Microorganism rhizosphere interactions and their impact on the bioremediation of saline soils: a review

The salinization process in agricultural soils is extensive and has a negative impact on ecosystems and economic activities. The effects and causes of salinity are multifactorial, which must be evaluated to value and propose alternatives for sustained and environmentally friendly recovery. This paper seeks to integrate updated and reliable information on biological research and evaluation methods where organisms are used to mobilize, metabolize or compartmentalize salts through bioremediation processes, for situations where anthropogenic activities contribute to accelerate the salinization processes in soils. It is emphasized in biological models where there are associations of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria with halotolerant plants. Also, plant physiology is explained during the saline stress period; mobility, physical and chemical properties of ions related to salinity. Projections of oxidation mechanisms and genetic expression as resistance strategies in cells of halotolerant plants are addressed. The biochemical, phylogenetic relationship of molecular analyzes in associations between microorganisms of different genera with vegetative species is exposed. In addition, the application of biotechnological tools as a rapid and specific identification strategy. Finally, it is pointed out how statistical models are accompanied by biological bioremediation models to relate and select the response variables that explain and verify the results in a reliable way. Therefore, it is shown that bioremediation of saline soils can be achieved through synergy processes between the rhizosphere and the diversification of the native microbiota.