Micro-RNA: The darkhorse of cancer

Cellular Signalling - Tập 83 - Trang 109995 - 2021
Mridul Budakoti1, Abhay Shikhar Panwar1, Diksha Molpa1, Rahul Kunwar Singh2, Dietrich Büsselberg3, Abhay Prakash Mishra4, Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho5, Manisha Nigam1
1Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
2Department of Microbiology, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar
4Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India
5Regional University of Cariri, URCA, Crato, Brazil

Tài liệu tham khảo

Lee, 1993, The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14, Cell, 75, 843, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90529-Y Reinhart, 2000, The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans, Nature, 403, 901, 10.1038/35002607 Peng, 2016, The role of MicroRNAs in human cancer, Sig. Transduc.Targeted Ther., 1, 1 Wahid, 2010, MicroRNAs: synthesis, mechanism, function, and recent clinical trials, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research, 1803, 1231, 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.06.013 MacFarlane, 2010, MicroRNA: biogenesis, function and role in cancer, Current genomics, 11, 537, 10.2174/138920210793175895 Hayashita, 2005, A polycistronic microRNA cluster, miR-17-92, is overexpressed in human lung cancers and enhances cell proliferation, Cancer Res., 65, 9628, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2352 Aziz, 2020, MicroRNAs in ovarian cancer and recent advances in the development of microRNA-based biosensors, Analyst, 145, 2038, 10.1039/C9AN02263E Thomson, 2004, A custom microarray platform for analysis of microRNA gene expression, Nat. Methods, 1, 47, 10.1038/nmeth704 Zhang, 2007, microRNAs as oncogenes and tumor suppressors, Dev. Biol., 302, 1, 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.028 Lu, 2005, MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers, Nature, 435, 834, 10.1038/nature03702 Schmittgen, 2004, A high-throughput method to monitor the expression of microRNA precursors, Nucleic Acids Res., 32, e43, 10.1093/nar/gnh040 Fiedler, 2010, Quantitative RT-PCR methods for mature microRNA expression analysis, Methods Mol. Biol., 630, 49, 10.1007/978-1-60761-629-0_4 He, 2019, Analysis of differential expression profile of miRNA in peripheral blood of patients with lung cancer, J. Clin. Lab. Anal., 33, 10.1002/jcla.23003 Gan, 2013, Profiling pre-microRNA and mature microRNA expressions using a single microarray and avoiding separate sample preparation, Microarrays (Basel, Switzerland), 2, 24 Waggott, 2012, Nano string norm: an extensible R package for the pre-processing of NanoString mRNA and miRNA data, Bioinformatics, 28, 1546, 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts188 Tsang, 2017, NanoString, a novel digital color-coded barcode technology: current and future applications in molecular diagnostics, Expert. Rev. Mol. Diagn., 17, 95, 10.1080/14737159.2017.1268533 Eastel, 2019, Application of NanoString technologies in companion diagnostic development, Expert. Rev. Mol. Diagn., 19, 591, 10.1080/14737159.2019.1623672 Valera, 2020, microRNA expression profiling in young prostate cancer patients, J. Cancer, 11, 4106, 10.7150/jca.37842 Reis, 2020, Circulating miR-16-5p, miR-92a-3p, and miR-451a in plasma from lung cancer patients: potential application in early detection and a regulatory role in tumorigenesis pathways, Cancers, 12, 2071, 10.3390/cancers12082071 Coenen-Stass, 2018, Evaluation of methodologies for microRNA biomarker detection by next generation sequencing, RNA Biol., 15, 1133 Bisgin, 2018, Evaluation of bioinformatics approaches for next-generation sequencing analysis of microRNAs with a toxicogenomics study design, Front. Genet., 9, 22, 10.3389/fgene.2018.00022 Motameny, 2010, Next generation sequencing of miRNAs–strategies, resources and methods, Genes, 1, 70, 10.3390/genes1010070 LeBlanc, 2015, Next-generation sequencing approaches in cancer: where have they brought us and where will they take us?, Cancers, 7, 1925, 10.3390/cancers7030869 Matullo, 2016, Micro RNA expression profiling in bladder cancer: the challenge of next-generation sequencing in tissues and biofluids, Int. J. Cancer, 138, 2334, 10.1002/ijc.29895 Reinhart, 2000, The 21-nucleotide let-7 RNA regulates developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans, Nature, 403, 901, 10.1038/35002607 Pasquinelli, 2000, Conservation of the sequence and temporal expression of let-7 heterochronic regulatory RNA, Nature, 408, 86, 10.1038/35040556 Michlewski, 2008, Posttranscriptional regulation of miRNAs harboring conserved terminal loops, Mol. Cell, 32, 383, 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.10.013 Viswanathan, 2010, Lin28: A microRNA regulator with a macro role, Cell, 140, 445, 10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.007 Han, 2007, DNA methylation regulates MicroRNA expression, Cancer Biol. & Ther., 6, 1290, 10.4161/cbt.6.8.4486 Calin, 2004, Human microRNA genes are frequently located at fragile sites and genomic regions involved in cancers, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 101, 2999, 10.1073/pnas.0307323101 Zhang, 2006, microRNAs exhibit high frequency genomic alterations in human cancer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 103, 9136, 10.1073/pnas.0508889103 Cimmino, 2005, miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 102, 13944, 10.1073/pnas.0506654102 Calin, 2002, Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 99, 15524, 10.1073/pnas.242606799 Kotani, 2010, A novel mutation in the miR-128b gene reduces miRNA processing and leads to glucocorticoid resistance of MLL-AF4 acute lymphocytic leukemia cells, Cell Cycle, 9, 1037, 10.4161/cc.9.6.11011 O’Donnell, 2005, c-Myc-regulated microRNAs modulate E2F1 expression, Nature, 435, 839, 10.1038/nature03677 Dews, 2006, Augmentation of tumor angiogenesis by a Myc-activated microRNA cluster, Nat. Genet., 38, 1060, 10.1038/ng1855 Bracken, 2008, A double-negative feedback loop between ZEB1-SIP1 and the microRNA-200 family regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition, Cancer Res., 68, 7846, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1942 Lee, 2002, MicroRNA maturation: stepwise processing and subcellular localization, EMBO J., 21, 4663, 10.1093/emboj/cdf476 Zeng, 2003, Sequence requirements for micro RNA processing and function in human cells, RNA, 9, 112, 10.1261/rna.2780503 Lee, 2003, The nuclear RNase III Drosha initiates microRNA processing, Nature, 425, 415, 10.1038/nature01957 Han, 2004, The Drosha-DGCR8 complex in primary microRNA processing, Genes Dev., 18, 3016, 10.1101/gad.1262504 Denli, 2004, Processing of primary microRNAs by the microprocessor complex, Nature, 432, 231, 10.1038/nature03049 Gregory, 2004, The microprocessor complex mediates the genesis of microRNAs, Nature, 432, 235, 10.1038/nature03120 Landthaler, 2004, The human DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8 and Its D. melanogaster homolog are required for miRNA biogenesis, Curr. Biol., 14, 2162, 10.1016/j.cub.2004.11.001 Han, 2006, Molecular basis for the recognition of primary microRNAs by the Drosha-DGCR8 complex, Cell, 125, 887, 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.043 Zeng, 2005, Efficient processing of primary microRNA hairpins by Drosha requires flanking nonstructured RNA sequences, J. Biol. Chem., 280, 27595, 10.1074/jbc.M504714200 Du, 2005, microPrimer: the biogenesis and function of microRNA, Development, 132, 4645, 10.1242/dev.02070 Muralidhar, 2011, Functional evidence that Drosha overexpression in cervical squamous cell carcinoma affects cell phenotype and microRNA profiles, J. Pathol., 224, 496, 10.1002/path.2898 Muralidhar, 2007, Global microRNA profiles in cervical squamous cell carcinoma depend on Drosha expression levels, J. Pathol. A J. Pathol. Soc. Great Britain and Ireland, 212, 368 Sugito, 2006, RNASEN regulates cell proliferation and affects survival in esophageal cancer patients, Clin. Cancer Res., 12, 7322, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0515 Papachristou, 2012, Immunohistochemical analysis of the endoribonucleases Drosha, Dicer and Ago2 in smooth muscle tumours of soft tissues, Histopathology, 60, E28, 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2012.04192.x Lin, 2010, microRNA signature and expression of Dicer and Drosha can predict prognosis and delineate risk groups in neuroblastoma, Cancer Res., 70, 7841, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-0970 Shu, 2012, Expression of CDC6 and GDF-9 and their clinicopathological significances in benign and malignant lesions of the gallbladder, Cancer Biomarkers, 11, 107, 10.3233/CBM-2012-0267 Lin, 2015, MicroRNA biogenesis pathways in cancer, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 15, 321, 10.1038/nrc3932 Grund, 2012, Rare Drosha splice variants are deficient in microRNA processing but do not affect general microRNA expression in cancer cells, Neoplasia (New York, NY), 14, 238, 10.1593/neo.111586 Tchernitsa, 2010, Systematic evaluation of the miRNA-ome and its downstream effects on mRNA expression identifies gastric cancer progression, J. Pathol., 222, 310, 10.1002/path.2759 Vaksman, 2012, Argonaute, Dicer, and Drosha are up-regulated along tumor progression in serous ovarian carcinoma, Hum. Pathol., 43, 2062, 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.02.016 Catto, 2009, Distinct microRNA alterations characterize high-and low-grade bladder cancer, Cancer Res., 69, 8472, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0744 Yan, 2012, Dysregulated expression of dicer and drosha in breast cancer, Pathol. Oncol. Res., 18, 343, 10.1007/s12253-011-9450-3 Sand, 2012, Expression levels of the microRNA maturing microprocessor complex component DGCR8 and the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) components argonaute-1, argonaute-2, PACT, TARBP1, and TARBP2 in epithelial skin cancer, Mol. Carcinog., 51, 916, 10.1002/mc.20861 Ambs, 2008, Genomic profiling of microRNA and messenger RNA reveals deregulated microRNA expression in prostate cancer, Cancer Res., 68, 6162, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0144 Kim, 2014, An essential microRNA maturing microprocessor complex component DGCR8 is up-regulated in colorectal carcinomas, Clin. Exp. Med., 14, 331, 10.1007/s10238-013-0243-8 Guo, 2015, Silencing the double-stranded RNA binding protein DGCR8 inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, Pharm. Res., 32, 769, 10.1007/s11095-013-1219-9 Torres, 2011, Major regulators of microRNAs biogenesis Dicer and Drosha are down-regulated in endometrial cancer, Tumor Biol., 32, 769, 10.1007/s13277-011-0179-0 Zhu, 2012, Downregulated Dicer expression predicts poor prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Cancer Sci., 103, 875, 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02234.x Wang, 2011, Dynamic mechanisms for pre-miRNA binding and export by Exportin-5, Rna, 17, 1511, 10.1261/rna.2732611 Wu, 2018, The role of exportin-5 in microRNA biogenesis and cancer, Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinform., 16, 120, 10.1016/j.gpb.2017.09.004 Melo, 2010, A genetic defect in exportin-5 traps precursor microRNAs in the nucleus of cancer cells, Cancer Cell, 18, 303, 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.09.007 Leaderer, 2011, Genetic and epigenetic association studies suggest a role of microRNA biogenesis gene exportin-5 (XPO5) in breast tumorigenesis, Int. J. Mol. Epidemiol.Genet., 2, 9 Sun, 2016, ERK activation globally downregulates miRNAs through phosphorylating exportin-5, Cancer Cell, 30, 723, 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.10.001 Ali Syeda, 2020, Regulatory mechanism of microrna expression in cancer, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21, 1723, 10.3390/ijms21051723 Zhang, 2002, Human Dicer preferentially cleaves dsRNAs at their termini without a requirement for ATP, EMBO J., 21, 5875, 10.1093/emboj/cdf582 Provost, 2002, Ribonuclease activity and RNA binding of recombinant human Dicer, EMBO J., 21, 5864, 10.1093/emboj/cdf578 Saito, 2005, Processing of pre-microRNAs by the Dicer-1–Loquacious complex in Drosophila cells, PLoS Biol., 3, l30, 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030235 Chendrimada, 2005, TRBP recruits the Dicer complex to Ago2 for microRNA processing and gene silencing, Nature, 436, 740, 10.1038/nature03868 Tomari, 2004, A protein sensor for siRNA asymmetry, Science, 306, 1377, 10.1126/science.1102755 Diederichs, 2007, Dual role for argonautes in microRNA processing and posttranscriptional regulation of microRNA expression, Cell, 131, 1097, 10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.032 Robb, 2007, RNA helicase A interacts with RISC in human cells and functions in RISC loading, Mol. Cell, 26, 523, 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.04.016 Lee, 1992, A new RNA helicase isolated from HeLa cells that catalytically translocates in the 3’to 5’direction, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 4398, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42849-9 Friedemann, 2005, Nuclear DNA helicase II (RNA helicase A) interacts with Werner syndrome helicase and stimulates its exonuclease activity, J. Biol. Chem., 280, 31303, 10.1074/jbc.M503882200 Kumar, 2007, Impaired microRNA processing enhances cellular transformation and tumorigenesis, Nat. Genet., 39, 673, 10.1038/ng2003 Kumar, 2009, Dicer1 functions as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor, Genes Dev., 23, 2700, 10.1101/gad.1848209 Kim, 2014, An essential microRNA maturing microprocessor complex component DGCR8 is up-regulated in colorectal carcinomas, Clin. Exp. Med., 14, 331, 10.1007/s10238-013-0243-8 Hill, 2009, DICER1 mutations in familial pleuropulmonary blastoma, Science, 325, 965, 10.1126/science.1174334 Heravi-Moussavi, 2012, Recurrent somatic DICER1 mutations in nonepithelial ovarian cancers, New England J. Med., 366, 234, 10.1056/NEJMoa1102903 Anglesio, 2013, Cancer-associated somatic DICER1 hotspot mutations cause defective miRNA processing and reverse-strand expression bias to predominantly mature 3p strands through loss of 5p strand cleavage, J. Pathol., 229, 400, 10.1002/path.4135 Slade, 2011, DICER1 syndrome: clarifying the diagnosis, clinical features and management implications of a pleiotropic tumour predisposition syndrome, J. Med. Genet., 48, 273, 10.1136/jmg.2010.083790 Zhu, 2012, Downregulated Dicer expression predicts poor prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Cancer Sci., 103, 875, 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02234.x Lee, 2009, MicroRNAs in cancer, Ann. Rev. Pathol.: Mech. Dis., 4, 199, 10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092222 Liu, 2005, MicroRNA-dependent localization of targeted mRNAs to mammalian P-bodies, Nat. Cell Biol., 7, 719, 10.1038/ncb1274 Chu, 2006, Translation repression in human cells by microRNA-induced gene silencing requires RCK/p54, PLoS Biol., 4, 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040210 Grimson, 2007, MicroRNA targeting specificity in mammals: determinants beyond seed pairing, Mol. Cell, 27, 91, 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.06.017 Behm-Ansmant, 2006, mRNA degradation by miRNAs and GW182 requires both CCR4: NOT deadenylase and DCP1: DCP2 decapping complexes, Genes Dev., 20, 1885, 10.1101/gad.1424106 Gantier, 2007, Fine-tuning of the innate immune response by microRNAs, Immunol. Cell Biol., 85, 458, 10.1038/sj.icb.7100091 Garzon, 2009, MicroRNAs in cancer, Annu. Rev. Med., 60, 167, 10.1146/annurev.med.59.053006.104707 Sullivan, 2005, MicroRNAs and viral infection, Mol. Cell, 20, 3, 10.1016/j.molcel.2005.09.012 Poy, 2004, A pancreatic islet-specific microRNA regulates insulin secretion, Nature, 432, 226, 10.1038/nature03076 Chang, 2004, MicroRNAs act sequentially and asymmetrically to control chemosensory laterality in the nematode, Nature, 430, 785, 10.1038/nature02752 Fazi, 2005, A minicircuitry comprised of microRNA-223 and transcription factors NFI-A and C/EBPα regulates human granulopoiesis, Cell, 123, 819, 10.1016/j.cell.2005.09.023 Yekta, 2004, MicroRNA-directed cleavage of HOXB8 mRNA, Science, 304, 594, 10.1126/science.1097434 Michael, 2003, Reduced Accumulation of Specific MicroRNAs in Colorectal Neoplasia11Note: Susan M. O'Connor and Nicholas G. van Holst Pellekaan contributed equally to this work, Mol. Cancer Res., 1, 882 He, 2005, A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene, Nature, 435, 828, 10.1038/nature03552 Jing, 2005, Involvement of microRNA in AU-rich element-mediated mRNA instability, Cell, 120, 623, 10.1016/j.cell.2004.12.038 Xu, 2003, The Drosophila microRNA Mir-14 suppresses cell death and is required for normal fat metabolism, Curr. Biol., 13, 790, 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00250-1 Slack, 2000, The lin-41 RBCC gene acts in the C. elegans heterochronic pathway between the let-7 regulatory RNA and the LIN-29 transcription factor, Mol. Cell, 5, 659, 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80245-2 Abrahante, 2003, The Caenorhabditis elegans hunchback-like gene lin-57/hbl-1 controls developmental time and is regulated by microRNAs, Dev. Cell, 4, 625, 10.1016/S1534-5807(03)00127-8 Jansson, 2012, MicroRNA and cancer, Mol. Oncol., 6, 590, 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.09.006 Si, 2007, miR-21-mediated tumor growth, Oncogene, 26, 2799, 10.1038/sj.onc.1210083 Iorio, 2005, MicroRNA gene expression deregulation in human breast cancer, Cancer Res., 65, 7065, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1783 Kong, 2012, microRNAs in cancer management, Llancet Oncol., 13, e249, 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70073-6 Lee, 2007, MicroRNA-378 promotes cell survival, tumor growth, and angiogenesis by targeting SuFu and Fus-1 expression, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 104, 20350, 10.1073/pnas.0706901104 Reddy, 2015, MicroRNA (miRNA) in cancer, Cancer Cell Int., 15, 38, 10.1186/s12935-015-0185-1 Lagana, 2010, Variability in the incidence of miRNAs and genes in fragile sites and the role of repeats and CpG islands in the distribution of genetic material, PLoS One, 5, 10.1371/journal.pone.0011166 Mayr, 2007, Disrupting the pairing between let-7 and Hmga2 enhances oncogenic transformation, Science, 315, 1576, 10.1126/science.1137999 Mishra, 2008, MiRSNPs or MiR-polymorphisms, new players in microRNA mediated regulation of the cell: Introducing microRNA pharmacogenomics, Cell Cycle, 7, 853, 10.4161/cc.7.7.5666 Lopez-Serra, 2012, DNA methylation-associated silencing of tumor-suppressor microRNAs in cancer, Oncogene, 31, 1609, 10.1038/onc.2011.354 Saito, 2006, Specific activation of microRNA-127 with downregulation of the proto-oncogene BCL6 by chromatin-modifying drugs in human cancer cells, Cancer Cell, 9, 435, 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.04.020 Lehmann, 2008, Epigenetic inactivation of microRNA gene hsa-mir-9-1 in human breast cancer, J. Pathol., 214, 17, 10.1002/path.2251 Toyota, 2008, Epigenetic silencing of microRNA-34b/c and B-cell translocation gene 4 is associated with CpG island methylation in colorectal cancer, Cancer Res., 68, 4123, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0325 Lujambio, 2007, Genetic unmasking of an epigenetically silenced microRNA in human cancer cells, Cancer Res., 67, 1424, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4218 Brueckner, 2007, The human let-7a-3 locus contains an epigenetically regulated microRNA gene with oncogenic function, Cancer Res., 67, 1419, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-4074 Scott, 2006, Rapid alteration of microRNA levels by histone deacetylase inhibition, Cancer Res., 66, 1277, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-3632 Fabbri, 2007, MicroRNA-29 family reverts aberrant methylation in lung cancer by targeting DNA methyltransferases 3A and 3B, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 104, 15805, 10.1073/pnas.0707628104 Varambally, 2008, Genomic loss of microRNA-101 leads to overexpression of histone methyltransferase EZH2 in cancer, Science, 322, 1695, 10.1126/science.1165395 Ma, 2007, Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated by microRNA-10b in breast cancer, Nature, 449, 682, 10.1038/nature06174 Bommer, 2007, p53-mediated activation of miRNA34 candidate tumor-suppressor genes, Curr. Biol., 17, 1298, 10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.068 Tarasov, 2007, Differential regulation of microRNAs by p53 revealed by massively parallel sequencing: miR-34a is a p53 target that induces apoptosis and G1-arrest, Cell Cycle, 6, 1586, 10.4161/cc.6.13.4436 He, 2007, A microRNA component of the p53 tumour suppressor network, Nature, 447, 1130, 10.1038/nature05939 Kent, 2006, A small piece in the cancer puzzle: microRNAs as tumor suppressors and oncogenes, Oncogene, 25, 6188, 10.1038/sj.onc.1209913 He, 2005, The role of microRNA genes in papillary thyroid carcinoma, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 102, 19075, 10.1073/pnas.0509603102 Ota, 2004, Identification and characterization of a novel gene, C13orf25, as a target for 13q31-q32 amplification in malignant lymphoma, Cancer Res., 64, 3087, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-3773 Volinia, 2006, A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors defines cancer gene targets, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 103, 2257, 10.1073/pnas.0510565103 Tagawa, 2007, Synergistic action of the microRNA-17 polycistron and Myc in aggressive cancer development, Cancer Sci., 98, 1482, 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00531.x Tagawa, 2005, A microRNA cluster as a target of genomic amplification in malignant lymphoma, Leukemia, 19, 2013, 10.1038/sj.leu.2403942 Schulte, 2008, MYCN regulates oncogenic MicroRNAs in neuroblastoma, Int. J. Cancer, 122, 699, 10.1002/ijc.23153 Sylvestre, 2007, An E2F/miR-20a autoregulatory feedback loop, J. Biol. Chem., 282, 2135, 10.1074/jbc.M608939200 Woods, 2007, Direct regulation of an oncogenic micro-RNA cluster by E2F transcription factors, J. Biol. Chem., 282, 2130, 10.1074/jbc.C600252200 Bos, 1989, Ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review, Cancer Res., 49, 4682 Johnson, 2005, RAS is regulated by the let-7 microRNA family, Cell, 120, 635, 10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.014 Reeves, 2001, Molecular biology of HMGA proteins: hubs of nuclear function, Gene, 277, 63, 10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00689-8 Wang, 2007, A micro-RNA signature associated with race, tumor size, and target gene activity in human uterine leiomyomas, Genes Chromosom. Cancer, 46, 336, 10.1002/gcc.20415 Jiang, 2004, Wang X. Cytochrome-c-mediated apoptosis, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 73, 87, 10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073706 Cory, 2003, The Bcl-2 family: roles in cell survival and oncogenesis, Oncogene, 22, 8590, 10.1038/sj.onc.1207102 Tam, 1997, Mol. Cell. Biol., 17, 1490, 10.1128/MCB.17.3.1490 Tam, 2002, Avian bic, a gene isolated from a common retroviral site in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas that encodes a noncoding RNA, cooperates with c-myc in lymphomagenesis and erythroleukemogenesis, J. Virol., 76, 4275, 10.1128/JVI.76.9.4275-4286.2002 Eis, 2005, Accumulation of miR-155 and BIC RNA in human B cell lymphomas, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 102, 3627, 10.1073/pnas.0500613102 Costinean, 2006, Pre-B cell proliferation and lymphoblastic leukemia/high-grade lymphoma in Eμ-miR155 transgenic mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 103, 7024, 10.1073/pnas.0602266103 Chan, 2005, MicroRNA-21 is an antiapoptotic factor in human glioblastoma cells, Cancer Res., 65, 6029, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-0137 Qi, 2009, Expression of miR-21 and its targets (PTEN, PDCD4, TM1) in flat epithelial atypia of the breast in relation to ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma, BMC Cancer, 9, 163, 10.1186/1471-2407-9-163 Meng, 2007, MicroRNA-21 regulates expression of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocellular cancer, Gastroenterology, 133, 647, 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.022 Kim, 2006, Tumours and tremors: how PTEN regulation underlies both, Br. J. Cancer, 94, 620, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602994 Iijima, 2002, Tumor suppressor PTEN mediates sensing of chemoattractant gradients, Cell, 109, 599, 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00745-6 Zhu, 2008, MicroRNA-21 targets tumor suppressor genes in invasion and metastasis, Cell Res., 18, 350, 10.1038/cr.2008.24 Park, 2002, PTEN suppresses hyaluronic acid-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells through focal adhesion kinase dephosphorylation, Cancer Res., 62, 6318 Zhu, 2007, MicroRNA-21 targets the tumor suppressor gene tropomyosin 1 (TPM1), J. Biol. Chem., 282, 14328, 10.1074/jbc.M611393200 Serrano, 1997, Oncogenic ras provokes premature cell senescence associated with accumulation of p53 and p16INK4a, Cell, 88, 593, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81902-9 Voorhoeve, 2006, A genetic screen implicates miRNA-372 and miRNA-373 as oncogenes in testicular germ cell tumors, Cell, 124, 1169, 10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.037 El-Deiry, 1993, WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression, Cell, 75, 817, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90500-P Li, 2003, A global transcriptional regulatory role for c-Myc in Burkitt’s lymphoma cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 100, 8164, 10.1073/pnas.1332764100 Song, 2019, Role of miR-221/222 in Tumor Development and the Underlying Mechanism, J. Oncol., 2, 7252013 Callegari, 2012, Liver tumorigenicity promoted by microRNA-221 in a mouse transgenic model, Hepatology, 56, 1025, 10.1002/hep.25747 Mertens-Talcott, 2007, The oncogenic microRNA-27a targets genes that regulate specificity protein transcription factors and the G2-M checkpoint in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, Cancer Res., 67, 11001, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2416 Samols, 2007, Identification of cellular genes targeted by KSHV-encoded microRNAs, PLoS Pathog., 3, 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030065 Chang, 2007, Transactivation of miR-34a by p53 broadly influences gene expression and promotes apoptosis, Mol. Cell, 26, 745, 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.05.010 Galardi, 2007, miR-221 and miR-222 expression affects the proliferation potential of human prostate carcinoma cell lines by targeting p27Kip1, J. Biol. Chem., 282, 23716, 10.1074/jbc.M701805200 Kasinski, 2011, MicroRNAs en route to the clinic: progress in validating and targeting microRNAs for cancer therapy, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 11, 849, 10.1038/nrc3166 Maddalena, 2015, MicroRNAs used in combination with anti-cancer treatments can enhance therapy efficacy, Mini-Rev. Med. Chem., 15, 1052, 10.2174/1389557515666150709115355 Zhu, 2012, miR-200bc/429 cluster modulates multidrug resistance of human cancer cell lines by targeting BCL2 and XIAP, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 69, 723, 10.1007/s00280-011-1752-3 Jeon, 2011, ID4 imparts chemoresistance and cancer stemness to glioma cells by depressing miR-9*–mediated suppression of SOX2, Cancer Res., 71, 3410, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-3340 Ye, 2018, Differential microRNA expression profiles in tamoxifen-resistant human breast cancer cell lines induced by two methods, Oncol. Lett., 15, 3532 Cittelly, 2010, Downregulation of miR-342 is associated with tamoxifen resistant breast tumors, Mol. Cancer, 9, 317, 10.1186/1476-4598-9-317 Miller, 2008, MicroRNA-221/222 confers tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer by targeting p27Kip1, J. Biol. Chem., 283, 29897, 10.1074/jbc.M804612200 Zhu, 2019, MicroRNA-506-3p reverses gefitinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer by targeting Yes-associated protein 1, Mol. Med. Rep., 19, 1331 Zhong, 2010, MicroRNAs reduce tumor growth and contribute to enhance cytotoxicity induced by gefitinib in non-small cell lung cancer, Chem. Biol. Interact., 184, 431, 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.01.025 Ge, 2019, miR-762 activation confers acquired resistance to gefitinib in non-small cell lung cancer, BMC Cancer, 19, 1203, 10.1186/s12885-019-6416-4 Liu, 2020, MiR-450a-5p strengthens the drug sensitivity of gefitinib in glioma chemotherapy via regulating autophagy by targeting EGFR, Oncogene, 39, 6190, 10.1038/s41388-020-01422-9 Azuma, 2020, Cancer exosomal microRNAs from gefitinib-resistant lung cancer cells cause therapeutic resistance in gefitinib-sensitive cells, Surg. Today, 50, 1099, 10.1007/s00595-020-01976-x Ashrafizadeh, 2020, MicroRNAs in cancer therapy: Their involvement in oxaliplatin sensitivity/resistance of cancer cells with a focus on colorectal cancer, Life Sci., 117973 Han, 2020, Plasma exosomal miRNA expression profile as oxaliplatin-based chemoresistant biomarkers in colorectal adenocarcinoma, Front. Oncol., 10, 1495, 10.3389/fonc.2020.01495 Lim, 2020, Inhibition of Chk1 by miR-320c increases oxaliplatin responsiveness in triple-negative breast cancer, Oncogenesis, 9, 91, 10.1038/s41389-020-00275-x Marjaneh, 2018, The role of microRNAs in 5-FU resistance of colorectal cancer: Possible mechanisms, J. Cell. Physiol., 234, 2306, 10.1002/jcp.27221 Xu, 2020, MicroRNA-375-3p enhances chemosensitivity to 5-fluorouracil by targeting thymidylate synthase in colorectal cancer, Cancer Sci., 111, 1528, 10.1111/cas.14356 Holleman, 2011, miR-135a contributes to paclitaxel resistance in tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo, Oncogene, 30, 4386, 10.1038/onc.2011.148 Cochrane, 2009, MicroRNA-200c mitigates invasiveness and restores sensitivity to microtubule-targeting chemotherapeutic agents, Mol. Cancer Ther., 8, 1055, 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-1046 Wu, 2013, Regulation of microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) by miR-34c-5p determines the chemosensitivity of gastric cancer to paclitaxel, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 71, 1159, 10.1007/s00280-013-2108-y Chen, 2020, Exploring specific miRNA-mRNA axes with relationship to taxanes-resistance in breast cancer, Front. Oncol., 10, 1397, 10.3389/fonc.2020.01397 Hassan, 2021, Integrative microRNA and gene expression analysis identifies new epigenetically regulated microRNAs mediating taxane resistance in ovarian cancer, Sci. Rep., 11, 562, 10.1038/s41598-020-78596-5 O’brien, 2018, Employing mesenchymal stem cells to support tumor-targeted delivery of extracellular vesicle (EV)-encapsulated microRNA-379, Oncogene, 37, 2137, 10.1038/s41388-017-0116-9 O'Neill, 2020, Nanoparticle-based delivery of tumor suppressor microRNA for cancer therapy, Cells, 9, 521, 10.3390/cells9020521 Moro, 2019, Coated cationic lipid-nanoparticles entrapping miR-660 inhibit tumor growth in patient-derived xenografts lung cancer models, J. Control. Release, 308, 44, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.07.006 Gokita, 2020, Therapeutic potential of lnp-mediated delivery of miR-634 for cancer therapy, Mol. Therapy-Nucleic Acids, 19, 330, 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.10.045 Sukumar, 2019, Intranasal delivery of targeted polyfunctional gold–iron oxide nanoparticles loaded with therapeutic microRNAs for combined theranostic multimodality imaging and presensitization of glioblastoma to temozolomide, Biomaterials, 218, 119342, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119342 Oshima, 2017, In vivo delivery and therapeutic effects of a microRNA on colorectal liver metastases, Mol. Ther., 25, 1588, 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.04.005 Weber, 2010, The microRNA spectrum in 12 body fluids, Clin. Chem., 56, 1733, 10.1373/clinchem.2010.147405 Wang, 2009, Circulating microRNAs, potential biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 106, 4402, 10.1073/pnas.0813371106 Valadi, 2007, Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells, Nat. Cell Biol., 9, 654, 10.1038/ncb1596 Arroyo, 2011, Argonaute2 complexes carry a population of circulating microRNAs independent of vesicles in human plasma, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 108, 5003, 10.1073/pnas.1019055108