Micro-Computed Tomography (µCT) as a Tool for High-Resolution 3D Imaging and Analysis of Intraocular Lenses: Feasibility and Proof of the Methodology to Evaluate YAG Pits
Tóm tắt
Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is the most frequent late sequelae after successful cataract surgery. Neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomy is considered the gold standard and a well-accepted, safe, and effective measure in treating PCO. However, iatrogenic damage of the intraocular lens (IOL) due to inappropriate focusing is a quite common side effect. These permanent defects (YAG pits) can critically affect overall optical quality. In this laboratory study, we used the micro-computed tomography (µCT) technique to obtain high-resolution 3D images of the lens and the YAG pits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of a detailed analysis of IOLs with µCT technology. This non-destructive technique seems to be ideal for comparative studies, measuring dimensions of the damage, and visualizing shooting channels within the material. µCT is excellently suited to examine an IOL in detail, analyze optics and haptics in three dimensions, and to describe all kinds of changes within the IOL without damaging it.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Market Scope. 2020 IOL market report: mid-year update. Market Scope, St. Louis, MO. https://www.market-scope.com. Accessed 28 Aug 2020.
Wang W, Yan W, Fotis K, et al. Cataract surgical rate and socioeconomics: a global study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57(14):5872–81. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.16-19894.
Lundström M, Barry P, Henry Y, Rosen P, Stenevi U. Visual outcome of cataract surgery; study from the European registry of quality outcomes for cataract and refractive surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2013;39(5):673–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrs.2012.11.026.
Rönbeck M, Lundström M, Kugelberg M. Study of possible predictors associated with self-assessed visual function after cataract surgery. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(9):1732–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.04.013. (Erratum in: Ophthalmology. 2011118(10):1965).
Apple DJ, Escobar-Gomez M, Zaugg B, Kleinmann G, Borkenstein AF. Modern cataract surgery: unfinished business and unanswered questions. Surv Ophthalmol. 2011;56(6 Suppl):S3-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2011.10.001.
Karahan E, Er D, Kaynak S. An overview of Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy. Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol. 2014;3(2):45–50.
Ursell PG, Dhariwal M, O'Boyle D, Khan J, Venerus A. 5 year incidence of YAG capsulotomy and PCO after cataract surgery with single-piece monofocal intraocular lenses: a real-world evidence study of 20,763 eyes. Eye (Lond). 2020;34(5):960–968. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-019-0630-9.
Maedel S, Evans JR, Harrer-Seely A, Findl O. Intraocular lens optic edge design for the prevention of posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 202116;8(8):CD012516. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012516.pub2.
Leydolt C, Schartmüller D, Schwarzenbacher L, Röggla V, Schriefl S, Menapace R. Posterior capsule opacification with two hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses: 3-year results of a randomized trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020;217:224–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2020.04.011.
Kossack N, Schindler C, Weinhold I, et al. German claims data analysis to assess impact of different intraocular lenses on posterior capsule opacification and related healthcare costs. Z Gesundh Wiss. 2018;26(1):81–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-017-0851-y.
Shetty NK, Sridhar S. Study of variation in intraocular pressure spike (IOP) following Nd- YAG laser capsulotomy. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(12):NC09–NC12. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/21981.9037.
Uzel MM, Ozates S, Koc M, Taslipinar Uzel AG, Yılmazbaş P. Decentration and tilt of intraocular lens after posterior capsulotomy. Semin Ophthalmol. 2018;33(6):766–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2018.1443146.
Steinert RF, Puliafito CA, Kumar SR, Dudak SD, Patel S. Cystoid macular edema, retinal detachment, and glaucoma after Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;112(4):373–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)76242-7.
Zhuravlyov A. Hintere YAG-Kapsulotomie: Wahl des Applikationsmusters [Posterior YAG capsulotomy: selection of the application pattern]. Ophthalmologe. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00347-021-01526-x.
Dick B, Schwenn O, Pfeiffer N. Schadensausmass bei verschiedenen Intraokularlinsen durch die Neodymium:YAG-Laser Behandlung–Eine experimentelle Studie [Extent of damage to different intraocular lenses by neodymium:YAG laser treatment–an experimental study]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1997;211(4):263–71. In German. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1035133.
Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y. [The experimental study of Nd: YAG laser injuring effects on intraocular lenses made by different materials]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 1998;34(2):103–5, 6. (In Chinese).
Borkenstein AF, Borkenstein EM. Geometry of acrylic, hydrophobic IOLs and changes in haptic-capsular bag relationship according to compression and different well diameters: a bench study using computed tomography. Ophthalmol Ther. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-022-00469-z.
Borkenstein AF, Borkenstein EM. Analysis of YAG laser-induced damage in intraocular lenses: characterization of optical and surface properties of YAG shots. Ophthalmic Res. 2021;64(3):417–431. https://doi.org/10.1159/000513203.
Fus M, Pitrova S, Maresova K, Lestak J. Changes of intraocular lens position induced by Nd:YAG capsulotomy. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2021. https://doi.org/10.5507/bp.2021.014.
World Health Organization. World Report on Vision. Geneva: WHO; 2019.
Burton MJ, Ramke J, Marques AP, et al. The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: vision beyond 2020. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9(4):e489–e551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30488-5.
Marques AP, Ramke J, Cairns J, et al. Estimating the global cost of vision impairment and its major causes: protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2020;10(9):e036689. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036689.