ± 3,6 MPs/L, cho thấy tỷ lệ loại bỏ ấn tượng là 71,8%. Sau khi hoàn thành giai đoạn xử lý thứ cấp, nước thải ra có 7,1 ± 1,7 MPs/L, dẫn đến tỷ lệ loại bỏ MPs tổng thể là 89,9-91,0%. Các phát hiện cho thấy sợi là hình dạng hạt chính, tiếp theo là các mảnh vụn. Sợi được loại bỏ hiệu quả qua quá trình xử lý sơ cấp (71,8%), trong khi các mảnh vụn được loại bỏ hiệu quả trong quá trình xử lý thứ cấp (81,1%). Phân tích mẫu bùn từ bể aeration và bể lắng bùn cho thấy nồng độ cao hơn, với sự gia tăng lần lượt là 14,3 và 25 lần so với nước thải đầu vào, cho thấy sự tích lũy vi nhựa trong bùn. Mặc dù quá trình xử lý, cần lưu ý rằng nước thải ra vẫn cho thấy một sự phong phú đáng kể của sợi. Phân tích micro-Raman xác định polyethylene và polypropylene là các loại polymer chủ yếu có mặt. Mặc dù WWTP đã chứng minh tỷ lệ loại bỏ tổng thể cao, ước tính có 1022,4 × 106 ± 244,8 × 106 MPs/ngày vẫn đang được xả ra cùng với nước thải vào Biển Marmara. Nhận thức được tác động tiềm tàng của MPs đối với hệ sinh thái biển, các biện pháp như việc giới thiệu các quy trình xử lý cấp ba đã được thực hiện nhằm giảm thiểu vấn đề này.
Từ khóa
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