Mexico City aerosol analysis during MILAGRO using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry at the urban supersite (T0) – Part 1: Fine particle composition and organic source apportionment

Copernicus GmbH - Tập 9 Số 17 - Trang 6633-6653
A. C. Aiken1,2, D. Salcedo3, M. J. Cubison1, J. A. Huffman1,2, P. F. DeCarlo1,4, I. M. Ulbrich1,2, K. S. Docherty1, D. Sueper5,1, J. R. Kimmel1, D. R. Worsnop5, A. Trimborn5, M. J. Northway5, E. A. Stone6, J. J. Schauer6, Rainer Volkamer1,2, Edward C. Fortner5,7,8, B. de Foy9, J. Wang10, Alexander Laskin11, V. Shutthanandan11, J. Zheng8, Renyi Zhang8, J. S. Gaffney12, N. A. Marley12, G. Paredes-Miranda13, W. P. Arnott13, L. T. Molina14, G. Sosa15, J. L. Jimenez1,2
1Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado at Boulder, 216 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
2Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, 215 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
3Centro de Investigaciones Quimicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca Morelos, Mexico
4Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, UCB 311, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
5Aerodyne Research Inc., 45 Manning Rd., Billerica, MA, 01821, USA
6Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 North Park St., Madison, WI 53706, USA
7Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
8Texas A&M, 3150 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
9Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
10Brookhaven National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, NY 11973, USA
11Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
12University of Arkansas, 2801 S. University Avenue, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
13University of Nevada Reno and the Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
14Molina Center for Energy and the Environment and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
15IMP, Eje Central Norte Lazaro Cardenas 152, Mexico City, DF 07730, Mexico

Tóm tắt

Abstract. Submicron aerosol was analyzed during the MILAGRO field campaign in March 2006 at the T0 urban supersite in Mexico City with a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and complementary instrumentation. Mass concentrations, diurnal cycles, and size distributions of inorganic and organic species are similar to results from the CENICA supersite in April 2003 with organic aerosol (OA) comprising about half of the fine PM mass. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis of the high resolution OA spectra identified three major components: chemically-reduced urban primary emissions (hydrocarbon-like OA, HOA), oxygenated OA (OOA, mostly secondary OA or SOA), and biomass burning OA (BBOA) that correlates with levoglucosan and acetonitrile. BBOA includes several very large plumes from regional fires and likely also some refuse burning. A fourth OA component is a small local nitrogen-containing reduced OA component (LOA) which accounts for 9% of the OA mass but one third of the organic nitrogen, likely as amines. OOA accounts for almost half of the OA on average, consistent with previous observations. OA apportionment results from PMF-AMS are compared to the PM2.5 chemical mass balance of organic molecular markers (CMB-OMM, from GC/MS analysis of filters). Results from both methods are overall consistent. Both assign the major components of OA to primary urban, biomass burning/woodsmoke, and secondary sources at similar magnitudes. The 2006 Mexico City emissions inventory underestimates the urban primary PM2.5 emissions by a factor of ~4, and it is ~16 times lower than afternoon concentrations when secondary species are included. Additionally, the forest fire contribution is at least an order-of-magnitude larger than in the inventory.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Aiken, A. C., de Foy, B., Wiedinmyer, C., et al.: Mexico City aerosol analysis during MILAGRO using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry at the urban supersite (T0) – Part 2: Analysis of the biomass burning contribution and the modern carbon fraction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., in preparation, 2009.

Aiken, A. C., DeCarlo, P. F. and Jimenez, J. L.: Elemental Analysis of Organic Species with Electron Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 79(21), 8350–8358, 2007.

Aiken, A. C., DeCarlo, P. F., Kroll, J. H., et al.: O/C and OM/OC Ratios of Primary, Secondary, and Ambient Organic Aerosols with High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42(12), 4478–4485, https://doi.org/10.1021/es703009q, 2008.

Alfarra, M. R., Prevot, A. S. H., Szidat, S., Sandradewi, J., Weimer, S., Lanz, V. A., Schreiber, D., Mohr, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Identification of the mass spectral signature of organic aerosols from wood burning emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(16), 5770–5777, 2007.

Allan, J. D., Delia, A. E., Coe, H., et al.: Technical note: A generalised method for the extraction of chemically resolved mass spectra from aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer data, J. Aerosol Sci., 35(7), 909–922, 2004.

Bravo, A. H., Sosa, E. R., Sanchez, A. P., Jaimes, P. M., and Saavedra, R. M. I.: Impact of wildfires on the air quality of Mexico City, 1992–1999, Environ. Pollut., 117(2), 243–253, 2002.

Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Jimenez, J. L., et al.: Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26(2), 185–222, 2007.

Capes, G., Johnson, B., McFiggans, G., Williams, P. I., Haywood, J., and Coe, H.: Aging of biomass burning aerosols over West Africa: Aircraft measurements of chemical composition, microphysical properties, and emission ratios, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D00C15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD009845, 2008.

Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Edgerton, S. A., and Vega, E.: Chemical composition of PM2.5 and PM10 in Mexico City during winter 1997, Sci. Total Environ., 287(3), 177–201, 2002.

Crounse, J. D., DeCarlo, P. F., Blake, D. R., Emmons, L. K., Campos, T. L., Apel, E. C., Clarke, A. D., Weinheimer, A. J., McCabe, D. C., Yokelson, R. J., Jimenez, J. L., and Wennberg, P. O.: Biomass burning and urban air pollution over the Central Mexican Plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4929–4944, 2009.

Cubison, M. J., Ervens, B., Feingold, G., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Shields, L., Prather, K., Hering, S., and Jimenez, J. L.: The influence of chemical composition and mixing state of Los Angeles urban aerosol on CCN number and cloud properties, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5649-5667, 2008a.

Cubison, M. J., Sueper, D., Dunlea, E. J., et al.: Submicron aerosol composition during the ARCTAS campaign: Arctic Haze, Biomass Burning, and California Pollution, Eos Trans. AGU, 89, 53, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract A11A-0081, 2008b.

de Foy, B., Caetano, E., Magaña, V., Zitácuaro, A., Cárdenas, B., Retama, A., Ramos, R., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Mexico City basin wind circulation during the MCMA-2003 field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2267–2288, 2005.

de Foy, B., Clappier, A., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Distinct wind convergence patterns in the Mexico City basin due to the interaction of the gap winds with the synoptic flow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1249–1265, 2006a.

de Foy, B., Fast, J. D., Paech, S. J., Phillips, D., Walters, J. T., Coulter, R. L., Martin, T. J., Pekour, M. S., Shaw, W. J., Kastendeuch, P. P., Marley, N. A., Retama, A., and Molina, L. T.: Basin-scale wind transport during the MILAGRO field campaign and comparison to climatology using cluster analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1209–1224, 2008.

de Foy, B., Lei, W., Zavala, M., Volkamer, R., Samuelsson, J., Mellqvist, J., Galle, B., Martínez, A.-P., Grutter, M., Retama, A., and Molina, L. T.: Modelling constraints on the emission inventory and on vertical dispersion for CO and SO2 in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area using Solar FTIR and zenith sky UV spectroscopy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 781–801, 2007.

de Foy, B., Varela, J. R., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Rapid ventilation of the Mexico City basin and regional fate of the urban plume, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2321–2335, 2006b.

de Foy, B., Zavala, M., Bei, N., and Molina, L. T.: Evaluation of WRF mesoscale simulations and particle trajectory analysis for the MILAGRO field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4419–4438, 2009.

de Gouw, J. and Jimenez, J. L.: Organic Aerosols in the Earth's Atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., in press, 2009.

de Gouw, J. A., Middlebrook, A. M., Warneke, C., et al.: Budget of organic carbon in a polluted atmosphere: Results from the New England Air Quality Study in 2002, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D16305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005623 2005.

de Gouw, J. A., Welsh-Bon, D., Warneke, C., Kuster, W. C., Alexander, L., Baker, A. K., Beyersdorf, A. J., Blake, D. R., Canagaratna, M., Celada, A. T., Huey, L. G., Junkermann, W., Onasch, T. B., Salcido, A., Sjostedt, S. J., Sullivan, A. P., Tanner, D. J., Vargas, O., Weber, R. J., Worsnop, D. R., Yu, X. Y., and Zaveri, R.: Emission and chemistry of organic carbon in the gas and aerosol phase at a sub-urban site near Mexico City in March 2006 during the MILAGRO study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3425–3442, 2009.

de Foy, B., Caetano, E., Magaña, V., Zitácuaro, A., Cárdenas, B., Retama, A., Ramos, R., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Mexico City basin wind circulation during the MCMA-2003 field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2267–2288, 2005.

DeCarlo, P. F., Dunlea, E. J., Kimmel, J. R., Aiken, A. C., Sueper, D., Crounse, J., Wennberg, P. O., Emmons, L., Shinozuka, Y., Clarke, A., Zhou, J., Tomlinson, J., Collins, D. R., Knapp, D., Weinheimer, A. J., Montzka, D. D., Campos, T., and Jimenez, J. L.: Fast airborne aerosol size and chemistry measurements above Mexico City and Central Mexico during the MILAGRO campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4027–4048, 2008.

DeCarlo, P. F., Kimmel, J. R., Trimborn, A., et al.: Field-deployable, high-resolution, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 78(24), 8281–8289, 2006.

DeCarlo, P. F., Slowik, J. G., Worsnop, D. R., Davidovits, P., and Jimenez, J. L.: Particle morphology and density characterization by combined mobility and aerodynamic diameter measurements. Part 1: theory, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 38, 1185–1205, 2004.

Docherty, K. S., Stone, E. A., Ulbrich, I. M., et al.: Apportionment of primary and secondary organic aerosols in southern California during the 2005 study of organic aerosols in Riverside (SOAR), Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7655–7662, https://doi.org/10.1021/es8008166, 2008.

Drewnick, F., Hings, S. S., DeCarlo, P., et al.: A new time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (TOF-AMS) – Instrument description and first field deployment, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 39(7), 637–658, 2005.

Dunlea, E. J., DeCarlo, P. F., Aiken, A. C., Kimmel, J. R., Peltier, R. E., Weber, R. J., Tomlison, J., Collins, D. R., Shinozuka, Y., McNaughton, C. S., Howell, S. G., Clarke, A. D., Emmons, L. K., Apel, E. C., Pfister, G. G., van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R. V., Millet, D. B., Heald, C. L., and Jimenez, J. L.: Evolution of Asian aerosols during transpacific transport in INTEX-B, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 15375–15461, 2008.

Dzepina, K., Volkamer, R. M., Madronich, S., Tulet, P., Ulbrich, I. M., Zhang, Q., Cappa, C. D., Ziemann, P. J., and Jimenez, J. L.: Evaluation of recently-proposed secondary organic aerosol models for a case study in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5681–5709, 2009.

Edgerton, S. A., Bian, X., Doran, J. C., et al.: Particulate air pollution in Mexico City: A collaborative research project, J. Air Waste Manage., 49(10), 1221–1229, 1999.

Farmer, D. K., Docherty, K. S., Cubison, M. J., Ziemann, P. J., Matsunaga, A., and Jimenez, J. L.: Aerosol organic nitrate characterization and quantification with the High Resolution-Time of Flight-Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Fall Meeting Suppl. Abstract A31B-0092, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Un., 2008.

Fast, J. D., de Foy, B., Acevedo Rosas, F., Caetano, E., Carmichael, G., Emmons, L., McKenna, D., Mena, M., Skamarock, W., Tie, X., Coulter, R. L., Barnard, J. C., Wiedinmyer, C., and Madronich, S.: A meteorological overview of the MILAGRO field campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2233–2257, 2007.

Fast, J. D. and Zhong, S. Y.: Meteorological factors associated with inhomogeneous ozone concentrations within the Mexico City basin, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103(D15), 18927–18946, 1998.

Fast, J., Aiken, A. C., Allan, J., Alexander, L., Campos, T., Canagaratna, M. R., Chapman, E., DeCarlo, P. F., de Foy, B., Gaffney, J., de Gouw, J., Doran, J. C., Emmons, L., Hodzic, A., Herndon, S. C., Huey, G., Jayne, J. T., Jimenez, J. L., Kleinman, L., Kuster, W., Marley, N., Russell, L., Ochoa, C., Onasch, T. B., Pekour, M., Song, C., Ulbrich, I. M., Warneke, C., Welsh-Bon, D., Wiedinmyer, C., Worsnop, D. R., Yu, X.-Y., and Zaveri, R.: Evaluating simulated primary anthropogenic and biomass burning organic aerosols during MILAGRO: implications for assessing treatments of secondary organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6191–6215, 2009.

Fine, P. M., Sioutas, C., and Solomon, P. A.: Secondary particulate matter in the United States: Insights from the particulate matter supersites program and related studies, J. Air Waste Manage., 58(2), 234–253, 2008.

Fortner, E. C., Zheng, J., Zhang, R., Berk Knighton, W., Volkamer, R. M., Sheehy, P., Molina, L., and André, M.: Measurements of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Proton Transfer Reaction – Mass Spectrometry during the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 467–481, 2009.

Fountoukis, C., Nenes, A., Sullivan, A., Weber, R., Van Reken, T., Fischer, M., Matías, E., Moya, M., Farmer, D., and Cohen, R. C.: Thermodynamic characterization of Mexico City aerosol during MILAGRO 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2141–2156, 2009.

Gilardoni, S., Liu, S., Takahama, S., Russell, L. M., Allan, J. D., Steinbrecher, R., Jimenez, J. L., De Carlo, P. F., Dunlea, E. J., and Baumgardner, D.: Characterization of organic ambient aerosol during MIRAGE 2006 on three platforms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5417–5432, 2009.

Grieshop, A. P., Donahue, N. M., and Robinson, A. L.: Laboratory investigation of photochemical oxidation of organic aerosol from wood fires 2: analysis of aerosol mass spectrometer data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2227–2240, 2009.

Hallquist, M., Wenger, J. C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D., Claeys, M., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., George, C., Goldstein, A. H., Hamilton, J. F., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jang, M., Jenkin, M. E., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Maenhaut, W., McFiggans, G., Mentel, Th. F., Monod, A., Prévôt, A. S. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Surratt, J. D., Szmigielski, R., and Wildt, J.: The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5155–5235, 2009.

Hennigan, C. J., Sullivan, A. P., Fountoukis, C. I., Nenes, A., Hecobian, A., Vargas, O., Peltier, R. E., Case Hanks, A. T., Huey, L. G., Lefer, B. L., Russell, A. G., and Weber, R. J.: On the volatility and production mechanisms of newly formed nitrate and water soluble organic aerosol in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3761–3768, 2008.

Herndon, S. C., Onasch, T. B., Wood, E. C., et al.: The Correlation of Secondary Organic Aerosol with Odd Oxygen in a Megacity Outflow, Geophys Res. Lett., 35, L15804, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034058, 2008.

Hodzic, A., Jimenez, J. L., Madronich, S., Aiken, A. C., Bessagnet, B., Curci, G., Fast, J., Lamarque, J. F., Onasch, T. B., Roux, G., and Ulbrich, I. M.: Modeling organic aerosols during MILAGRO: application of the CHIMERE model and importance of biogenic secondary organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 12207–12281, 2009.

Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Aiken, A. C., Cubison, M. J., Ulbrich, I. M., DeCarlo, P. F., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., Ziemann, P. J., and Jimenez, J. L.: Chemically-resolved aerosol volatility measurements from two megacity field studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 2645–2697, 2009a.

Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Mohr, C., Cubison, M. J., Ulbrich, I. M., Ziemann, P. J., Onasch, T. B., and Jimenez, J. L.: Chemically-Resolved Volatility Measurements of Organic Aerosol from Different Sources, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 5351–5357, https://doi.org/10.1021/es803539d, 2009b.

Huffman, J. A., Jayne, J. T., Drewnick, F., Aiken, A. C., Onasch, T., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Design, modeling, optimization, and experimental tests of a particle beam width probe for the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 39(12), 1143–1163, 2005.

Huffman, J. A., Ziemann, P. J., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Development and characterization of a fast-stepping/scanning thermodenuder for chemically-resolved aerosol volatility measurements, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 42, 395–407, 2008.

IPCC: Climate Change 2007 – The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2007.

Jayne, J. T., Leard, D. C., Zhang, X. F., Davidovits, P., Smith, K. A., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Development of an aerosol mass spectrometer for size and composition analysis of submicron particles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 33(1–2), 49–70, 2000.

Jimenez, J. L., Jayne, J. T., Shi, Q., et al.: Ambient aerosol sampling using the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108(D7), 8425, https://doi.org/8410.1029/2001JD001213, 2003.

Johnson, K. S., de Foy, B., Zuberi, B., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Xie, Y., Laskin, A., and Shutthanandan, V.: Aerosol composition and source apportionment in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area with PIXE/PESA/STIM and multivariate analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4591–4600, 2006.

Johnson, K. S., Laskin, A., Jimenez, J. L., Shutthanandan, V., Molina, L. T., Salcedo, D., Dzepina, K., and Molina, M. J.: Comparative analysis of urban atmospheric aerosol by Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), Proton Elastic Scattering Analysis (PESA), and Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (AMS), Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 6619–6624, https://doi.org/10.1021/es800393e, 2008.

Khlystov, A., Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Stanier, C., Pandis, S. N., Canagaratna, M. R., Fine, P., Misra, C., and Sioutas, C.: In situ concentration of semi-volatile aerosol using water-condensation technology, J. Aerosol Sci., 36(7), 866–880, 2005.

Kleinman, L. I., Springston, S. R., Daum, P. H., Lee, Y.-N., Nunnermacker, L. J., Senum, G. I., Wang, J., Weinstein-Lloyd, J., Alexander, M. L., Hubbe, J., Ortega, J., Canagaratna, M. R., and Jayne, J.: The time evolution of aerosol composition over the Mexico City plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1559–1575, 2008.

Knighton, W. B., Fortner, E. C., Herndon, S. C., et al.: Examination of biomass burning tracer signatures in urban environments, EOS Trans. AGU. Abstract A33D-1569, Fall Meet. Suppl., 88(52), 2007.

Kondo, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Takegawa, N., Miyakawa, T., Weber, R. J., Jimenez, J. L., Zhang, Q., and Worsnop, D. R.: Oxygenated and water-soluble organic aerosols in Tokyo, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D01203, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007056, 2007.

Kroll, J. H., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., et al.: Evolution of Diesel Exhaust Aerosol in an Urban Environment, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Un., Abstract A31E-02, Fall Meet. Suppl., 2007.

Lanz, V. A., Alfarra, M. R., Baltensperger, U., Buchmann, B., Hueglin, C., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols at an urban site by factor analytical modelling of aerosol mass spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1503–1522, 2007.

Lonati, G., Ozgen, S., and Giugliano, M.: Primary and secondary carbonaceous species in PM2.5 samples in Milan (Italy), Atmos. Environ., 41(22), 4599–4610, 2007.

Madronich, S.: Chemical evolution of gaseous air pollutants down-wind of tropical megacities: Mexico City case study, Atmos. Environ., 40(31), 6012–6018, 2006.

Malm, W. C., Sisler, J. F., Huffman, D., Eldred, R. A., and Cahill, T. A.: Spatial and Seasonal Trends in Particle Concentration and Optical Extinction in the United-States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 99(D1), 1347–1370, 1994.

Marley, N. A., Gaffney, J. S., Castro, T., Salcido, A., and Frederick, J.: Measurements of aerosol absorption and scattering in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area during the MILAGRO field campaign: a comparison of results from the T0 and T1 sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 189–206, 2009.

McLafferty, F. W. and Turecek, F.: Interpretation of mass spectra, University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1993.

Moffet, R. C., de Foy, B., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., and Prather, K. A.: Measurement of ambient aerosols in northern Mexico City by single particle mass spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4499–4516, 2008a.

Moffet, R. C., Desyaterik, Y., Hopkins, R. J., et al. Characterization of Aerosols Containing Zn, Pb, and Cl from an Industrial Region of Mexico City, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42(19), 7091–7097, 2008b.

Mohr, C., Huffman, J. A., Cubison, M. J., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Kimmel, J. R., Ulbrich, I. M., Hannigan, M., and Jimenez, J. L.: Characterization of primary organic aerosol emissions from meat cooking, trash burning, and motor vehicles with high-resolution aersol mass spectrometry and comparison with ambient and chamber observations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 2443–2449, https://doi.org/10.1021/es8011518, 2009.

Molina, L. T., Kolb, C. E., de Foy, B., Lamb, B. K., Brune, W. H., Jimenez, J. L., Ramos-Villegas, R., Sarmiento, J., Paramo-Figueroa, V. H., Cardenas, B., Gutierrez-Avedoy, V., and Molina, M. J.: Air quality in North America's most populous city – overview of the MCMA-2003 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2447–2473, 2007.

Molina, L. T., Madronich, S., Gaffney, J. S., and Singh, H. B.: Overview of MILAGRO/INTEX-B Campaign, IGACtivities Newsletter, 38, 2–15, 2008.

Molina, L. T. and Molina, M. J.: Air quality impacts: Local and global concern, in Mexico megacity: an integrated assessment, Kluwer Academic Press, The Netherlands, 2002.

Morino, Y., Kondo, Y., Takegawa, N., et al.: Partitioning of HNO3 and particulate nitrate over Tokyo: Effect of vertical mixing, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D15215, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006887, 2006.

Nemitz, E., Jimenez, J. L., Huffman, J. A., Ulbrich, I. M., Canagaratna, M. R., Worsnop, D. R., and Guenther, A. B.: An eddy-covariance system for the measurement of surface/atmosphere exchange fluxes of submicron aerosol chemical species – First application above an urban area, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 42(8), 636–657, 2008.

Neuman, J. A., Nowak, J. B., Brock, C. A., et al.: Variability in ammonium nitrate formation and nitric acid depletion with altitude and location over California, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108(D17), 4557, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003616, 2003.

Osborn, R. J., Taylor, N. F., Spencer, C. W., and Collins, D. R.: Isolation of ambient particles of known critical supersaturation: the differential activation separator (DAS), Aerosol Sci. Tech., 42(9), 759–772, 2008.

Paatero, P. and Tapper, U.: Positive Matrix Factorization – a Nonnegative Factor Model with Optimal Utilization of Error-Estimates of Data Values, Environmetrics, 5(2), 111–126, 1994.

Paredes-Miranda, G., Arnott, W. P., Jimenez, J. L., Aiken, A. C., Gaffney, J. S., and Marley, N. A.: Primary and secondary contributions to aerosol light scattering and absorption in Mexico City during the MILAGRO 2006 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3721–3730, 2009.

Pope, C. A. and Dockery, D. W.: Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect, J. Air Waste Manage., 56(6), 709–742, 2006.

Querol, X., Pey, J., Minguillón, M. C., Pérez, N., Alastuey, A., Viana, M., Moreno, T., Bernabé, R. M., Blanco, S., Cárdenas, B., Vega, E., Sosa, G., Escalona, S., Ruiz, H., and Artíñano, B.: PM speciation and sources in Mexico during the MILAGRO-2006 Campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 111–128, 2008.

Salcedo, D., Onasch, T. B., Canagaratna, M. R., Dzepina, K., Huffman, J. A., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., Kolb, C. E., Weimer, S., Drewnick, F., Allan, J. D., Delia, A. E., and Jimenez, J. L.: Technical Note: Use of a beam width probe in an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer to monitor particle collection efficiency in the field, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 549–556, 2007.

Salcedo, D., Onasch, T. B., Dzepina, K., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Huffman, J. A., DeCarlo, P. F., Jayne, J. T., Mortimer, P., Worsnop, D. R., Kolb, C. E., Johnson, K. S., Zuberi, B., Marr, L. C., Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Cardenas, B., Bernabé, R. M., Márquez, C., Gaffney, J. S., Marley, N. A., Laskin, A., Shutthanandan, V., Xie, Y., Brune, W., Lesher, R., Shirley, T., and Jimenez, J. L.: Characterization of ambient aerosols in Mexico City during the MCMA-2003 campaign with Aerosol Mass Spectrometry: results from the CENICA Supersite, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 925–946, 2006.

San Martini, F. M., Dunlea, E. J., Volkamer, R., Onasch, T. B., Jayne, J. T., Canagaratna, M. R., Worsnop, D. R., Kolb, C. E., Shorter, J. H., Herndon, S. C., Zahniser, M. S., Salcedo, D., Dzepina, K., Jimenez, J. L., Ortega, J. M., Johnson, K. S., McRae, G. J., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Implementation of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to inorganic aerosol modeling of observations from the MCMA-2003 campaign – Part II: Model application to the CENICA, Pedregal and Santa Ana sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4889–4904, 2006.

Secretaria del Medio Ambiente, G.d.D.F.: Inventario de Emisiones, http://www.sma.df.gob.mx/inventario_emisiones/, 2006.

Sinha, P., Hobbs, P. V., Yokelson, R. J., Blake, D. R., Gao, S., and Kirchstetter, T. W.: Emissions from miombo woodland and dambo grassland savanna fires, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D11305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004521, 2004.

Slowik, J. G., Stainken, K., Davidovits, P., et al.: Particle morphology and density characterization by combined mobility and aerodynamic diameter measurements. Part 2: Application to combustion-generated soot aerosols as a function of fuel equivalence ratio, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 38(12), 1206–1222, 2004.

Stone, E. A., Snyder, D. C., Sheesley, R. J., Sullivan, A. P., Weber, R. J., and Schauer, J. J.: Source apportionment of fine organic aerosol in Mexico City during the MILAGRO experiment 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1249–1259, 2008.

Sueper, D.: ToF-AMS High Resolution Analysis Software – Pika, online available at: http://cires.colorado.edu/jimenez-group/ToFAMSResources/ToFSoftware/PikaInfo/, 2008.

Sullivan, A. P., Holden, A. S., Patterson, L. A., McMeeking, G. R., Kreidenweis, S. M., Malm, W. C., Hao, W. M., Wold, C. E., and Collett, J. L.: A method for smoke marker measurements and its potential application for determining the contribution of biomass burning from wildfires and prescribed fires to ambient PM2.5 organic carbon, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D22302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010216, 2008.

Takegawa, N., Miyakawa, T., Kondo, Y., Jimenez, J. L., Zhang, Q., Worsnop, D. R., and Fukuda, M.: Seasonal and diurnal variations of submicron organic aerosol in Tokyo observed using the Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D11206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006515, 2006.

Takegawa, N., Miyazaki, Y., Kondo, Y., et al. Characterization of an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS): Intercomparison with other aerosol instruments, Aerosol Sci Tech., 39(8), 760–770, 2005.

Turpin, B. J. and Lim, H. J.: Species contributions to PM2.5 mass concentrations: Revisiting common assumptions for estimating organic mass, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 35(1), 602–610, 2001.

Ulbrich, I. M., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Interpretation of organic components from Positive Matrix Factorization of aerosol mass spectrometric data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2891–2918, 2009.

Volkamer, R., Etzkorn, T., Geyer, A., and Platt, U.: Correction of the oxygen interference with UV spectroscopic (DOAS) measurements of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 32(21), 3731–3747, 1998.

Volkamer, R., Jimenez, J. L., San Martini, F., Dzepina, K., Zhang, Q., Salcedo, D., Molina, L. T., Worsnop, D. R., and Molina, M. J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from anthropogenic air pollution: Rapid and higher than expected, Geophys Res. Lett., 33(17), L17811, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026899, 2006.

Volkamer, R., Martini, F. S., Molina, L. T., Salcedo, D., Jimenez, J. L., and Molina, M. J.: A missing sink for gas-phase glyoxal in Mexico City: Formation of secondary organic aerosol, Geophys Res. Lett., 34, L19807, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030752, 2007.

Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Shirley, T., and Brune, W. H.: DOAS measurement of glyoxal as an indicator for fast VOC chemistry in urban air, Geophys Res. Lett., 32(8), L08806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022616, 2005.

Wang, S. C. and Flagan, R. C.: Scanning Electrical Mobility Spectrometer, J. Aerosol Sci., 20(8), 1485–1488, 1989.

Watson, J. G.: Visibility: Science and regulation, J. Air Waste Manage., 52(6), 628–713, 2002.

Weber, R. J., Sullivan, A. P., Peltier, R. E., et al.: A study of secondary organic aerosol formation in the anthropogenic-influenced southeastern United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D13302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008408, 2007.

Whiteman, C. D., Zhong, S., Bian, X., Fast, J. D., and Doran, J. C.: Boundary layer evolution and regional-scale diurnal circulations over the Mexico Basin and Mexican plateau, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105(D8), 10081–10102, 2000.

Yokelson, R. J., Crounse, J. D., DeCarlo, P. F., Karl, T., Urbanski, S., Atlas, E., Campos, T., Shinozuka, Y., Kapustin, V., Clarke, A. D., Weinheimer, A., Knapp, D. J., Montzka, D. D., Holloway, J., Weibring, P., Flocke, F., Zheng, W., Toohey, D., Wennberg, P. O., Wiedinmyer, C., Mauldin, L., Fried, A., Richter, D., Walega, J., Jimenez, J. L., Adachi, K., Buseck, P. R., Hall, S. R., and Shetter, R.: Emissions from biomass burning in the Yucatan, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5785–5812, 2009.

Yokelson, R. J., Urbanski, S. P., Atlas, E. L., Toohey, D. W., Alvarado, E. C., Crounse, J. D., Wennberg, P. O., Fisher, M. E., Wold, C. E., Campos, T. L., Adachi, K., Buseck, P. R., and Hao, W. M.: Emissions from forest fires near Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5569–5584, 2007.

Yu, J. Z., Cocker, D. R., Griffin, R. J., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Gas-phase ozone oxidation of monoterpenes: Gaseous and particulate products, J. Atmos. Chem., 34(2), 207–258, 1999.

Zavala, M., Herndon, S. C., Wood, E. C., Onasch, T. B., Knighton, W. B., Marr, L. C., Kolb, C. E., and Molina, L. T.: Evaluation of mobile emissions contributions to Mexico City's emissions inventory using on-road and cross-road emission measurements and ambient data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6305–6317, 2009.

Zhang, Q., Alfarra, M. R., Worsnop, D. R., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Canagaratna, M. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Deconvolution and quantification of hydrocarbon-like and oxygenated organic aerosols based on aerosol mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(13), 4938–4952, 2005a.

Zhang, Q., Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Time- and size-resolved chemical composition of submicron particles in Pittsburgh: Implications for aerosol sources and processes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D07S09, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004649, 2005b.

Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., et al.: Ubiquity and Dominance of Oxygenated Species in Organic Aerosols in Anthropogenically – Influenced Northern Hemisphere Mid-latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34(13), L13801, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029979, 2007a.

Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Worsnop, D. R., and Canagaratna, M.: A case study of urban particle acidity and its influence on secondary organic aerosol, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(9), 3213–3219, 2007b.

Zhang, Q., Worsnop, D. R., Canagaratna, M. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Hydrocarbon-like and oxygenated organic aerosols in Pittsburgh: insights into sources and processes of organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3289–3311, 2005c.

Zhao, J. and Zhang, R. Y.: Proton transfer reaction rate constants between hydronium ion (H3O(+)) and volatile organic compounds, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2177–2185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.019, 2004.

Zheng, J., Zhang, R., Fortner, E. C., Volkamer, R. M., Molina, L., Aiken, A. C., Jimenez, J. L., Gaeggeler, K., Dommen, J., Dusanter, S., Stevens, P. S., and Tie, X.: Measurements of HNO3 and N2O5 using ion drift-chemical ionization mass spectrometry during the MILAGRO/MCMA-2006 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6823–6838, 2008.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Copernicus GmbH

Tập 9 Số 17

6633-6653

Thông tin tác giả