Microbial alkaline proteases

International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Enzyme Nomenclature. New York: Academic Press, 1992. Govardhan, 1995, Extremozymes for industry—from nature and by design, Chem Ind, September, 689 Robertson, 1996, The discovery of new biocatalysts from microbial diversity, SIM News, 46, 3 Hodgson, 1994, The changing bulk biocatalyst market, Biotechnol, 12, 789, 10.1038/nbt0894-789 Horikoshi, 1996, Alkaliphiles—from an industrial point of view, FEMS Microbiol Rev, 18, 259, 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1996.tb00242.x Krulwich, 1983, Physiology of acidophilic and alkalophilic bacteria, Adv Microb Physiol, 24, 173, 10.1016/S0065-2911(08)60386-0 Krulwich, 1990, pH homeostasis and bioenergetic work in alkalophiles, FEMS Microbiol Rev, 75, 271, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04100.x Krulwich, 1986, Bioenergetics of alkalophilic bacteria, J Membrane Biol, 89, 113, 10.1007/BF01869707 Krulwich, 1989, Alkalophilic bacteria, Ann Rev Microbiol, 43, 435, 10.1146/annurev.mi.43.100189.002251 Kumar CG, Tiwari MP, Jany KD. Screening and isolation of alkaline protease producers from soda soils of Karnal, India. Proceedings of First National Symposium on Extremophiles, March 20–21, 1997, Hamburg, Germany. (Abstract no. PE071), 1997. Grant, 1986, The alkaline saline environment, 22 Grant, 1990, Alkaliphiles, FEMS Microbiol Rev, 75, 255, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04099.x Langsworthy, 1978, Microbial life in extreme pH values, 318 Horikoshi, 1982 Durham, 1987, Utility of subtilisin GX as a detergent additive, J Appl Bacteriol, 63, 381 Gee, 1980, Properties of a new group of alkalophilic bacteria, J Gen Microbiol, 117, 9 Joshi, 1993, Extracellular alkaline enzymes of facultative bacteria of CaCO3 kilns near Jabalpur, Indian J Microbiol, 33, 179 Tindall, 1980, An alkalophilic red halophilic bacterium with a low magnesium requirement from a Kenyan soil lake, J Gen Microbiol, 116, 257 Tindall, 1984, Natronobacterium gen. nov. and Natronococcus gen. nov., two new genera of haloalkalophilic archaebacteria, Syst Appl Microbiol, 5, 41, 10.1016/S0723-2020(84)80050-8 Grant, 1988, Bacteria from alkaline, saline environments and their potential in biotechnology, J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 42, 291 Lodwick, 1991, Nucleotide sequence of the 16s ribosomal RNA gene from the haloalkalophilic archaeon (archaebacterium) Natronobacterium magadii and the phylogeny of halobacteria, Syst Appl Microbiol, 14, 352, 10.1016/S0723-2020(11)80309-7 Kostrikina, 1991, Ultrastructural organization of the extremely haloalkalophilic archaebacteria Natronobacterium pharaonis and Natronococcus ocultus., Microbiol, 59, 710 Grant WD, Tindall BJ. The isolation of alkalophilic bacteria. In: Gould GW, Corry JCL, editors. Microbial Growth and Survival in Extremes of Environments. London, New York: Academic Press, 1980. 27–36. Vedder, 1934, Bacillus alcalophilus n. sp.; benevens enkele ervaringen met sterk alcalische voedingsbodems, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J Microbiol Serol, 1, 143, 10.1007/BF02543931 Aunstrup K, Outtrup H, Andersen O, Damnmann C. Proteases from alkalophilic Bacillus species. In: Terui G, editor. Fermentation Technology Today. Osaka. Society of Fermentation Technology of Japan. 1972. pp. 299–305. Nakamura, 1993, Purification and some properties of an alkaline xylanase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain 41M-1, Appl Environ Microbiol, 59, 2311, 10.1128/AEM.59.7.2311-2316.1993 Kitamoto N, Kimura T, Kito Y, Ohmiya K. Cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Bacillus sp. KL201. J Ferment Bioeng 1992;74:345–51. Yan, 1995, Purification and characterization of a β-cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp, Biotechnol Techniques, 9, 215, 10.1007/BF00157081 Jones BE, Grant WD, Collins ND, Mwatha WE. Alkaliphiles: diversity and identification. In: Priest FG, Ramos-Cormenzana A, Tindall B, editors. Bacterial Diversity and Systematics, New York: Plenum Press, 1994. pp. 195–230. Grant, 1979, An alkalophilic species of Ectothiorhodospira from a Kenyan soda lake, J Gen Microbiol, 110, 137, 10.1099/00221287-110-1-137 Souza, 1974, Growth and reproduction of microorganisms under extremely alkaline conditions, Appl Microbiol, 28, 1066, 10.1128/AEM.28.6.1066-1068.1974 Kitada, 1987, Biochemical properties of a thermophilic alkalophile, Agric Biol Chem, 51, 2429 Lin, 1984, Gelrite as a gelling agent in media for growth of thermophilic microorganisms, Appl Environ Microbiol, 47, 427, 10.1128/AEM.47.2.427-429.1984 Deming, 1986, Solid medium for culturing Black Smoker bacteria at temperatures to 120°C, Appl Environ Microbiol, 51, 238, 10.1128/AEM.51.2.238-243.1986 Ishii, 1987, Colony formation of Hydrogenobacter thermophilus on a plate solidified with Gelrite., Agric Biol Chem, 51, 3139 D'souza, 1997, Isolation of thermophilic bacteria using bacteriological grade agar at temperatures above 80°C, BioTechniques, 22, 1078, 10.2144/97226bm14 Mao, 1992, High production of alkaline protease by Bacillus licheniformis in a fed-batch fermentation using a synthetic medium, J Ind Microbiol, 11, 1, 10.1007/BF01583724 Nasuno, 1971, Hyperproduction of proteinase and some hydrolytic enzymes by mutants of Aspergillus sojae., Agric Biol Chem, 35, 829, 10.1080/00021369.1971.10860007 Horikoshi, 1971, Production of alkaline enzymes by alkalophilic microorganisms. Part I. Alkaline protease produced by Bacillus No. 221, Agric Biol Chem, 35, 1407 Sen, 1993, Optimization of alkaline protease production by thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis S-40, Ind J Microbiol, 33, 43 Srinivasan, 1983, High activity alkaline protease production by a Conidiobolus sp, Biotechnol Lett, 5, 285, 10.1007/BF01141126 Fujiwara, 1987, Production of alkaline protease in a low-cost medium by alkalophilic Bacillus sp. and properties of the enzyme, J Ferment Technol, 65, 345, 10.1016/0385-6380(87)90098-7 Matsubara, 1971 Pedersen KB, Christiansen M, Lindegaard P. Novel proteases. PCT Patent Appl WO 9218622. 1992. Tobe, 1976, Production and some enzymatic properties of alkaline proteinase of Candida lipolytica., Agric Biol Chem, 40, 1087 Ogrydziak, 1993, Yeast extracellular proteases, Crit Rev Biotechnol, 13, 1, 10.3109/07388559309069197 Donaghy, 1993, Production and properties of an alkaline protease by Aureobasidium pullulans., J Appl Bacteriol, 74, 662, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb05200.x Mikami, 1986, Alkalophilic actinomycetes, Actinomycetes, 19, 76 Mizusawa, 1964, Studies on the proteolytic enzymes of thermophilic Streptomyces. I. Purification and some properties, Agric Biol Chem, 28, 884 Mizusawa, 1966, Studies on the proteolytic enzymes of thermophilic Streptomyces. II. Identification of the organism and some conditions of protease formation, Agric Biol Chem, 30, 35 Su YC, Pan TM. Alkaline protease produced by Streptomyces griseus. Chung Kuo Nunh Yeh Nua Hsueh Hui Chih (Special Issue) 1972; 33–44. Nakanishi, 1974, Purification and some properties of an alkalophilic proteinase of a Streptomyces species, Agric Biol Chem, 38, 37, 10.1080/00021369.1974.10861111 Kumar CG, Tiwari MP. Certain cultural characteristics of alkaline protease producing actinomycetes. Proceedings of Micon International-94, November 9–12, 1994, Mysore, India, (Abstract no. IMB-92), 1994. pp. 93–94. Chandrasekaran, 1983, A low cost method for the production of extracellular alkaline proteinase using tapioca starch, J Ferment Technol, 61, 511 Yum, 1994, Purification and characterization of alkaline serine protease from an alkalophilic Streptomyces sp, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 58, 470, 10.1271/bbb.58.470 Chaphalkar, 1994, Some aspects of production of extracellular protease from Streptomyces diastaticus., J Microb Biotechnol, 9, 85 Chaphalkar, 1998, Thermostable alkaline metalloprotease from newly isolated alkalophilic Streptomyces diastaticus strain SS1, Indian J Biochem Biophys, 35, 34 El-Shanshoury, 1995, Purification and partial characterization of two extracellular alkaline proteases from Streptomyces corchorusii ST36, Can J Microbiol, 41, 99, 10.1139/m95-013 Böckle, 1995, Characterization of a keratinolytic serine proteinase from Streptomyces pactum DSM 40530, Appl Environ Microbiol, 61, 3705, 10.1128/AEM.61.10.3705-3710.1995 Liu CL, Beck CM, Strobel RJ, Overholt JM. Low-temperature active alkaline protease from Nocardiopsis dassonvillei and its preparation. PCT Patent Appl WO 8803947. 1988. Tsujibo, 1990, Purification and characterization of two types of alkaline serine proteases produced by an alkalophilic actinomycete, J Appl Bacteriol, 69, 520, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01544.x Kim, 1993, Properties of alkaline protease isolated from Nocardiopsis dassonvillei., Korean Biochem J, 26, 81 Tamai, 1994, Purification and characterization of an alkaline protease from Oerskovia xanthineolytica TK-1, J Ferment Bioeng, 77, 554, 10.1016/0922-338X(94)90128-7 Morihara, 1963, Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteinase. 1. Purification and general properties, Biochem Biophys Acta, 73, 113, 10.1016/0926-6569(63)90114-7 Kobayashi, 1985, Purification and some properties of alkaline proteinase produced by Pseudomonas maltophila., Agric Biol Chem, 49, 693, 10.1080/00021369.1985.10866798 Chakraborty, 1993, Production of a thermostable alkaline protease by a new Pseudomonas sp. by solid substrate fermentation, J Microb Biotechnol, 8, 7 Debette, 1991, Isolation and characterization of an extracellular proteinase produced by a soil strain of Xanthomonas maltophila., Curr Microbiol, 22, 85, 10.1007/BF02105381 Deane, 1987, Production and activation of a SDS-resistant alkaline serine exoprotease of Vibrio alginolyticus., J Gen Microbiol, 133, 391 Kwon, 1994, Extracellular alkaline protease from alkalophilic Vibrio metschnikovii strain RH530, Biotechnol Lett, 16, 413, 10.1007/BF00245062 Steele, 1992, Production of a low molecular weight, alkaline active, thermostable protease by a novel spiral-shaped bacterium, Kurthia spiroforme sp. nov, Enzyme Microb Technol, 14, 358, 10.1016/0141-0229(92)90003-7 Greene, 1989, A novel, symbiotic bacterium isolated from marine shipworm secretes proteolytic activity, Curr Microbiol, 19, 353, 10.1007/BF01570881 Ahan, 1990, Production of protease by the extreme halophile, Halobacterium sp, J Korean Agric Chem Soc, 33, 247 Ryu, 1994, Catalytic properties and potential of an extracellular protease from an extreme halophile, Enzyme Microb Technol, 16, 266, 10.1016/0141-0229(94)90165-1 Kim, 1991, Production of alkaline proteinase by the moderate halophile, Halomonas sp. ES10, J Korean Agric Chem Soc, 34, 307 Kim, 1992, Characteristics of the alkaline proteinase from the moderate halophile, Halomonas sp. ES10, J Korean Agric Chem Soc, 35, 237 Margesin, 1994, Properties of cold-adapted microorganisms and their potential role in biotechnology, J Biotechnol, 33, 1, 10.1016/0168-1656(94)90093-0 Margesin, 1992, Purification and characterization of an alkaline protease produced by a psychrotropic Bacillus sp, J Biotechnol, 24, 203, 10.1016/0168-1656(92)90124-R Fujiwara, 1991, Utilization of a thermostable alkaline protease from an alkalophilic thermophile for the recovery of silver from used X-ray film, J Ferment Bioeng, 72, 306, 10.1016/0922-338X(91)90170-L Rahman, 1994, Purification and characterization of a heat-stable alkaline protease from Bacillus stearothermophilus F1, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 40, 822, 10.1007/BF00173982 Durham, 1987, Novel alkaline and heat-stable serine proteases from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain GX6638, J Bacteriol, 169, 2762, 10.1128/jb.169.6.2762-2768.1987 Takami, 1989, Production of extremely thermostable alkaline protease from Bacillus sp. no. AH-101, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 30, 120, 10.1007/BF00263997 Moon, 1991, A parametric study of protease production in batch and fed-batch cultures of Bacillus firmus., Biotechnol Bioeng, 37, 467, 10.1002/bit.260370509 Aunstrup, 1980, Proteinases, 50 Glazer, 1995, Microbial enzymes, 24 Aunstrup K. Industrial production of proteolytic enzymes. In: Spencer B, editor. Industrial Aspects of Biochemistry. Amsterdam: Federation of European Biochemical Sciences Symposium, North Holland-American Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1974. pp. 23–46. Shah, 1986, Isolation of Bacillus licheniformis mutants for stable production profiles of alkaline protease, Biotechnol Lett, 8, 103, 10.1007/BF01048465 Ito, 1991, Enhanced production of extracellular enzymes by mutants of Bacillus that has acquired resistance to vancomycin and ristocetin, Agric Biol Chem, 55, 2387 Zamost, 1990, Production and characterization of a thermostable protease produced by an asporogenous mutant of Bacillus stearothermophilus., J Ind Microbiol, 5, 303, 10.1007/BF01578205 Ikemura, 1987, Requirement of pre-sequence for the production of active subtilisin E in Escherichia coli., J Biol Chem, 262, 7859, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)47646-6 Takagi, 1988, Control of folding of proteins secreted by a high expression secretion vector, pIN-III-omp A, Biotechnol, 6, 948 Takagi, 1988, Mutant subtilisin E with enhanced protease activity obtained by site-directed mutagenesis, J Biol Chem, 263, 19592, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)77677-7 Takami, 1992, Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence and expression of the structural gene for a thermostable alkaline protease from Bacillus sp. AH-101, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 38, 101, 10.1007/BF00169427 Aehle, 1993, Rational protein engineering and industrial application, J Biotechnol, 28, 31, 10.1016/0168-1656(93)90123-5 Tsuchiya, 1997, Cloning and expression of an intracellular alkaline protease gene from alkalophilic Thermoactinomyces sp. HS682, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 612, 298, 10.1271/bbb.61.298 Takagi, 1993, Protein engineering on subtilisin, Int J Biochem, 25, 307, 10.1016/0020-711X(93)90617-N Malathi, 1991, Production of alkaline protease by a new Aspergillus flavus isolate under solid-substrate fermentation conditions for use as a depilation agent, Appl Environ Microbiol, 57, 712, 10.1128/AEM.57.3.712-716.1991 George, 1995, Production of protease by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in solid-state fermentation and its application in the unhairing of hides and skins, Process Biochem, 30, 457, 10.1016/0032-9592(94)00034-4 Aunstrup K, Andersen O. Enzyme products. US Patent No. 3827933. 1974. Kole, 1988, Production of protease by Bacillus subtilis using simultaneous control of glucose and ammonium concentrations, J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 41, 197, 10.1002/jctb.280410305 Cruegar, 1984 Frankena, 1986, Effect of different limitations in chemostat cultures on growth and production of exocellular protease by Bacillus licheniformis., Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 24, 106 Giesecke, 1991, Production of alkaline protease with Bacillus licheniformis in a controlled fed-batch process, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 35, 720, 10.1007/BF00169884 Nehete, 1986, Isolation of a high yielding alkaline protease variant of Bacillus licheniformis., Enzyme Microb Technol, 8, 370, 10.1016/0141-0229(86)90138-9 Sinha, 1991, Alkaline protease production by thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis., Indian J Microbiol, 31, 425 Banerjee, 1992, Optimisation of multiple inducers effect on protease biosynthesis by Rhizopus oryzae., Bioprocess Eng, 7, 225, 10.1007/BF00369550 Phadatare, 1993, High activity alkaline protease from Conidiobolus coronatus (NCL 86.8.20), Enzyme Microb Technol, 15, 72, 10.1016/0141-0229(93)90119-M Tsai, 1988, Production and characterization of an alkaline elastase produced by alkalophilic Bacillus strain Ya-B, Appl Environ Microbiol, 54, 3156, 10.1128/AEM.54.12.3156-3161.1988 Cheng, 1995, Production and characterization of keratinase of a feather-degrading Bacillus licheniformis., Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 59, 2239, 10.1271/bbb.59.2239 Takagi, 1995, Improved production and recovery of alkaline elastase from alkalophilic Bacillus strain by a change of medium composition, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 59, 1591, 10.1271/bbb.59.1591 Ong, 1976, Production, purification and characterization of thermomycolase, the extracellular serine protease of the thermophilic fungus Malbranchea pulchella var. sulfurea, Can J Microbiol., 22, 165, 10.1139/m76-023 Ikura, 1987, Effect of amino compounds on alkaline amylase production by alkaliphilic Bacillus sp, J Ferment Technol, 65, 707, 10.1016/0385-6380(87)90015-X Hanlon, 1982, The influence of glucose, ammonium and magnesium availability on the production of protease and bacitracin by Bacillus licheniformis., J Gen Microbiol, 128, 845 Frankena, 1985, A continuous culture study of the exocellular protease in Bacillus licheniformis, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 22, 169, 10.1007/BF00253604 Tsuchiya, 1991, Production of thermostable alkaline protease by alkalophilic Thermoactinomyces sp. HS682, Agric Biol Chem, 55, 3125 McKay, 1992, Production of an alkaline protease by Fusarium graminearum grown on whey, Milchwissenschaft, 47, 147 Gusek, 1988, Influence of carbon source on production of a heat-stable protease from Thermomonospora fusca YX, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 28, 80, 10.1007/BF00250503 Ikeda, 1974, Production of alkaline protease from acetic acid, Agric Biol Chem, 38, 2317 Kitada, 1976, Alkaline protease production from methyl acetate by alkalophilic Bacillus sp, J Ferment Technol, 54, 383 Takii, 1990, Alkaline serine protease produced from citric acid by Bacillus alcalophilus subsp. halodurans KP1239, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 34, 57, 10.1007/BF00170924 Kumar CG, Malik RK, Tiwari MP, Jany KD. High activity alkaline protease from an alkalophilic Bacillus isolate. Proceedings of Eighth European Congress on Biotechnology, August 17–21, 1997, Budapest, Hungary, (Abstract no. MO2317), 1997. p. 37. Nakao, 1973, Production of alkaline protease from n-paraffins by a kabacidin-resistant mutant strain of Fusarium sp, Agric Biol Chem, 37, 1223, 10.1080/00021369.1973.10860823 Banerjee, 1992, Extracellular alkaline protease of a newly isolated Rhizopus oryzae., Biotechnol Lett, 14, 301, 10.1007/BF01022328 Hübner, 1993, Production of alkaline serine protease subtilisin Carlsberg by Bacillus licheniformis on complex medium in a stirred tank reactor, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 40, 182, 10.1007/BF00170363 Moon, 1993, Some observations on protease production in continuous suspension cultures of Bacillus firmus., Biotechnol Bioeng, 41, 43, 10.1002/bit.260410107 Heineken, 1972, Continuous culture studies on the biosynthesis of alkaline protease and amylase by Bacillus subtilis NRRL-B3411, J Gen Microbiol, 73, 35, 10.1099/00221287-73-1-35 Chu, 1992, Production and degradation of alkaline protease in batch cultures of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 14416, Enzyme Microb Technol, 14, 755, 10.1016/0141-0229(92)90116-6 Chaloupka, 1985, Temperature as a factor regulating the synthesis of microbial enzymes, Microbiol Sci, 2, 86 Michalik, 1995, The selection of Bacillus licheniformis strains for protease production, Biologia, 50, 249 Priest, 1977, Extracellular enzyme synthesis in the genus Bacillus., Bacteriol Rev, 41, 711, 10.1128/BR.41.3.711-753.1977 Strauch, 1993, Transition-state regulators, Molecular Microbiol, 7, 337, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01125.x Uehara, 1974, Regulation of neutral protease productivity in Bacillus subtilis, J Bacteriol, 119, 82, 10.1128/JB.119.1.82-91.1974 Power SD, Adams RM. In: Ganesain A, Hoch J, editors. Bacillus: Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Applications. New York: Academic Press, 1986. pp. 101–8. Dhandapani, 1993, Modelling the effect of light on growth and protease production of Bacillus licheniformis strain AP-4, J Microb Biotechnol, 8, 68 Dumusois C, Priest FG Extracellular serine protease synthesis by mosquito-pathogenic strains of Bacillus sphaericus. J Appl Bacteriol 1993;75:416–19. Manachini, 1988, Thermostable alkaline protease produced by Bacillus thermoruber—a new species of Bacillus., Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 28, 409, 10.1007/BF00268205 Ferrero, 1996, Thermostable alkaline proteases of Bacillus licheniformis MIR 29, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 45, 327, 10.1007/s002530050691 Kumar CG. Ph.D. thesis. National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University), Karnal, India. Studies on microbial alkaline proteases for use in dairy detergents. 1997. Zaborsky, 1974 Brodelius, 1978, Industrial applications of immobilized biocatalysts, Adv Biochem Eng, 10, 75, 10.1007/BFb0004472 Kokubu, 1981, Protease production by immobilized mycelium of Streptomyces fradiae., Biotechnol Bioeng, 23, 29, 10.1002/bit.260230104 Sutar, 1986, Production of alkaline protease by immobilized mycelium of Conidiobolus, Enzyme Microb Technol, 8, 632, 10.1016/0141-0229(86)90125-0 Ozawa S, Amada K, Sato K, Kobayashi T, Nagamune T, Endo I. Production of alkaline protease by the novel solid-state fermentation system using urethane foam as carriers. In: Furusaki S, Endo I, Matsuno R, editors. Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Biochemical Engineering Conference 1992. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag. pp. 405–8. Ozawa, 1996, Repeated batch production of alkaline protease by solid-state fermentation using urethane foam as carriers, Bioprocess Eng, 14, 63, 10.1007/BF00387959 Landau, 1992, Immobilization of Bacillus firmus cells in cellulose triacetate fibres and films and their use in proteinase biosynthesis, Appl Biochem Microbiol, 28, 84 Sreenivasulu, 1985, Effect of immobilization on the stability and characteristics of alkaline proteinase, Leather Sci, 32, 75 Gusek, 1990, Immobilization of the serine protease from Thermomonospora fusca YX on porous glass, Biotechnol Bioeng, 36, 411, 10.1002/bit.260360412 Wilson, 1994, Immobilization of a proteinase from the extremely thermophilic organism Thermus Rt41A, Biotechnol Bioeng, 43, 225, 10.1002/bit.260430306 Parrado, 1995, Immobilization-stabilization of Kerase, a serine protease from Streptomyces fradiae, by covalent attachment to porous glass, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 59, 906, 10.1271/bbb.59.906 Lin, 1996, Hydrolysis of feather keratin by immobilized keratinase, Appl Environ Microbiol, 62, 4273, 10.1128/AEM.62.11.4273-4275.1996 Chellapandian, 1994, Immobilization of alkaline protease on nylon, Bioprocess Eng, 11, 17, 10.1007/BF00369610 Chellapandian, 1992, Immobilization of microbial protease on vermiculite, Bioprocess Eng, 8, 33, 10.1007/BF00369261 Chellapandian, 1998, Preparation and characterization of alkaline protease immobilized on vermiculite, Process Biochem, 33, 169, 10.1016/S0032-9592(97)00043-5 Means, 1971 Feeney, 1986 Srokova, 1993, Study of the photochemical immobilization of alkaline proteinase and chymotrypsin on the solid phase of O-Hydroxyethylcellulose, Zentralbl Mikrobiol, 148, 247, 10.1016/S0232-4393(11)80100-9 Trevan, 1980, Effect of immobilization on enzyme activity, 11 Kennedy, 1987, Enzyme immobilization, 347 Mukhopadhyay, 1990, Treatment and clarification of fermented broth in bacterial enzyme production, Biotechnol Techniques, 4, 121, 10.1007/BF00163285 Tsai, 1983, A new alkaline elastase of an alkalophilic Bacillus., Biochem Int, 7, 577 Boyer EW, Byng GS. Bacillus proteolyticus species which produce an alkaline protease. US Patent No. 5518917. 1996. Bautista, 1986, Cell removal from fermentation broth by flocculation-sedimentation, Biotechnol Lett, 8, 315, 10.1007/BF01040856 Sitkey, 1992, Recovery of an alkaline proteinase from fermentation broth using flocculation for cell removal, Biotechnol Techniques, 6, 49, 10.1007/BF02438687 Tsuchida, 1986, An alkaline proteinase of an alkalophilic Bacillus sp, Curr Microbiol, 14, 7, 10.1007/BF01568094 Strathmann, 1990, The use of membranes in downstream processing, Food Biotechnol, 4, 253, 10.1080/08905439009549739 Bohdziewicz, 1994, Ultrafiltration preparation of pectinolytic enzymes from citric acid fermentation, Process Biochem, 29, 99, 10.1016/0032-9592(94)80002-2 Bohdziewicz, 1994, Ultrafiltration of technical proteolytic enzymes, Process Biochem, 29, 109, 10.1016/0032-9592(94)80003-0 Bohdziewicz, 1996, Ultrafiltration of technical amylolytic enzymes, Process Biochem, 31, 185, 10.1016/0032-9592(95)00047-X Sullivan, 1984, Applications of ultrafiltration in biotechnology, Chem Eng Prog, 80, 68 Peek, 1992, Purification and characterization of a thermostable proteinase isolated from Thermus sp. strain Rt41A, Eur J Biochem, 207, 1035, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17140.x Han, 1995, Concentrating alkaline protease, subtilisin, using a temperature-sensitive hydrogel, Biotechnol Lett, 17, 851, 10.1007/BF00129016 Bell, 1983, The formation of protein precipitates and their centrifugal recovery, Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol, 26, 1 Shih, 1992, Some characteristics of protein precipitation by salts, Biotechnol Bioeng, 40, 1155, 10.1002/bit.260401004 Kim, 1996, Purification and characterization of a fibrinolytic enzyme produced from Bacillus sp. strain CK 11-4 screened from Chungkook-Jang, Appl Environ Microbiol, 62, 2482, 10.1128/AEM.62.7.2482-2488.1996 Kumar, 1997, Purification and characterization of two alkaline proteases from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp, Zeitschrift für Ernährungs-Wissenschaft, 36, 48 Yamagata, 1995, Subtilisin Sendai from alkalophilic Bacillus sp., Enzyme Microb Technol, 17, 653, 10.1016/0141-0229(94)00109-5 Larcher, 1996, A 33 kDa serine proteinase from Scedosporium apiospermum., Biochem J, 315, 119, 10.1042/bj3150119 Fujiwara, 1993, Purification and properties of the highly thermostable alkaline protease from an alkaliphilic and thermophilic Bacillus sp, J Biotechnol, 30, 245, 10.1016/0168-1656(93)90117-6 Keay, 1970, Proteases of the genus Bacillus. I. Neutral proteases, Biotechnol Bioeng, 12, 179, 10.1002/bit.260120205 Kobayashi, 1996, Purification of alkaline proteases from a Bacillus strain and their possible interrelationship, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 45, 63, 10.1007/s002530050650 Lee, 1990, Production of alkaline protease by Bacillus licheniformis in an aqueous two-phase system, J Ferment Bioeng, 69, 89, 10.1016/0922-338X(90)90193-Z Sharma B, Khangarot P, Ahmed S. Alkaline protease from Bacillus alcalophilus. Proceedings of Micon International-94 9–12 November 1994, Mysore, India, (Abstract), pp. 88–89. Sinha, 1996, Partitioning of a Bacillus alkaline protease in aqueous two-phase systems, Bioresource Technol, 55, 163, 10.1016/0960-8524(95)00192-1 Hotha, 1997, Production of alkaline protease by Bacillus thuringiensis H14 in aqueous two-phase systems, J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 69, 5, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199705)69:1<5::AID-JCTB661>3.0.CO;2-I Rahaman, 1988, Recovery of an extracellular alkaline protease from whole fermentation broth using reversed micelles, Biotechnol Prog, 4, 218, 10.1002/btpr.5420040405 Pecs, 1991, Affinity precipitation of extracellular microbial enzymes, J Biotechnol, 21, 137, 10.1016/0168-1656(91)90266-X Banerjee, 1993, Purification of alkaline protease of Rhizopus oryzae by foam fractionation, Bioprocess Eng, 9, 245, 10.1007/BF01061529 Feder, 1978, Stabilization of proteolytic enzymes in solution, Biotechnol Bioeng, 20, 1865, 10.1002/bit.260201203 Schmid, 1979, Stabilized soluble enzymes, Adv Biochem Eng, 12, 41 Eilertson JH, Fog AD, Gibson K. Liquid proteinase concentrate and method for preparation. US Patent No. 4497897, 1985. Weijers, 1992, Enzyme stability in downstream processing. Part I, Biotechnol Adv, 10, 237, 10.1016/0734-9750(92)90004-S Shetty JK, Patel CP, Nicholson MA. Purified alkaline protease concentrate and method of preparation. European Patent Appl EP 0549048. 1993. Bryan, 1986, Proteases of enhanced stability, Proteins: Struct Funct Gen, 1, 326, 10.1002/prot.340010406 Cunningham, 1987, Improvement in the alkaline stability of subtilisin using an efficient random mutagenesis and screening procedure, Protein Eng, 1, 319, 10.1093/protein/1.4.319 Pantaliano, 1987, Protein engineering of subtilisin BPN′, Biochem, 26, 2077 Erwin, 1990, Effects of engineered salt bridges on the stability of subtilisin BPN′, Protein Eng, 4, 87, 10.1093/protein/4.1.87 Mitchinson, 1989, Protein engineering of disulfide bonds in subtilisin BPN ′, Biochemistry, 28, 4809, 10.1021/bi00437a043 Takagi, 1990, Enhancement of the thermostability of subtilisin E by the introduction of a disulfide bond engineered on the basis of a structural comparison with a thermophilic serine protease, J Biol Chem, 265, 6874, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)39230-0 Estell, 1985, Engineering an enzyme by site-directed mutagenesis to be resistant to chemical oxidation, J Biol Chem, 260, 6518, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)88811-1 Braxton, 1991, The importance of a distal hydrogen bonding group in stabilizing the transition state in subtilisin BPN′, J Biol Chem, 226, 11797, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)99027-7 Imanaka, 1986, A new way of enhancing the thermostability of proteases, Nature, 324, 695, 10.1038/324695a0 Pantaliano, 1988, The engineering of binding affinity at metal ion binding sites for the stabilization of proteins, Biochem, 27, 8311, 10.1021/bi00422a004 Pantaliano, 1989, Large increase in general stability for subtilisin BPN′ through incremental changes in the free energy of unfolding, Biochem, 28, 7205, 10.1021/bi00444a012 Mattews, 1987, Enhanced protein thermostability from site-directed mutations that decrease the entropy of unfolding, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 84, 6663, 10.1073/pnas.84.19.6663 Takagi, 1992, The effect of amino acid delection in subtilisin E based on structural comparison with a microbial alkaline elastase, on its structural specificity and catalysis, J Biochem, 111, 584, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a123801 von der Osten, 1993, Protein engineering of subtilisins to improve stability in detergent formulations, J Biotechnol, 28, 55, 10.1016/0168-1656(93)90125-7 Takagi, 1996, Restriction of substrate specificity of subtilisin E by introduction of a side chain into a conserved glycine residue, FEBS Lett, 395, 127, 10.1016/0014-5793(96)01014-9 Takagi, 1997, Construction of novel subtilisin E with high specificity, activity and productivity through multiple amino acid substitutions, Protein Eng, 10, 985, 10.1093/protein/10.9.985 Tobe, 1975, Purification and some properties of alkaline proteinases from Bacillus sp, Agric Biol Chem, 39, 1749 Takami, 1990, Characterization of an alkaline protease from Bacillus sp. no. AH-101, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 33, 519, 10.1007/BF00172544 Kobayashi, 1995, Purification and properties of an alkaline protease from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. KSM-K16, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 43, 473, 10.1007/BF00218452 Fogarty, 1974, Enzymes of Bacillus species—Part 2, Process Biochem, 9, 27 Freeman, 1993, Characterization of a chelator-resistant proteinase from Thermus strain Rt4A2, Biochem J, 295, 463, 10.1042/bj2950463 Samal, 1991, Isolation and thermal stability of two novel serine proteinases from the fungus Tritirachium album Limber, Enzyme Microb Technol, 13, 66, 10.1016/0141-0229(91)90190-L Zuidweg, 1972, Proteolytic components of alkaline proteases of Bacillus strains. Zymograms and electrophoretic isolation, Biotechnol Bioeng, 14, 685, 10.1002/bit.260140502 Paliwal, 1994, Cation-induced thermal stability of an alkaline protease from a Bacillus sp, Bioresource Technol, 50, 209, 10.1016/0960-8524(94)90091-4 Pan, 1991, Fermentative production of alkaline protease as detergent additive, J Chinese Biochem Soc, 20, 49 Bajorath, 1988, The enzymatic activity of proteinase K is controlled by calcium, Eur J Biochem, 176, 441, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14301.x Sigma, 1975, Chemical studies of enzyme active sites, Ann Rev Biochem, 44, 889, 10.1146/annurev.bi.44.070175.004325 Shimogaki, 1991, Purification and properties of a novel surface-active agent and alkaline-resistant protease from Bacillus sp, Y. Agric Biol Chem, 55, 2251 Vallee, 1972, Biochemical effects of mercury, cadmium and lead, Ann Rev Biochem, 41, 91, 10.1146/annurev.bi.41.070172.000515 Gold, 1964, Sulfonyl fluorides as inhibitors of esterases. II. Formation and reactions of phenylmethanesulfonyl alpha-chymotrypsin, Biochem, 3, 783, 10.1021/bi00894a009 Morihara, 1974, Comparative specificity of microbial proteinases, Adv Enzymol, 41, 179 Dhandapani, 1994, Production of a thermophilic extracellular alkaline protease by Bacillus stearothermophilus AP-4, World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 10, 33, 10.1007/BF00357559 Shevchenko, 1995, Elastolytic activity of a marine isolate of Bacillus pumilus., Mikrobiologia, 64, 642 Matsuzawa, 1988, Purification and characterization of aqualysin I (thermophilic alkaline serine protease) produced by Thermus aquaticus YT-1, Eur J Biochem, 171, 441, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13809.x Tsai, 1988, Specificity of alkaline elastase Bacillus on the oxidized insulin A- and B-chains, J Biochem, 104, 416, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122482 Tsuchiya, 1993, Substrate specificity of alkaline proteases from Cephalosporium sp. KSM388, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 57, 1803, 10.1271/bbb.57.1803 Tsai, 1984, Substrate specificity of a new alkaline elastase from an alkalophilic Bacillus., Biochem Int, 8, 283 Tsai, 1986, Characterization of an alkaline elastase from alkalophilic Bacillus Ya-B, Biochim Biophys Acta, 883, 439, 10.1016/0304-4165(86)90282-5 Nickerson, 1963, Keratinase I. Properties of the enzyme conjugate elaborated by Streptomyces fradiae, Biochim Biophys Acta, 77, 73, 10.1016/0006-3002(63)90470-0 Lin, 1992, Purification and characterization of a keratinase from a feather-degrading Bacillus licheniformis strain, Appl Environ Microbiol, 58, 3271, 10.1128/AEM.58.10.3271-3275.1992 Takami, 1992, Degradation of human hair by a thermostable alkaline protease by alkalophilic Bacillus sp. AH-101, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 56, 1667, 10.1271/bbb.56.1667 Sinha, 1991, Two new extracellular serine proteinases from Streptomyces fradiae., Int J Biochem, 23, 979, 10.1016/0020-711X(91)90133-8 Ward, 1985, Proteolytic enzymes, 709 Masse, 1983, The benefit of detergent enzymes under changing washing conditions, J Am Oil Chem Soc, 60, 1672, 10.1007/BF02662431 Nielsen, 1981, Enzymes for low temperature washing, J Am Oil Chem Soc, 58, 644, 10.1007/BF02672384 Bhosale, 1995, Thermostability of high-activity alkaline protease from Conidiobolus coronatus (NCL 86.8.20), Enzyme Microb Technol, 17, 136, 10.1016/0141-0229(94)00045-S Jany, 1985, Proteinase K from Tritirachium album Limber I. Molecular mass and sequence around the active site serine residue, Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler, 366, 485, 10.1515/bchm3.1985.366.1.485 Glover FA. Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis for the Dairy Industry, Technical Bulletin, The National Institute for Research in Dairying (Reading), 1985. Cheryan, 1986 Coolbear, 1992, Laboratory-scale investigations into the use of extremely thermophilic proteinases for cleaning ultrafiltration membranes fouled during whey processing, J Membrane Sci, 67, 93, 10.1016/0376-7388(92)87043-W Greene, 1996, Utility of alkaline protease from marine shipworm bacterium in industrial cleaning applications, Biotechnol Lett, 18, 759, 10.1007/BF00127884 Taylor, 1987, A review of the use of enzymes in the tannery, J Am Leather Chem Assoc, 82, 153 Mukhopadhyay, 1993, Protease of a keratinolytic Streptomycete to unhair goat skin, Indian J Exp Biol, 31, 557 Hameed, 1996, Production of alkaline protease by a new Bacillus subtilis isolate for use as a bating enzyme in leather treatment, World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 12, 289, 10.1007/BF00360930 Varela, 1997, Skin unhairing proteases of Bacillus subtilis, Biotechnol Lett, 19, 755, 10.1023/A:1018384025181 Fujiwara, 1987, Decomposition of gelatin layers on X-ray films by the alkaline protease from Bacillus sp, Hakkokogaku, 65, 531 Gajju H, Bhalla TC, Agarwal HO. Utilization of thermostable alkaline protease from Bacillus coagulans PB-77 for silver recovery from used X-ray films. In: Proceedings of 37th Annual Conference of Association of Microbiologists of India, December 4–6, 1996, Chennai, India, (Abstract no. IM-4), pp. 79–79. Fujiwara, 1989, Continuous recovery of silver from used X-ray films using a proteolytic enzyme, Process Biochem, 24, 155 Ishikawa, 1993, Kinetics and mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis of gelatin layers of X-ray film and release of silver particles, J Ferment Bioeng, 76, 300, 10.1016/0922-338X(93)90198-H Barthomeuf, 1992, Collagenolytic activity of a new semi-alkaline protease from Aspergillus niger., J Ferment Bioeng, 73, 233, 10.1016/0922-338X(92)90168-T Kudrya, 1994, Alkaline serine proteinase and lectin isolation from the culture fluid of Bacillus subtilis., Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 41, 505, 10.1007/BF00178480 de Boer, 1991, On the safety of Bacillus subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 36, 1, 10.1007/BF00164689 Adler-Nissen, 1986 Nakamura, 1993, Enzymatic production of hypoallergenic peptides from casein, Milchwissenschaft, 48, 11 Gonzalez-Tello, 1994, Enzymatic hydrolysis of whey proteins, Biotechnol Bioeng, 44, 523, 10.1002/bit.260440415 Gonzalez-Tello, 1994, Enzymatic hydrolysis of whey proteins, Biotechnol Bioeng, 44, 529, 10.1002/bit.260440416 George, 1997, Production and separation of the methionine-rich fraction from chick pea protein hydrolysate generated by proteases of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Process Biochem, 32, 401, 10.1016/S0032-9592(96)00082-9 1989, Hypoallergenic infant formulas, Pediatrics, 83, 1068, 10.1542/peds.83.6.1068 Adamson, 1996, Characterization of casein phosphopeptides prepared using Alcalase, Enzyme Microb Technol, 18, 202, 10.1016/0141-0229(95)00232-4 Parrado, 1991, Production of soluble enzymatic protein hydrolysate from industrially defatted nondehulled sunflower meal, J Agric Food Chem, 39, 447, 10.1021/jf00003a004 Matsui, 1993, Inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme by Bacillus licheniformis alkaline protease hydrolysates derived from sardine muscle, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 57, 922, 10.1271/bbb.57.922 Takagi, 1992, Effects of an alkaline elastase from an alkalophilic Bacillus strain on the tenderization of beef meat, J Agric Food Chem, 40, 2364, 10.1021/jf00024a008 Wilson, 1992, The use of proteases from extreme thermophiles for meat tenderization, Meat Sci, 32, 93, 10.1016/0309-1740(92)90019-Z Bernholdt, 1975, Meat and other proteinaceous foods Warren SJ. Method of tenderising meat before slaughtering. European Patent Appl EP 0471470. 1992. O'Meara, 1984, Selection of a proteolytic enzyme to solubilize lean beef meat tissue, Enzyme Microb Technol, 6, 181, 10.1016/0141-0229(84)90028-0 O'Meara, 1984, Effects of reaction variables on the hydrolysis of lean beef tissue by Alcalase., Meat Sci, 11, 227, 10.1016/0309-1740(84)90039-1 Pedersen HH, Olsen HS, Nielsen PM. Method for production of a meat hydrolyzate and a use of the meat hydrolyzate. PCT Patent Appl WO01003. 1994. Shoemaker S. The use of enzymes for waste management in the food industry. In: Harlander SK, Labuza TP, editors. Biotechnology in Food Processing. Noyes Publications (Park Ridge, NJ), 1986. pp. 259–67. Shih JCH, Lee CG. Method and composition for maintaining animals on a keratin-containing diet. US Patent No., 5186971. 1993. Dalev, 1994, Utilisation of waste feathers from poultry slaughter for production of a protein concentrate, Bioresource Technol, 48, 265, 10.1016/0960-8524(94)90156-2 Dhar, 1984, Studies on the use of dehairing enzyme for its suitability in the preparation of improved animal feed, Leather Sci, 31, 261 Chandrasekaran, 1986, Utilization of a multiple proteinase concentrate to improve the nutritive value of chicken feather meal, J Leather Res, 4, 23 Böckle, 1997, Reduction of disulfide bonds by Streptomyces pactum during growth on chicken feather, Appl Environ Microbiol, 63, 790, 10.1128/AEM.63.2.790-792.1997 Kida, 1995, Enzymic hydrolysis of the horn and hoof of cow and buffalo, J Ferment Bioeng, 80, 478, 10.1016/0922-338X(96)80923-8 Mukhopadhyay, 1992, Application of a Streptomycete in the removal of waste keratinous materials, 595 Zaks, 1984, Enzymatic catalysis in organic media at 100°C, Science, 224, 1249, 10.1126/science.6729453 Wong, 1989, Enzymatic catalysts in organic synthesis, Science, 244, 1145, 10.1126/science.2658059 Zaks, 1991, Enzymes in organic solvents, 161 Chen, 1991, Stable industrial protease catalysed peptide bond formation in organic solvent, Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 1, 445, 10.1016/S0960-894X(01)81103-3 Nagashima, 1992, Peptide synthesis by proteases in organic solvents, Enzyme Microb Technol, 14, 842, 10.1016/0141-0229(92)90102-T Gololobov, 1994, Side reactions in enzymatic peptide synthesis in organic media, Enzyme Microb Technol, 16, 522, 10.1016/0141-0229(94)90024-8 Wilson, 1994, Peptide synthesis with a proteinase from the extremely thermophilic organism Thermus Rt41A, Biotechnol Bioeng, 44, 337, 10.1002/bit.260440311 Patil, 1991, Enzymatic synthesis of a sucrose-containing linear polyester in nearly anhydrous organic media, Biotechnol Bioeng, 37, 447, 10.1002/bit.260370706 Watanabe, 1995, Differential activities of a lipase and protease towards straight- and branched-chain acyl donors in transesterification to carbohydrates in an organic medium, Carbohydr Res, 275, 215, 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00151-I Chen, 1991, Kinetic resolution of N-protected amino acid esters in organic solvents catalysed by a stable industrial alkaline protease, Biotechnol Lett, 13, 773, 10.1007/BF01026757 Sutar, 1992, Production of an alkaline proteinase from Conidiobolus coronatus and its use to resolve DL-phenylalanine and DL-phenylglycine, World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 8, 254, 10.1007/BF01201873 Chiplonkar, 1985, Applications of alkaline protease from Conidiobolus in animal cell culture, Biotechnol Lett, 7, 665, 10.1007/BF01040206 El-Beih, 1991, Factors affecting the production of extracellular alkaline proteinase by two local isolates of B. amyloliquefaciens., Annals Agric Sci, Ain Shams University, 36, 363 Chislett, 1961, A strain of Bacillus circulans capable of growing under highly alkaline conditions, J Gen Microbiol, 24, 187, 10.1099/00221287-24-2-187 Gajju, 1996, Thermostable alkaline protease from thermophilic Bacillus coagulans PB-77, Indian J Microbiol, 36, 153 Itskovich, 1995, Biosynthesis of alkaline proteinase by Bacillus intermedius., Microbiol, 64, 530 Bettel, 1992, Crystal structure of the alkaline protease Savinase® from Bacillus lentus at 1.4 angstrom resolution, J Mol Biol, 223, 427, 10.1016/0022-2836(92)90662-4 Nehete, 1985, Profiles of alkaline protease production as a function of composition of the slant, age, transfer and isolate number and physiological state of culture, Biotechnol Lett, 7, 413, 10.1007/BF01166214 van Putten, 1995, On-line and off-line monitoring of the production of alkaline serine protease by Bacillus licheniformis., Anal Chimica Acta, 317, 247, 10.1016/0003-2670(95)00420-3 van Putten, 1996, Improvement of the production of subtilisin Carlsberg alkaline protease by Bacillus licheniformis by on-line process monitoring and control in a stirred tank reactor, J Biotechnol, 49, 83, 10.1016/0168-1656(96)01524-6 Xiubao, 1990, Studies on alkaline proteinase from alkalophilic Bacillus pumilus. I. Some properties and applications, Acta Microbiol Sinica, 30, 445 Vetter R, Wilke D, Moeller B, Lerch M, Muecke C. et al. Alkaline protease from Bacillus pumilus. European Patent Appl EP 0572992. 1993. Jasvir S, Vohra RM, Sahoo DK. Production of alkaline protease by Bacillus sphaericus. Proceedings of Micon International-94, 9–12 Nov., 1994, Mysore, India, 1994. p. 87. Dalev, 1990, An enzyme-alkaline hydrolysis of feather keratin for obtaining a protein concentrate for fodder, Biotechnol Lett, 12, 71, 10.1007/BF01028496 Kembhavi, 1993, Salt tolerance and thermostable alkaline protease from Bacillus subtilis NCIM No. 64, Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 38, 83, 10.1007/BF02916414 Tsuru, 1966, Studies on bacterial protease. Part XVI. Purification, crystallization and some properties of alkaline protease of Bacillus subtilis var. amylosacchariticus, Agric Biol Chem, 30, 1261 Lee, 1991, Production and purification of alkaline protease from Bacillus sp. CW-1121, J Korean Soc Food Nutr, 20, 388 Monod, 1991, Isolation and characterisation of an extracellular alkaline protease of Aspergillus fumigatus., J Medical Microbiol, 35, 23, 10.1099/00222615-35-1-23 Larcher, 1992, Purification and characterization of a fibrinogenolytic serine proteinase from Aspergillus fumigatus culture filtrate, FEBS Lett, 308, 65, 10.1016/0014-5793(92)81052-N Luisetti, 1991, Some properties of the alkaline proteinase from Aspergillus melleus., Int J Tissue React, 13, 187 Nakadai, 1973, Purification and properties of alkaline proteinase from Aspergillus oryzae., Agric Biol Chem, 37, 2685, 10.1080/00021369.1973.10861071 Murakami, 1991, Isolation and characterization of the alkaline protease gene of Aspergillus oryzae., Agric Biol Chem, 55, 2807 Murthy, 1993, Effect of the composition of conidial inoculum development agar media on promoting production of proteinase by Aspergillus oryzae CFTRI 1480 in solid state fermentation system, Chem Mikrobiol Technol Lebensm, 15, 179 Hayashi, 1967, Isolation of alkaline proteinase from Aspergillus sojae in homogeneous form, Agric Biol Chem, 31, 1237, 10.1080/00021369.1967.10858954 Danno, 1970, Crystallization and some properties of alkaline proteinase from Aspergillus sulphureus., Agric Biol Chem, 34, 264, 10.1080/00021369.1970.10859609 Danno, 1967, Studies on an alkaline proteinase of Aspergillus sydowi. Part I. Purification and some properties of the proteinase, Agric Biol Chem, 31, 1151 Tsuchiya, 1987, Purification and some properties of alkaline proteinases from Cephalosporium sp. KSM388, Agric Biol Chem, 51, 2959 Dozie, 1994, A thermostable, alkaline-active, keratinolytic proteinase from Chrysosporium keratinophilum., World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 10, 563, 10.1007/BF00367668 Sutar, 1991, A low molecular weight alkaline proteinase from Conidiobolus coronatus., Biotechnol Lett, 13, 119, 10.1007/BF01030462 Jonsson, 1968, Protease production by species of Entomophthora., Appl Microbiol, 16, 450, 10.1128/AEM.16.3.450-457.1968 Kitano K, Morita S, Kuriyama M, Maejima K. Alkaline protease gene from a Fusarium species. European Patent Appl EP 0519229, 1992. Beck CM, Strobel RT. Low-temperature active alkaline protease from Paecilomyces marquandii and its preparation. PCT Patent Appl WO 8803948. 1988. Den Belder E, Bonants PJM, Fitters PFL, Waalwijk C. New alkaline serine protease of Paecilomyces lilacinus. European Patent Appl, EP 0623672. 1994. Dixit, 1993, Production of alkaline proteases by Penicillium griseofulvin., Indian J Microbiol, 33, 257 Arai, 1977, Purification and some properties of two alkaline proteases from Penicillium liliacinum No. 2093, Agric Biol Chem, 41, 2293 Ebeling, 1974, Proteinase K from Tritirachium album Limber, Eur J Biochem, 47, 91, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03671.x Samal, 1990, Stability of two novel serine proteinases in commercial laundry detergent formulations, Biotechnol Bioeng, 35, 650, 10.1002/bit.260350611 Matsuzawa, 1983, Production of thermophilic extracellular proteases (aqualysins I and II) by Thermus aquaticus YT-1, Agric Biol Chem, 47, 25 Antranikian G, Klingeberg M. Thermostable protease from Thermococcus. PCT Patent Appl WO 9119792. 1991. Antranikian G, Klingeberg M. Thermostable protease from Staphylothermus. PCT Patent Appl, WO 9119791. 1991. Antranikian G, Klingeberg M. Thermostable protease from Thermobacteroides. PCT Patent Appl WO 9119790. 1991. Zakirov, 1975, Torula thermophila, strain UzPT-1—A thermophilic producing agent of proteolytic enzymes, Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 11, 686 Desai, 1969, Purification and properties of a proteolytic enzyme from thermophilic actinomycetes, J Bacteriol, 100, 149, 10.1128/JB.100.1.149-155.1969 Gusek, 1987, Purification and characterization of the heat-stable serine proteinase from Thermomonospora fusca YX, Biochem J, 246, 511, 10.1042/bj2460511 Tsuchiya, 1992, Purification and characterization of thermostable alkaline protease from alkalophilic Thermoactinomyces sp. HS682, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 56, 246, 10.1271/bbb.56.246 Lee, 1996, Purification and characterization of a thermostable alkaline protease from Thermoactinomyces sp. E79 and the DNA sequence of the encoding gene, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 60, 840, 10.1271/bbb.60.840 Anderson JK, Grimble GK, Cowan DA. A process for producing a thermostable proteolytic enzyme from Thermoactinomyces thalpophilus THM1. PCT Patent Appl, WO 23605. 1997.