Microcomputer-based programmed instruction in identity matching to sample for persons with severe disabilities
Tóm tắt
Three individuals with mental retardation, who had failed to learn identity matching to sample with standard fading and prompting procedures, were given microcomputer-based programmed instruction. The methods were based on an analysis of two features of typical identity matching procedures: (a) within each trial, the current sample stimulus must control comparison selection, and (b) across trials, specific comparison stimuli must function both as S+ and as S−, depending upon the sample presented (conditional discrimination). During the first phase of training, one-trial acquisition of discriminative stimulus control was established in a nonconditional discrimination context where the S+ or S− functions of specific stimuli did not change from trial to trial. After one-trial learning was established, conditional discrimination was programmed by gradually introducing reversals of S+/S− stimulus functions. All three participants learned to perform conditional identity matching. Avenues for further analysis of the prerequisites for conditional discrimination and continued development of programmed methods are discussed.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bricker, W. A., Heal, L. W., Bricker, D. D., Hayes, W. A., & Larsen, L. A. (1969). Discrimination learning and learning set with institutionalized retarded children.American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 74, 242–248.
Cumming, W. W., & Berryman, R. (1965). The complex discriminated operant: Studies of matching-to-sample and related problems. In D. I. Mostofsky (Ed.),Stimulus generalization (pp. 284–330). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
D'Amato, M. R., & Colombo, M. (1989). On the limits of the matching concept in monkeys (Cebus apella).Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 52, 225–236.
Dube, W. V., & McIlvane, W. J. (1989). Adapting a microcomputer for behavioral evaluation of mentally retarded individuals. In J. A. Mulick & R. F. Antonack (Eds.),Transitions in mental retardation (Vol. 4, pp. 104–127). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Dube, W. V., McIlvane, W. J., & Green, G. (in press). An analysis of generalized identity matching-to-sample test procedures.The Psychological Record.
Dube, W. V., McIlvane, W. J., Maguire, R. A., Mackay H. A., & Stoddard, L. T. (1989). Stimulus class formation and stimulus-reinforcer relations.Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 51, 65–76.
Heal, L. W., & Bransky, M. L. (1966). The comparison of matching-to-sample with discrimination learning in retardates.American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 71, 481–485.
Heal, L. W., Dickerson, D. J., & Mankinen, R. L. (1968). Solution of simultaneous, matching-to-sample, and successive discrimination problems by retardates.American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 71, 577–583.
Herman, L. M., & Arbeit, W. R., (1973). Stimulus control and auditory discrimination learning sets in the bottlenosed dolphin.Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 19, 379–394.
Herman, L. M., Hovancik, J. R., Gory, J. D., & Bradshaw, G. L. (1989). Generalization of visual matching by a bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): Evidence for invariance of cognitive performance with visual and auditory materials.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 15, 124–136.
House, B. J. (1964). The effect of distinctive responses on discrimination reversals in retardates.American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 69, 79–85.
House, B. J., & Zeaman, D. (1958). Reward and nonreward in the discrimination learning of imbeciles.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 51, 614–619.
Iversen, I. H., Sidman, M., & Carrigan, P. (1986). Stimulus definition in conditional discrimination.Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 45, 297–304.
Kaufman, M. E., & Gardner, W. I. (1969). Transfer of training of learning sets in mental defectives: I. Discrimination reversal.American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 73, 801–803.
Lancioni, G. E., & Smeets, P. M. (1986). Procedures and parameters of errorless discrimination training with developmentally impaired individuals. In N. R. Ellis & N. W. Bray (Eds.),International Review of Research in Mental Retardation (Vol. 14, pp. 135–164). New York: Academic Press.
Mackay, H. A. (1985). Stimulus equivalence in rudimentary reading and spelling.Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 5, 373–387.
McDonagh, E. C., McIlvane, W. J., & Stoddard, L. T. (1984). Teaching coin equivalences via matching to sample.Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 5, 177–197.
McIlvane, W. J., Dube, W. V., Kledaras, J. B., Iennaco, F. M., & Stoddard, L.T. (1990). Teaching relational discrimination to mentally retarded individuals: Some problems and possible solutions.American Journal on Mental Retardation, 95, 283–296.
McIlvane, W. J., Kledaras, J. B., Dube, W. V., lennaco, F. M., & Stoddard, L. T. (1988). Programmed reversal of differential consequence relations in moderately retarded individuals' conditional discrimination.Proceedings of the 21st Annual Gatlinburg Conference on Research and Theory in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 92.
Mishkin, M., & Delacour, J. (1975). An analysis of short-term visual memory in the monkey.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 1, 326–334.
Moss, E., & Harlow, H. F. (1947). The role of reward in discrimination learning in monkeys.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 40, 333–342.
Richmond, G., & Bell, J. (1986). Comparison of trial-and-error and graduated stimulus change procedures across tasks.Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 6, 127–136.
Rosenberger, P. B., Stoddard, L. T., & Sidman, M. (1972). Sample-matching techniques in the study of children's language. In R. L. Schiefelbusch (Ed.),Language of the mentally retarded (pp. 211–229). Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.
Schrier, A. M. (1966). Transfer by macaque monkeys between the learning-set and repeated reversal tasks.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 23, 787–792.
Schusterman, R. J. (1967). Attention shift and errorless reversal learning by the California sea lion.Science, 156, 833–835.
Sidman, M. (1971). Reading and auditory-visual equivalences.Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 14, 5–13.
Sidman, M. (1977). Teaching some basic prerequisites for reading. In P. Mittler (Ed.),Research to practice in mental retardation (Vol. 2, pp. 353–360). Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.
Sidman, M., & Stoddard, L. T. (1966). Programming perception and learning for retarded children. In N. R. Ellis (Ed.),International Review of Research in Mental Retardation (Vol. 2, pp. 151–208). New York: Academic Press.
Sidman, M., & Stoddard, L. T. (1967). The effectiveness of fading in programming a simultaneous form discrimination for retarded children.Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 10, 3–15.
Singh, N. N., & Singh, J. (1986). Reading acquisition and remediation in the mentally retarded. In N. R. Ellis & N. W. Bray (Eds.),International Review of Research in Mental Retardation (Vol. 14, pp. 165–199). New York: Academic Press.
Tawney, J. W. (1972). Training letter discrimination in four-year-old children.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 5, 455–465.
Touchette, P. E. (1971). Transfer of stimulus control: Measuring the moment of transfer.Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 15, 347–354.
Weinstein, B. (1941). Matching-from-sample by rhesus monkeys and by children.Journal of Comparative Psychology, 31, 195–213.
Wright, A. A., Cook, R. G., Rivera, J. J., Sands, S. F., & Delius, J. D. (1988). Concept learning by pigeons: Matching-to-sample with trial-unique video picture stimuli.Animal Learning and Behavior, 16, 436–444.
Wright, A. A., Urcuioli, P. J., & Sands, S. F. (1986). Proactive interference in animal memory. In D. F. Kendrick, M. E. Rilling, and M. R. Denny (Eds.),Theories of animal memory (pp. 101–125). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.