Meteorological aspects of heavy precipitation in relation to floods – An overview

Earth-Science Reviews - Tập 204 - Trang 103171 - 2020
Arjan Breugem1, J.G. Wesseling1, K. Oostindie1, C.J. Ritsema1
1Wageningen University and Research Centre, Department of Soil Physics and Land Management, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Acreman, 1990, A simple stochastic model of hourly rainfall for Farnborough, England, Hydrol. Sci. J., 35, 119, 10.1080/02626669009492414

Allan, 2011, Human influence on rainfall, Nature, 470, 344, 10.1038/470344a

Allan, 2008, Atmospheric warming and the amplification of precipitation extremes, Science, 321, 1481, 10.1126/science.1160787

Allen, 2002, Constraints on future changes in climate and the hydrologic cycle, Nature, 419, 224, 10.1038/nature01092

Alpert, 2002, The paradoxical increase of Mediterranean extreme daily rainfall in spite of decrease in total values, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 10.1029/2001GL013554

Al-Rawas, 2009, Characteristics of rainstorm temporal distributions in arid mountainous and coastal regions, J. Hydrol., 376, 318, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.044

Archambault, 2013, A climatological analysis of the extratropical flow response to recurving western north pacific tropical cyclones, Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 2315, 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00257.1

Aryal, 2018, Long term changes in flooding and heavy rainfall associated with North Atlantic tropical cyclones: Roles of the North Atlantic Oscillation and El Niño-Southern Oscillation, J. Hydrol., 559, 698, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.02.072

Atallah, 2003, The extratropical transition and precipitation distribution of Hurricane Floyd (1999), Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 1063, 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1063:TETAPD>2.0.CO;2

Atallah, 2007, Precipitation distribution associated with landfalling tropical cyclones over the Eastern United States, Mon. Weather Rev., 135, 2185, 10.1175/MWR3382.1

Attema, 2014, Extreme precipitation response to climate perturbations in an atmospheric mesoscale model, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 1, 10.1088/1748-9326/9/1/014003

Aylward, 2010, Synoptic environments associated with the training of convective cells, Weather Forecast., 25, 446, 10.1175/2009WAF2222275.1

Azorin-Molina, 2015, High resolution HIRLAM simulations of the role of low-level sea-Breeze convergence in initiating deep moist convection in the Eastern Iberian Peninsula, Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 154, 81, 10.1007/s10546-014-9961-z

Baek, 2013, Favorable versus unfavorable synoptic backgrounds for indirect precipitation events ahead of tropical cyclones approaching the korean peninsula: a comparison of two cases, Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 333, 10.1007/s13143-013-0032-z

Baek, 2014, Antecedent mid-tropospheric frontogenesis caused by the interaction between a tropical cyclone and midlatitude trough: a case study of Typhoon Rusa (2002), Theor. Appl. Climatol., 118, 9, 10.1007/s00704-013-1045-3

Baldwin, 2019, The direct and ocean-mediated influence of Asian orography on tropical precipitation and cyclones, Clim. Dyn., 53, 805, 10.1007/s00382-019-04615-5

Ban, 2014, Evaluation of the convection-resolving regional climate modeling approach in decade-long simulations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 7889, 10.1002/2014JD021478

Ban, 2015, Heavy precipitation in a changing climate: does short-term summer precipitation increase faster?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1165, 10.1002/2014GL062588

Bao, 2015, Diagnostics for an extreme rain event near Shanghai during the Landfall of Typhoon Fitow (2013), Mon. Weather Rev., 143, 3377, 10.1175/MWR-D-14-00241.1

Barton, 2016, Clustering of regional-scale extreme precipitation events in Southern Switzerland, Mon. Weather Rev., 144, 347, 10.1175/MWR-D-15-0205.1

Bennett, 2006, A review of the initiation of precipitating convection in the United Kingdom, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 132, 1001, 10.1256/qj.05.54

Berg, 2009, Seasonal characteristics of the relationship between daily precipitation intensity and surface temperature, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, 1, 10.1029/2009JD012008

Berg, 2013, Strong increase in convective precipitation in response to higher temperatures, Nat. Geosci., 6, 181, 10.1038/ngeo1731

Berry, 2011, A global climatology of atmospheric fronts, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 1, 10.1029/2010GL046451

Billings, 2012, Evolution and maintenance of the 22–23 June 2003 nocturnal convection during BAMEX, Weather Forecast., 27, 279, 10.1175/WAF-D-11-00056.1

Blanchard, 1990, Mesoscale convective patterns of the southern high plains, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 71, 994, 10.1175/1520-0477(1990)071<0994:MCPOTS>2.0.CO;2

Boers, 2016, Spatiotemporal characteristics and synchronization of extreme rainfall in South America with focus on the Andes Mountain range, Clim. Dyn., 46, 601, 10.1007/s00382-015-2601-6

Böing, 2012, Influence of the subcloud layer on the development of a deep convective ensemble, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 2682, 10.1175/JAS-D-11-0317.1

Borga, 2007, Hydrometeorological analysis of the 29 August 2003 flash flood in the Eastern Italian Alps, J. Hydrometeorol., 8, 1049, 10.1175/JHM593.1

Bosart, 2012, An analysis of multiple predecessor rain events ahead of tropical cyclones Ike and Lowell: 10–15 September 2008, Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 1081, 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00163.1

Bouin, 2017, Processes leading to deep convection and sensitivity to sea-state representation during HyMeX IOP8 heavy precipitation event, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 143, 2600, 10.1002/qj.3111

Bracken, 2008, The relationship between rainfall inputs and flood generation in south–east Spain, Hydrol. Process., 22, 683, 10.1002/hyp.6641

Bradley, 1994, The hydrometeorological environment of extreme rainstorms in the Southern Plains of the United States, J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 1418, 10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033<1418:THEOER>2.0.CO;2

Bresson, 2012, Idealized numerical simulations of quasi-stationary convective systems over the Northwestern Mediterranean complex terrain, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 138, 1751, 10.1002/qj.1911

Brommer, 2007, Characteristics of long-duration precipitation events across the United States, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 10.1029/2007GL031808

Browning, 1990, Organization of clouds and precipitation in extratropical cyclones, 129

Browning, 1984, Structure and evolution of a mesoscale convective system near the British Isles, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 110, 897, 10.1002/qj.49711046607

Browning, 1996, Variation of frontal and precipitation structure along a cold front, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 1845, 10.1002/qj.49712253606

Bryan, 2006, A multimodel assessment of RKW theory’s relevance to Squall-line characteristics, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 2772, 10.1175/MWR3226.1

Budikova, 2010, Hydroclimatology of the 2008 Midwest floods, Water Resour. Res., 46, 1, 10.1029/2010WR009206

Buytaert, 2006, Spatial and temporal rainfall variability in mountainous areas: A case study from the south Ecuadorian Andes, J. Hydrol., 329, 413, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.02.031

Buzzi, 2014, Heavy rainfall episodes over Liguria in autumn 2011: Numerical forecasting experiments, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1325, 10.5194/nhess-14-1325-2014

Caracena, 1979, Mesoanalysis of the Big Thompson Storm, Mon. Weather Rev., 107, 1, 10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<0001:MOTBTS>2.0.CO;2

Carrió, 2017, Tropicalization process of the 7 November 2014 Mediterranean cyclone: numerical sensitivity study, Atmos. Res., 197, 300, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.07.018

Caruso, 2006, Subtropical cyclogenesis over the central North Pacific, Weather Forecast., 21, 193, 10.1175/WAF914.1

Casas, 2004, A methodology to classify extreme rainfall events in the western Mediterranean area, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 77, 139, 10.1007/s00704-003-0003-x

Casas, 2010, Analysis of extreme rainfall in Barcelona using a microscale rain gauge network, Meteorol. Appl., 17, 117, 10.1002/met.166

Catto, 2013, The importance of fronts for extreme precipitation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 10,791, 10.1002/jgrd.50852

Catto, 2012, Relating global precipitation to atmospheric fronts, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, 1, 10.1029/2012GL051736

Cavicchia, 2014, Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones in present and future climate, J. Clim., 27, 7493, 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00339.1

Cavicchia, 2014, A long-term climatology of medicanes, Clim. Dyn., 43, 1183, 10.1007/s00382-013-1893-7

Cavicchia, 2018, Energetics and dynamics of subtropical Australian East Coast cyclones: two contrasting cases, Mon. Weather Rev., 146, 1511, 10.1175/MWR-D-17-0316.1

Chaboureau, 2012, Tropical transition of a Mediterranean storm by jet crossing, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 138, 596, 10.1002/qj.960

Chappell, 1986, Quasi-stationary convective events

Chen, 2016, The Remote Effect of Typhoon Megi (2010) on the Heavy Rainfall over Northeastern Taiwan, Mon. Weather Rev., 144, 3109, 10.1175/MWR-D-15-0269.1

Chen, 2004, Characteristics of heavy summer rainfall in Southwestern Taiwan in relation to orographic effects, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 82, 1521, 10.2151/jmsj.82.1521

Chen, 2010, An overview of research and forecasting on rainfall associated with landfalling tropical cyclones, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 27, 967, 10.1007/s00376-010-8171-y

Choi, 2011, Analysis and Simulation of Mesoscale Convective Systems Accompanying Heavy Rainfall: The Goyang Case, Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 47, 265, 10.1007/s13143-011-0015-x

Claud, 2010, Mediterranean hurricanes: large-scale environment and convective and precipitating areas from satellite microwave observations, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 2199, 10.5194/nhess-10-2199-2010

Cohuet, 2011, Initiation of a severe thunderstorm over the Mediterranean Sea, Atmos. Res., 100, 603, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.11.002

Couto, 2012, Analysis of intense rainfall events on Madeira Island during the 2009/2010 winter, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 2225, 10.5194/nhess-12-2225-2012

Curtis, 2017, 78

Dairaku, 2004, Rainfall amount, intensity, duration, and frequency relationships in the Mae Chaem Watershed in Southeast Asia, J. Hydrometeorol., 5, 458, 10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0458:RAIDAF>2.0.CO;2

Davies, 2013, Relationships between the large-scale atmosphere and the small-scale convective state for Darwin, Australia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 11534, 10.1002/jgrd.50645

Davis, 2010, Simulations of subtropical cyclones in a baroclinic channel model, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 2871, 10.1175/2010JAS3411.1

Davis, 2003, Baroclinically induced tropical cyclogenesis, Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 2730, 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2730:BITC>2.0.CO;2

Davis, 2012, Mesoscale analysis of heavy rainfall episodes from SoWMEX/TiMREX, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 521, 10.1175/JAS-D-11-0120.1

Davolio, 2016, Mechanisms producing different precipitation patterns over north-eastern Italy: insights from HyMeX-SOP1 and previous events, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 142, 188, 10.1002/qj.2731

Dayan, 2015, Review Article: atmospheric conditions inducing extreme precipitation over the eastern and western Mediterranean, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2525, 10.5194/nhess-15-2525-2015

De Lannoy, 2001, Ruimtelijke en temporele karakteristieken van neerslag bepaald met radarbeelden

De Ploey, 1991, Hillslope erosion by rainstorms–a magnitude-frequency analysis, Earth Surf. Process. Landf., 16, 399, 10.1002/esp.3290160503

De Vries, 2016, Dynamics of tropical–extratropical interactions and extreme precipitation events in Saudi Arabia in autumn, winter and spring, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 142, 1862, 10.1002/qj.2781

DeHart, 2017, Orographic modification of precipitation processes in Hurricane Karl (2010), Mon. Weather Rev., 145, 4171, 10.1175/MWR-D-17-0014.1

Delrieu, 2005, The catastrophic flash-flood event of 8–9 September 2002 in the Gard Region, France: a first case study for the Cévennes–Vivarais Mediterranean hydrometeorological observatory, J. Hydrometeorol., 6, 34, 10.1175/JHM-400.1

Demirtaş, 2016, The October 2011 devastating flash flood event of Antalya: triggering mechanisms and quantitative precipitation forecasting, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 142, 2336, 10.1002/qj.2827

Dimri, 2017, Cloudbursts in Indian Himalayas: a review, Earth Sci. Rev., 168, 1, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.03.006

Dodla, 2010, Mesoscale characteristics and prediction of an unusual extreme heavy precipitation event over India using a high resolution mesoscale model, Atmos. Res., 95, 255, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.10.004

Donat, 2016, More extreme precipitation in the world’s dry and wet regions, Nat. Clim. Chang., 6, 508, 10.1038/nclimate2941

Dong, 2010, Rainfall reinforcement associated with landfalling tropical cyclones, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3541, 10.1175/2010JAS3268.1

Doswell, 1987, The distinction between large-scale and mesoscale contribution to severe convection: a case study example, Weather Forecast., 2, 3, 10.1175/1520-0434(1987)002<0003:TDBLSA>2.0.CO;2

Doswell, 1997

Doswell, 1996, Flash flood forecasting: an ingredients-based methodology, Weather Forecast., 11, 560, 10.1175/1520-0434(1996)011<0560:FFFAIB>2.0.CO;2

Doswell, 1998, A diagnostic study of three heavy precipitation episodes in the Western Mediterranean region, Weather Forecast., 13, 102, 10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0102:ADSOTH>2.0.CO;2

Ducrocq, 2008, A numerical study of three catastrophic precipitating events over southern France. II: Mesoscale triggering and stationarity factors, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 134, 131, 10.1002/qj.199

Ducrocq, 2014, HyMeX-SOP1: the field campaign dedicated to heavy precipitation and flash flooding in the Northwestern Mediterranean, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 1083, 10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00244.1

Duda, 2010, Spring and Summer Midwestern Severe Weather Reports in Supercells Compared to Other Morphologies, Weather Forecast., 25, 190, 10.1175/2009WAF2222338.1

Dunkerley, 2008, Identifying individual rain events from pluviograph records: a review with analysis of data from an Australian dryland site, Hydrol. Process., 22, 5024, 10.1002/hyp.7122

Dunkerley, 2008, Rain event properties in nature and in rainfall simulation experiments: a comparative review with recommendations for increasingly systematic study and reporting, Hydrol. Process., 22, 4415, 10.1002/hyp.7045

Dunkerley, 2010, How do the rain rates of sub-event intervals such as the maximum 5- and 15-min rates (I5 or I30) relate to the properties of the enclosing rainfall event?, Hydrol. Process., 24, 2425, 10.1002/hyp.7650

Dunkerley, 2015, Intra-event intermittency of rainfall: an analysis of the metrics of rain and no-rain periods, Hydrol. Process., 29, 3294, 10.1002/hyp.10454

Easterling, 2000, Climate extremes: observations, modeling, and impacts, Science, 289, 2068, 10.1126/science.289.5487.2068

Emanuel, 2005, Genesis and maintenance of “Mediterranean hurricanes”, Adv. Geosci., 2, 217, 10.5194/adgeo-2-217-2005

Emori, 2005, Dynamic and thermodynamic changes in mean and extreme precipitation under changed climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 1, 10.1029/2005GL023272

Eshel, 2000, Mechanisms of eastern Mediterranean rainfall variability, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3219, 10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<3219:MOEMRV>2.0.CO;2

Evans, 2012, A climatology of subtropical cyclones in the South Atlantic, J. Clim., 25, 7328, 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00212.1

Evans, 2009, Atlantic Subtropical Storms. Part I: Diagnostic criteria and composite analysis, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 2065, 10.1175/2009MWR2468.1

Fassnacht, 2015, Large snowmelt versus rainfall events in the mountains, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 2375, 10.1002/2014JD022753

Field, 2007, Precipitation and cloud structure in midlatitude cyclones, J. Clim., 20, 233, 10.1175/JCLI3998.1

Fiori, 2014, Analysis and hindcast simulations of an extreme rainfall event in the Mediterranean area: The Genoa 2011 case, Atmos. Res., 138, 13, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.10.007

Fiori, 2017, Triggering and evolution of a deep convective system in the Mediterranean Sea: modelling and observations at a very fine scale, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 143, 927, 10.1002/qj.2977

Fischer, 2016, Observed heavy precipitation increase confirms theory and early models, Nat. Clim. Chang., 6, 986, 10.1038/nclimate3110

Fita, 2018, Medicanes as subtropical cyclones: the December 2005 case from the perspective of surface pressure tendency diagnostics and atmospheric water budget, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 142, 275

Fita, 2006, Intercomparison of intense cyclogenesis events over the Mediterranean basin based on baroclinic and diabatic influences, Adv. Geosci., 7, 333, 10.5194/adgeo-7-333-2006

Fita, 2007, Analysis of the environments of seven Mediterranean tropical-like storms using an axisymmetric, non-hydrostatic, cloud resolving model, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 7, 41, 10.5194/nhess-7-41-2007

Flaounas, 2015, The dynamical structure of intense Mediterranean cyclones, Clim. Dyn., 44, 2411, 10.1007/s00382-014-2330-2

Flaounas, 2016, Processes leading to heavy precipitation associated with two Mediterranean cyclones observed during the HyMeX SOP1, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 142, 275, 10.1002/qj.2618

Flaounas, 2018, Heavy rainfall in Mediterranean cyclones. Part I: contribution of deep convection and warm conveyor belt, Clim. Dyn., 50, 2935, 10.1007/s00382-017-3783-x

Flaounas, 2019, Heavy rainfall in Mediterranean cyclones, Part II: water budget, precipitation efficiency and remote water sources, Clim. Dyn., 53, 2539, 10.1007/s00382-019-04639-x

Fragoso, 2008, Classification of daily abundant rainfall patterns and associated large-scale atmospheric circulation types in Southern Portugal, Int. J. Climatol., 28, 537, 10.1002/joc.1564

Fragoso, 2012, The 20 February 2010 Madeira flash-floods: synoptic analysis and extreme rainfall assessment, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 715, 10.5194/nhess-12-715-2012

Frei, 2000, Climate dynamics and extreme precipitation and flood events in Central Europe, Integr. Assess., 1, 281, 10.1023/A:1018983226334

Fritsch, 1986, The contribution of mesoscale convective weather systems to the warm-season precipitation in the United States, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 25, 1333, 10.1175/1520-0450(1986)025<1333:TCOMCW>2.0.CO;2

Fritz, 2014, Water vapour budget in a developing tropical cyclone and its implication for tropical cyclone formation, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 4321, 10.1175/JAS-D-13-0378.1

Funatsu, 2008, Connections between potential vorticity intrusions and convection in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 987, 10.1175/2007JAS2248.1

Funatsu, 2008, A 6-year AMSU-based climatology of upper-level troughs and associated precipitation distribution in the Mediterranean region, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, 10.1029/2008JD009918

Funatsu, 2009, Comparison between the large-scale environments of moderate and intense precipitating systems in the Mediterranean Region, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 3933, 10.1175/2009MWR2922.1

Gaál, 2014, Selection of intense rainfall events based on intensity thresholds and lightning data in Switzerland, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1561, 10.5194/hess-18-1561-2014

Galarneau, 2010, Predecessor rain events ahead of tropical cyclones, Mon. Weather Rev., 138, 3272, 10.1175/2010MWR3243.1

Gao, 2009, Observational analysis of heavy rainfall mechanisms associated with severe tropical storm Bilis (2006) after its landfall, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 1881, 10.1175/2008MWR2669.1

Garde, 2010, Tropical transition of the 2001 Australian Duck, Mon. Weather Rev., 138, 2038, 10.1175/2009MWR3220.1

Ge, 2010, What causes the extremely heavy rainfall in Taiwan during Typhoon Morakot (2009)?, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 11, 46, 10.1002/asl.255

Gimeno, 2016, Major mechanism of atmospheric moisture transport and their role in extreme precipitation events, Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 41, 117, 10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085558

Gochis, 2006, Hydroclimatology of the North American Monsoon region in northwest Mexico, J. Hydrol., 316, 53, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.04.021

Grams, 2011, The key role of diabatic processes in modifying the upper-tropospheric wave guide: a North Atlantic case-study, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 2174, 10.1002/qj.891

González-Alemán, 2015, Classification and Synoptic Analysis of Subtropical Cyclones within the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, Journal of Climate, 28, 3331, 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00276.1

Grams, 2014, Atmospheric processes triggering the central European floods in June 2013, Nat. Haz.aEarth Sci., 14, 1691, 10.5194/nhess-14-1691-2014

Gregersen, 2013, Assessing future climatic changes of rainfall extremes at small spatio-temporal scales, Clim. Chang., 118, 783, 10.1007/s10584-012-0669-0

Guishard, 2009, Atlantic subtropical storms. Part II: Climatology, J. Clim., 22, 3574, 10.1175/2008JCLI2346.1

Guo, 2006, Mesoscale convective precipitation system modified by urbanization in Beijing City, Atmos. Res., 82, 112, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.12.007

Haerter, 2010, Heavy rain intensity distributions on varying time scales and at different temperatures, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, 10.1029/2009JD013384

Hai, 2017, Extreme rainstorms that caused devastating flooding across the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia during November and December 2014, Weather Forecast., 32, 849, 10.1175/WAF-D-16-0160.1

Haile, 2011, Rain event properties at the source of the Blue Nile River, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1023, 10.5194/hess-15-1023-2011

Hand, 2004, A study of twentieth-century extreme rainfall events in the United Kingdom with implications for forecasting, Meteorol. Appl., 11, 15, 10.1017/S1350482703001117

Hanel, 2014, Spatial variability and interdependence of rain event characteristics in the Czech Republic, Hydrol. Process., 28, 2929

Harats, 2010, Lightning and rain dynamic indices as predictors for flash floods events in the Mediterranean, Adv. Geosci., 23, 57, 10.5194/adgeo-23-57-2010

Hardwick Jones, 2010, Observed relationships between extreme sub‐daily precipitation, surface temperature, and relative humidity, Geophysical Research Letters, 37, 1, 10.1029/2010GL045081

Harpold, 2017, Potential for changing extreme snowmelt and rainfall events in the mountains of the Western United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 13219, 10.1002/2017JD027704

Hart, 2003, A cyclone phase space derived from thermal wind and thermal asymmetry, Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 585, 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0585:ACPSDF>2.0.CO;2

Hart, 2001, A climatology of the extratropical transition of Atlantic tropical cyclones, J. Clim., 14, 546, 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0546:ACOTET>2.0.CO;2

Hart, 2006, Synoptic composites of the extratropical transition life cycle of north atlantic tropical cyclones: factors determining posttransition evolution, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 553, 10.1175/MWR3082.1

Hawcroft, 2012, How much Northern Hemisphere precipitation is associated with extratropical cyclones?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, 1, 10.1029/2012GL053866

He, 2017, Characteristics of mesoscale convective systems in central East China and their reliance on atmospheric circulation patterns, Int. J. Climatol., 37, 3276, 10.1002/joc.4917

Hegerl, 2004, Detectability of anthropogenic changes in annual temperature and precipitation extremes, J. Clim., 17, 3683, 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3683:DOACIA>2.0.CO;2

Held, 2006, Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming, J. Clim., 19, 5686, 10.1175/JCLI3990.1

Hellström, 2005, Atmospheric conditions during extreme and non-extreme precipitation events in Sweden, Int. J. Climatol., 25, 631, 10.1002/joc.1119

Heo, 2015, Development mechanisms of an explosive cyclone over East Sea on 3–4 April 2012, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 70, 30, 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2015.03.001

Heo, 2019, Explosive Cyclogenesis around the Korean Peninsula in May 2016 from a potential vorticity perspective: case study and numerical simulations, Atmosphere, 10, 1, 10.3390/atmos10060322

Hernández Ayala, 2016, Tropical cyclone rainfall over Puerto Rico and its relations to environmental and storm-specific factors, Int. J. Climatol., 36, 2223, 10.1002/joc.4490

Hitchens, 2013, Preliminary investigation of the contribution of supercell thunderstorms to the climatology of heavy and extreme precipitation in the United States, Atmos. Res., 123, 206, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.06.023

Hitchens, 2013, Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Heavy Hourly Rainfall in the United States, Monthly Weather Review, 141, 4564, 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00297.1

Homar, 2002, A deep cyclone of African origin over the Western Mediterranean: diagnosis and numerical simulation, Ann. Geophys., 20, 93, 10.5194/angeo-20-93-2002

Homar, 2003, Numerical diagnosis of a small, quasi-tropical cyclone over the western Mediterranean: Dynamical vs. boundary factors, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 129, 1469, 10.1256/qj.01.91

Horgan, 2007, A five-year climatology of elevated severe convective storms in the United States East of the Rocky Mountains, Weather Forecast., 22, 327, 10.1175/WAF1032.1

Houze, 1993, 534

Huang, 2014, Water budget and precipitation efficiency of typhoon Morakat (2009), J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 112, 10.1175/JAS-D-13-053.1

Huff, 1967, Time distribution of rainfall in heavy storms, Water Resour. Res., 3, 1007, 10.1029/WR003i004p01007

Ivančan-Picek, 2003, Analysis and Aladin prediction of a heavy precipitation event on the Eastern side of the Alps during Map IOP 5, Meteorol. Z., 12, 103, 10.1127/0941-2948/2003/0012-0103

Ivančan-Picek, 2014, Forcing mechanisms of a heavy precipitation event in the south-eastern Adriatic area, Nat. Hazards, 72, 1231, 10.1007/s11069-014-1066-y

Iwai, 2018, Case study on convection initiation associated with an isolated convective storm developed over flat terrain during TOMACS, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. II, 96A, 3, 10.2151/jmsj.2017-014

James, 2004, Climatological aspects of the extreme European rainfall of August 2002 and a trajectory method for estimating the associated evaporative source regions, Nat. Haz. Earth Sci., 4, 733, 10.5194/nhess-4-733-2004

Javier Julie Rose, 2010, Flash flooding in the Philadelphia metropolitan region, J. Hydrol. Eng., 15, 29, 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000148

Javier, J.R.N., Smith, J.A., England, J., Baeck, M.L., Steiner, M., Ntelekos, A.A., 2007. Climatology of extreme rainfall and flooding from orographic thunderstorm systems in the upper Arkansas River basin. Water Resources Research 43, n/a-n/a.

Jeong, 2012, Environment and morphology of mesoscale convective systems associated with the Changma front during 9-10 July 2007, Ann. Geophys., 30, 1235, 10.5194/angeo-30-1235-2012

Jeong, 2014, Structure and evolution of line-shaped convective systems associated with Changma front during GRL PHONE-09: 6 July 2009 case, Meteorol. Appl., 21, 786, 10.1002/met.1418

Jeong, 2014, A case study of mesoscale convective band (MCB) development and evolution along a quasi-stationary front, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 31, 901, 10.1007/s00376-013-3089-9

Jeong, 2016, Impact of the cold pool on mesoscale convective system–produced extreme rainfall over Southeastern South Korea: 7 July 2009, Mon. Weather Rev., 144, 3985, 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0131.1

Jeong, 2016, Characteristics of mesoscale-convective-system-produced extreme rainfall over southeastern South Korea: 7 July 2009, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 927, 10.5194/nhess-16-927-2016

Jessup, 2012, Organization of flash-flood-producing precipitation in the Northeast United States, Weather Forecast., 27, 345, 10.1175/WAF-D-11-00026.1

Jiang, 2008, Influence of environmental moisture on TRMM-derived tropical cyclone precipitation over land and ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 1, 10.1029/2008GL034658

Jiang, 2018, Characteristics and preliminary causes of tropical cyclone extreme rainfall events over Hainan Island, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 35, 580, 10.1007/s00376-017-7051-0

Jung, 2013, Formation and evolution of mesoscale convective systems that brought the heavy rainfall over Seoul on September 21, 2010, Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 635, 10.1007/s13143-013-0056-4

Kahana, 2002, Synoptic climatology of major floods in the Negev Desert, Israel, Int. J. Climatol., 22, 867, 10.1002/joc.766

Kane, 1987, Precipitation characteristics of mesoscale convective weather systems, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 26, 1345, 10.1175/1520-0450(1987)026<1345:PCOMCW>2.0.CO;2

Kašpar, 2014, Combinations of large-scale circulation anomalies conducive to precipitation extremes in the Czech Republic, Atmospheric Research, 138, 205, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.11.014

Kastman, 2017, Lightning and rainfall characteristics in elevated vs. surface based convection in the midwest that produce heavy rainfall, Atmosphere, 8, 1, 10.3390/atmos8020036

Kastman, 2017, An example of synergistic coupling of upper- and lower-level jets associated with flash flooding, Meteorol. Appl., 24, 206, 10.1002/met.1618

Kendon, 2009, Mechanisms and reliability of future projected changes in daily Precipitation, Clim. Dyn., 40, 1

Kendon, 2014, Heavier summer downpours with climate change revealed by weather forecast resolution model, Nat. Clim. Chang., 4, 570, 10.1038/nclimate2258

Khouakhi, 2017, Contribution of tropical cyclones to rainfall at the global scale, J. Clim., 30, 359, 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0298.1

Klein, 2000, Extratropical transition of Western North Pacific tropical cyclones: an overview and conceptual model of the transformation stage, Weather Forecast., 15, 373, 10.1175/1520-0434(2000)015<0373:ETOWNP>2.0.CO;2

Knight, 2009, Contribution of tropical cyclones to extreme rainfall events in the southeastern United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, 10.1029/2009JD012511

Knutson, 2010, Tropical cyclones and climate change, Nat. Geosci., 3, 157, 10.1038/ngeo779

Konrad, 1997, Synoptic-scale features associated with warm season heavy rainfall over the interior Southeastern United States, Weather Forecast., 12, 557, 10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0557:SSFAWW>2.0.CO;2

Konrad, 2001, The most extreme precipitation events over the Eastern United States from 1950 to 1996: considerations of scale, J. Hydrometeorol., 2, 309, 10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0309:TMEPEO>2.0.CO;2

Konrad, 2010, Relationships between tropical cyclones and heavy rainfall in the Carolina region of the USA, Int. J. Climatol., 30, 522, 10.1002/joc.1894

Kotal, 2012, Potential vorticity diagnosis of rapid intensification of a very severe cylone GIRI (2010) over the Bay of Bengal, Nat. Hazards, 60, 461, 10.1007/s11069-011-0024-1

Kouroutzoglou, 2011, Climatological aspects of explosive cyclones in the Mediterranean, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 1785, 10.1002/joc.2203

Kouroutzoglou, 2012, On the vertical structure of Mediterranean explosive cyclones, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 110, 155, 10.1007/s00704-012-0620-3

Kouroutzoglou, 2014, A high-resolution climatological study on the comparison between surface explosive and ordinary cyclones in the Mediterranean, Reg. Environ. Chang., 14, 1833, 10.1007/s10113-013-0461-3

Kozaric, 2006, Meteorological features of extreme precipitation in the northern Adriatic, Croat. Meteorl. J., 41, 53

Kyselý, 2012, Different patterns of climate change scenarios for short-term and multi-day precipitation extremes in the Mediterranean, Glob. Planet. Chang., 98-99, 63, 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.06.010

Lackmann, 1999, Heavy Cold-Season Precipitation in the Northwestern United States: Synoptic Climatology and an Analysis of the Flood of 17-18 january 1986, Weather Forecast., 14, 687, 10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0687:HCSPIT>2.0.CO;2

Lagouvardos, 2007, The 21–22 January 2004 explosive cyclogenesis over the Aegean Sea: observations and model analysis, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 133, 1519, 10.1002/qj.121

Laing, 2004, Cases of heavy precipitation and flash floods in the caribbean during El Niño winters, J. Hydrometeorol., 5, 577, 10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0577:COHPAF>2.0.CO;2

Laing, 2012, Numerical simulation of episodes of organized convection in Tropical Northern Africa, Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 2874, 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00330.1

Lavers, 2011, Winter floods in Britain are connected to atmospheric rivers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 1, 10.1029/2011GL049783

Lee, 2016, Convective initiation and maintenance processes of two back-building mesoscale convective systems leading to heavy precipitation events in Southern Italy during HyMeX IOP 13, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 142, 2623, 10.1002/qj.2851

Lee, 2017, Physical and dynamic factors that drove the heavy rainfall event over the middle Korean Peninsula on 26-27 July 2011, Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 101, 10.1007/s13143-017-0009-4

Lee, 2017, Initiation and development of a mesoscale convective system in the Ebro River Valley and related heavy precipitation over northeastern Spain during HyMeX IOP 15a, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 143, 942, 10.1002/qj.2978

Lenderink, 2017, Hydroclimate: understanding rainfall extremes, Nat. Clim. Chang., 7, 391, 10.1038/nclimate3305

Lenderink, 2017, Super-Clausius-Clapeyron scaling of extreme hourly convective precipitation and its relation to large-scale atmospheric conditions, J. Clim., 30, 6037, 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0808.1

Lenderink, 2008, Increase in hourly precipitation extremes beyond expectations from temperature changes, Nat. Geosci., 1, 511, 10.1038/ngeo262

Lenderink, 2010, Linking increases in hourly precipitation extremes to atmospheric temperature and moisture changes, Environ. Res. Lett., 5, 1, 10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/025208

Lepore, 2016, Relationships between Hourly Rainfall Intensity and Atmospheric Variables over the Contiguous United States, Journal of Climate, 29, 3181, 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0331.1

Li, 2017, A numerical study of the June 2013 flood-producing extreme rainstorm over Southern Alberta, J. Hydrometeorol., 18, 2057, 10.1175/JHM-D-15-0176.1

Lima, 2008, Convective storm initiation in a moist tropical environment, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 1847, 10.1175/2007MWR2279.1

Lima, 2010, Large-scale atmospheric conditions associated with heavy rainfall episodes in Southeast Brazil, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 101, 121, 10.1007/s00704-009-0207-9

Lin, 2001, Some common ingredients for heavy orographic rainfall, Weather Forecast., 16, 633, 10.1175/1520-0434(2001)016<0633:SCIFHO>2.0.CO;2

Lin, 2011, Mesoscale processes for super heavy rainfall of typhoon Morakot (2009) over southern Taiwan, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 345, 10.5194/acp-11-345-2011

Lind, 2016, Spatial and temporal characteristics of summer precipitation over Central Europe in a suite of high-resolution climate models, J. Clim., 29, 3501, 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0463.1

Liu, 2011, Rainfall contributions from precipitation systems with different sizes, convective intensities, and durations over the tropics and subtropics, J. Hydrometeorol., 12, 394, 10.1175/2010JHM1320.1

Liu, 2016, Extreme rainfall from landfalling tropical cyclones in the Eastern United States: Hurricane Irene (2011), J. Hydrometeorol., 17, 2883, 10.1175/JHM-D-16-0072.1

Liu, 2016, Spatial and temporal characteristics of summer precipitation events spanning different numbers of days over Asia, Int. J. Climatol., 36, 2288, 10.1002/joc.4495

Llasat, 2001, An objective classification of rainfall events on the basis of their convective features: application to rainfall intensity in the northeast of spain, Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1385, 10.1002/joc.692

Lochbihler, 2017, The spatial extent of rainfall events and its relation to precipitation scaling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 8629, 10.1002/2017GL074857

Loriaux, 2013, Understanding convective extreme precipitation scaling using observations and an entraining plume model, J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 3641, 10.1175/JAS-D-12-0317.1

Loriaux, 2016, Peak precipitation intensity in relation to atmospheric conditions and large-scale forcing at midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 5471, 10.1002/2015JD024274

Loriaux, 2017, Large-scale controls on extreme precipitation, J. Clim., 30, 955, 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0381.1

Luo, 2015, Investigation of the predictability and physical mechanisms of an extreme-rainfall-producing mesoscale convective system along the Meiyu front in East China: an ensemble approach, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 10593, 10.1002/2015JD023584

Luo, 2013, Comparison of rainfall characteristics and convective properties of monsoon precipitation systems over South China and the Yangtze and Huai River basin, J. Clim., 26, 110, 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00100.1

Maddox, 1983, 1475

Maddox, 1979, Synoptic and meso-α scale aspects of flash flood events, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 60, 115, 10.1175/1520-0477-60.2.115

Madonna, 2014, Warm conveyor belts in the ERA-Interim Dataset (1979-2010). Part I: Climatology and potential vorticity evolution, J. Clim., 27, 3, 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00720.1

Madsen, 2014, Review of trend analysis and climate change projections of extreme precipitation and floods in Europe, J. Hydrol., 519, 3634, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.11.003

Mahoney, 2016, Understanding the role of atmospheric rivers in heavy precipitation in the Southeast United States, Mon. Weather Rev., 144, 1617, 10.1175/MWR-D-15-0279.1

Martín, 2013, Severe rainfall events over the western Mediterranean Sea: a case study, Atmos. Res., 127, 47, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.03.001

Martius, 2008, Far-upstream precursors of heavy precipitation events on the Alpine south-side, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 134, 417, 10.1002/qj.229

Martius, 2006, Episodes of Alpine heavy precipitation with an overlying elongated stratospheric intrusion: a climatology, Int. J. Climatol., 26, 1149, 10.1002/joc.1295

Martius, 2013, The role of upper-level dynamics and surface processes for the Pakistan flood of July 2010, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 139, 1780, 10.1002/qj.2082

Massacand, 1998, Heavy precipitation on the alpine southside: an upper-level precursor, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1435, 10.1029/98GL50869

Massacand, 2001, Influence of upstream diabatic heating upon an Alpine event of heavy precipitation, Mon. Weather Rev., 129, 2822, 10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2822:IOUDHU>2.0.CO;2

Mastrangelo, 2011, Mechanisms for convection development in a long-lasting heavy precipitation event over southeastern Italy, Atmos. Res., 100, 586, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.10.010

Mazza, 2017, The tropical transition of the October 1996 medicane in the western Mediterranean Sea: a warm seclusion event, Mon. Weather Rev., 145, 2575, 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0474.1

McAnelly, 1989, The precipitation life cycle of mesoscale convective complexes over the Central United States, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 784, 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<0784:TPLCOM>2.0.CO;2

McCarthy, 2012, Intra-event variability of Escherichia coli and total suspended solids in urban stormwater runoff, Water Res., 46, 6661, 10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.006

McCorkle, 2016, Atmospheric contributors to heavy rainfall events in the Arkansas-Red River Basin, Adv. Meteorol., 2016, 1, 10.1155/2016/4597912

McCoy, 2017, Composites of heavy rain producing elevated thunderstorms in the Central United States, Adv. Meteorol., 2017, 1, 10.1155/2017/6932798

Meng, 2016, A diagnostic study on heavy rainfall induced by landfalling typhoon utor (2013) in South China: 1. Rainfall asymmetry at landfall, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 781

Meng, 2016, A diagnostic study on heavy rainfall induced by landfalling typhoon utor (2013) in South China: 2. Postlandfall rainfall, J. Geophys. Res., 121, 803

Meng, 2013, General features of squall lines in East China, Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 1629, 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00208.1

Michaelides, 2018, Reviews and perspectives of high impact atmospheric processes in the Mediterranean, Atmos. Res., 208, 4, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.11.022

Miglietta, 2019, Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones (medicanes), Atmosphere, 10, 1, 10.3390/atmos10040206

Miglietta, 2019, Development mechanisms for Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones (medicanes), Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 145, 1444, 10.1002/qj.3503

Miglietta, 2013, Analysis of tropical-like cyclones over the Mediterranean Sea through a combined modeling and satellite approach, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 2400, 10.1002/grl.50432

Miglietta, 2017, Potential vorticity patterns in Mediterranean “hurricanes”, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 2537, 10.1002/2017GL072670

Mills, 1995, The ’Cudlee Creek’ flash flood - an example of synoptic-scale forcing of a mesoscale event, Australian Meteorological Magazine, 44, 201

Milrad, 2009, Dynamical and precipitation structures of poleward-moving tropical cyclones in Eastern Canada, 1979–2005, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 836, 10.1175/2008MWR2578.1

Milrad, 2009, Synoptic-scale characteristics and precursors of cool-season precipitation events at St. John’s, Newfoundland, 1979-2005, Weather Forecast., 24, 667, 10.1175/2008WAF2222167.1

Milrad, 2010, Synoptic typing of extreme cool-season precipitation events at St. John’s, Newfoundland, 1979-2005, Weather Forecast., 25, 562, 10.1175/2009WAF2222301.1

Milrad, 2010, A diagnostic examination of consecutive extreme cool-season precipitation events at St. John’s, Newfoundland, in December 2008, Weather Forecast., 25, 997, 10.1175/2010WAF2222371.1

Milrad, 2014, Synoptic typing and precursors of heavy warm-season precipitation events at Montreal, Québec, Weather Forecast., 29, 419, 10.1175/WAF-D-13-00030.1

Milrad, 2015, A meteorological analysis of the 2013 Alberta Flood: antecedent large-scale flow pattern and synoptic–dynamic characteristics, Mon. Weather Rev., 143, 2817, 10.1175/MWR-D-14-00236.1

Mohapatra, 2017, Urban extreme rainfall events: categorical skill of WRF model simulations for localized and non-localized events, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 143, 2340, 10.1002/qj.3087

Molini, 2009, Revisiting rainfall clustering and intermittency across different climatic regimes, Water Resour. Res., 45, 10.1029/2008WR007352

Molini, 2010, Causality across rainfall time scales revealed by continuous wavelet transforms, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, 10.1029/2009JD013016

Molini, 2011, Classifying severe rainfall events over Italy by hydrometeorological and dynamical criteria, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 148, 10.1002/qj.741

Moller, 1994, The operational recognition of supercell thunderstorm environments and storm structures, Weather Forecast., 9, 327, 10.1175/1520-0434(1994)009<0327:TOROST>2.0.CO;2

Moore, 2003, The environment of warm-season elevated thunderstorms associated with heavy rainfall over the Central United States, Weather Forecast., 18, 861, 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0861:TEOWET>2.0.CO;2

Moore, 2012, Physical processes associated with heavy flooding rainfall in Nashville, Tennessee, and Vicinity during 1–2 May 2010: the role of an atmospheric river and mesoscale convective systems, Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 358, 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00126.1

Moore, 2013, Synoptic-scale environments of predecessor rain events occurring east of the Rocky mountains in association with Atlantic Basin tropical cyclones*, Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 1022, 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00178.1

Moore, 2015, Climatology and environmental characteristics of extreme precipitation events in the Southeastern United States, Mon. Weather Rev., 143, 718, 10.1175/MWR-D-14-00065.1

Morin, 2014, Hydrological impact and potential flooding of convective rain cells in a semi-arid environment, Hydrol. Sci. J., 59, 1353, 10.1080/02626667.2013.841315

Moseley, 2016, Intensification of convective extremes driven by cloud-cloud interaction, Nat. Geosci., 9, 748, 10.1038/ngeo2789

Müller, 2009, Heavy rains and extreme rainfall-runoff events in Central Europe from 1951 to 2002, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 441, 10.5194/nhess-9-441-2009

Nastos, 2018, Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones: impacts and composite daily means and anomalies of synoptic patterns, Atmos. Res., 208, 156, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.10.023

Neiman, 2013, The landfall and inland penetration of a flood-producing atmospheric river in Arizona. Part I: Observed synoptic-scale, orographic, and hydrometerorological characteristics, J. Hydrometeorol., 14, 460, 10.1175/JHM-D-12-0101.1

Nicolaides, 2010, The cold frontal depression that affected the area of Cyprus between 28 and 29 January 2008, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 1913, 10.5194/nhess-10-1913-2010

Nissen, 2017, Increasing frequencies and changing characteristics of heavy precipitation events threatening infrastructure in Europe under climate change, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1177, 10.5194/nhess-17-1177-2017

Ntelekos, 2008, Extreme hydrometeorological events and the urban environment: Dissecting the 7 July 2004 thunderstorm over the Baltimore MD Metropolitan Region, Water Resour. Res., 44, 10.1029/2007WR006346

Nugent, 2018, Factors leading to extreme precipitation on dominica from tropical storm Erika (2015), Mon. Weather Rev., 146, 525, 10.1175/MWR-D-17-0242.1

Nuissier, 2008, A numerical study of three catastrophic precipitating events over southern France. I: Numerical framework and synoptic ingredients, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 134, 111, 10.1002/qj.200

Nuissier, 2011, A statistical downscaling to identify the large-scale circulation patterns associated with heavy precipitation events over southern France, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 1812, 10.1002/qj.866

O’Gorman, 2015, Precipitation extremes under climate change, Curr. Clim. Chang. Rep., 1, 49, 10.1007/s40641-015-0009-3

O'Gorman, 2009, The physical basis for increases in precipitation extremes in simulations of 21st-century climate change, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 106, 14773, 10.1073/pnas.0907610106

Pan, 2018, 61, 572

Pang, 2017, Case study of potential vorticity tower in three explosive cyclones over eastern Asia, J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 1445, 10.1175/JAS-D-15-0330.1

Panthou, 2014, Relationship between surface temperature and extreme rainfalls: a multi-time-scale and event-based analysis*, J. Hydrometeorol., 15, 1999, 10.1175/JHM-D-14-0020.1

Park, 2007, Synoptic features of orographically enhanced heavy rainfall on the east coast of Korea associated with Typhoon Rusa (2002), Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 1, 10.1029/2006GL028592

Parker, 2000, Organizational modes of midlatitude mesoscale convective systems, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 3413, 10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<3413:OMOMMC>2.0.CO;2

Pawlina, 2002

Peleg, 2012, Convective rain cells: radar-derived spatiotemporal characteristics and synoptic patterns over the eastern Mediterranean, J. Geophys. Res., 117, 1, 10.1029/2011JD017353

Peleg, 2018, Intensification of convective rain cells at Warmer temperatures observed from high-resolution weather radar data, J. Hydrometeorol., 19, 715, 10.1175/JHM-D-17-0158.1

Pelletier, 2009, Characterization of 1-h rainfall temporal patterns using a Kohonen neural network: a Québec City case study, Can. J. Civ. Eng., 36, 980, 10.1139/L09-027

Pendergrass, 2018, What precipitation is extreme?, Science, 360, 1072, 10.1126/science.aat1871

Perry, 2017, Characteristics of precipitating storms in Glacierized Tropical Andean Cordilleras of Peru and Bolivia, Ann. Am. Assoc. Geogr., 107, 309

Peters, 2015, Mechanisms for organization and echo training in a flash-flood-producing mesoscale convective system, Mon. Weather Rev., 143, 1058, 10.1175/MWR-D-14-00070.1

Pfahl, 2014, Characterising the relationship between weather extremes in Europe and synoptic circulation features, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1461, 10.5194/nhess-14-1461-2014

Pfahl, 2012, Quantifying the Relevance of Cyclones for Precipitation Extremes, J. Clim., 25, 6770, 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00705.1

Pfahl, 2014, Warm conveyor belts in the ERA-Interim Dataset (1979-2010). Part II: Moisture origin and relevance for precipitation, J. Clim., 27, 27, 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00223.1

Piaget, 2015, Dynamics of a local Alpine flooding event in October 2011: moisture source and large-scale circulation, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 141, 1922, 10.1002/qj.2496

Pinto, 2013, Identification and ranking of extraordinary rainfall events over Northwest Italy: the role of Atlantic moisture, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 2085, 10.1002/jgrd.50179

Pinto, 2014, Large-scale dynamics associated with clustering of extra-tropical cyclones affecting Western Europe, Geophys. Res. Lett., 119, 13704, 10.1002/2014JD022305

Piotrowski, 2017, Moisture and circulation conditions during heavy precipitation events in łódź, Geogr. Pol., 90, 81, 10.7163/GPol.0080

Piper, 2016, Exceptional sequence of severe thunderstorms and related flash floods in May and June 2016 in Germany - Part 1: Meteorological background, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2835, 10.5194/nhess-16-2835-2016

Pontrelli, 1999, The Madison County, Virginia, Flash Flood of 27 June 1995, Weather Forecast., 14, 384, 10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0384:TMCVFF>2.0.CO;2

Porcú, 2003, Cloud systems leading to flood events in Europe: an overview and classification, Meteorol. Appl., 10, 217, 10.1017/S1350482703003025

Prat, 2016, On the link between tropical cyclones and daily rainfall extremes derived from global satellite observations, Climate, 29, 6127, 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0289.1

Ragone, 2018, A climatological study of Western Mediterranean Medicanes in numerical simulations with explicit and parameterized convection, Atmosphere, 9, 1, 10.3390/atmos9100397

Ralph, 2006, Flooding on California’s Russian river: role of atmospheric rivers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 1, 10.1029/2006GL026689

Ramis, 1997, Two cases of severe weather in Catalonia (Spain): an observational study, Meteorol. Appl., 4, 207, 10.1017/S1350482797000510

Ramis, 1998, Diagnosis and numerical simulation of a torrential precipitation event in Catalonia (Spain), Meteorog. Atmos. Phys., 69, 1, 10.1007/BF01025180

Ranade, 2014, Large-scale and spatio-temporal extreme rain events over India: a hydrometeorological study, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 115, 375, 10.1007/s00704-013-0905-1

Raveh-Rubin, 2015, Large-scale wind and precipitation extremes in the Mediterranean: a climatological analysis for 1979-2012, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 141, 2404, 10.1002/qj.2531

Raveh-Rubin, 2016, Large-scale wind and precipitation extremes in the Mediterranean: dynamical aspects of five selected cyclone events, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 142, 3097, 10.1002/qj.2891

Rebora, 2006, The structure of convective rain cells at mid-latitudes, Adv. Geosci., 7, 31, 10.5194/adgeo-7-31-2006

Reif, 2017, A 20-year climatology of nocturnal convection initiation over the Central and Southern Great Plains during the warm season, Mon. Weather Rev., 145, 1615, 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0340.1

Renard, 2017, Local influence of south-east France topography and land cover on the distribution and characteristics of intense rainfall cells, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 128, 393, 10.1007/s00704-015-1698-1

Ricard, 2012, A climatology of the mesoscale environment associated with heavily precipitating events over a northwestern Mediterranean area, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 51, 468, 10.1175/JAMC-D-11-017.1

Rigo, 2004, A methodology for the classification of convective structures using meteorological radar: application to heavy rainfall events on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 4, 59, 10.5194/nhess-4-59-2004

Rigo, 2010, Analysis of warm season thunderstorms using an object-oriented tracking method based on radar and total lightning data, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 1881, 10.5194/nhess-10-1881-2010

Rios Gaona, 2018, The added value of IMERG in characterizing rainfall in tropical cyclones, Atmos. Res., 209, 95, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.03.008

Roberge, 2009, Analysis of intense poleward water vapor transports into high latitudes of Western North America, Weather Forecast., 24, 1732, 10.1175/2009WAF2222198.1

Rudari, 2005, Large-scale atmospheric patterns associated with mesoscale features leading to extreme precipitation events in Northwestern Italy, Adv. Water Resour., 28, 601, 10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.10.017

Russell, 2012, Large-scale potential vorticity anomalies and deep convection, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 138, 1627, 10.1002/qj.1875

Ryu, 2016, The influence of land surface heterogeneities on heavy convective rainfall in the Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan area, Mon. Weather Rev., 144, 553, 10.1175/MWR-D-15-0192.1

Schlemmer, 2014, The formation of wider and deeper clouds as a result of cold-pool dynamics, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 2842, 10.1175/JAS-D-13-0170.1

Schlemmer, 2010, Disentangling the forcing mechanisms of a heavy precipitation event along the Alpine South side using potential vorticity inversion, Mon. Weather Rev., 138, 2336, 10.1175/2009MWR3202.1

Schroeer, 2018, Sensitivity of extreme precipitation to temperature: the variability of scaling factors from a regional to local presepctive, Clim. Dyn., 50, 3981, 10.1007/s00382-017-3857-9

Schumacher, 2009, Mechanisms for quasi-stationary behavior in simulated heavy-rain-producing convective systems, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1543, 10.1175/2008JAS2856.1

Schumacher, 2015, Sensitivity of precipitation accumulation in elevated convective systems to small changes in low-level moisture, J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 2507, 10.1175/JAS-D-14-0389.1

Schumacher, 2005, Organization and environmental properties of extreme-rain-producing mesoscale convective systems, Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 961, 10.1175/MWR2899.1

Schumacher, 2006, Characteristics of U.S. extreme rain events during 1999–2003, Weather Forecast., 21, 69, 10.1175/WAF900.1

Schumacher, 2008, Mesoscale processes contributing to extreme rainfall in a midlatitude warm-season flash flood, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 3964, 10.1175/2008MWR2471.1

Schumacher, 2009, Quasi-stationary, extreme-rain-producing convective systems associated with midlevel cyclonic circulations, Weather Forecast., 24, 555, 10.1175/2008WAF2222173.1

Schumacher, 2017, Near-surface thermodynamic sensitivities in simulated extreme-rain-producing mesoscale convective systems, Mon. Weather Rev., 145, 2177, 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0255.1

Schumacher, 2011, Distant effects of a recurving tropical cyclone on rainfall in a midlatitude convective system: a high-impact predecessor rain event, Mon. Weather Rev., 139, 650, 10.1175/2010MWR3453.1

Schumacher, 2013, Factors influencing the development and maintenance of nocturnal heavy-rain-producing convective systems in a storm-scale ensemble, Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 2778, 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00239.1

Shaw, 2011, The Relationship between Extreme Hourly Precipitation and Surface Temperature in Different Hydroclimatic Regions of the United States, Journal of Hydrometeorology, 12, 319, 10.1175/2011JHM1364.1

Shin, 2005, Development mechanisms for the heavy rainfalls of 6-7 August 2002 over the middle of the Korean peninsula, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 83, 683, 10.2151/jmsj.83.683

Singh, 2014, Influence of microphysics on the scaling of precipitation extremes with temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 6037, 10.1002/2014GL061222

Smith, 1994, Design of an inversion-based precipitation proflie retrieval algorithm using an explicit cloud model for initial guess microphysics, Meteorog. Atmos. Phys., 54, 53, 10.1007/BF01030052

Smith, 1994, The space–time structure of extreme storm rainfall in the Southern Plains, J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 1402, 10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033<1402:TSSOES>2.0.CO;2

Smith, 1996, Catastrophic rainfall from an upslope thunderstorm in the central Appalachians: the Rapidan Storm of June 27, 1995, Water Resour. Res., 32, 3099, 10.1029/96WR02107

Smith, 2000, Catastrophic rainfall and flooding in Texas, J. Hydrometeorol., 1, 5, 10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001<0005:CRAFIT>2.0.CO;2

Smith, 2001, Extreme rainfall and flooding from supercell thunderstorms, J. Hydrometeorol., 2, 469, 10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0469:ERAFFS>2.0.CO;2

Smith, 2005, Tropical cyclones and the flood hydrology of Puerto Rico, Water Resources Research, 41, 10.1029/2004WR003530

Smith, 2005, Orographic precipitation and Oregon’s climate transition, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 177, 10.1175/JAS-3376.1

Smith, 2009, Orographic precipitation in the tropics: experiments in dominica, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1698, 10.1175/2008JAS2920.1

Smith, 2010, Skilful multi-year predictions of Atlantic hurricane frequency, Nat. Geosci., 3, 846, 10.1038/ngeo1004

Smith, 2013, Real-time multi-model decadal climate predictions, Clim. Dyn., 41, 2875, 10.1007/s00382-012-1600-0

Smith, 2010, The hydrology and hydrometeorology of flooding in the Delaware River Basin, Journal of Hydrometeorology, 11, 841, 10.1175/2010JHM1236.1

Smith, 2013, Extreme flood response: the June 2008 flooding in Iowa, J. Hydrometeorol., 14, 1810, 10.1175/JHM-D-12-0191.1

Smith, 2016, Flash flood–producing storm properties in a small urban watershed, J. Hydrometeorol., 17, 2631, 10.1175/JHM-D-16-0070.1

Sodemann, 2013, Moisture origin and meridional transport in atmospheric rivers and their association with multiple cyclones, Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 2850, 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00256.1

Sodemann, 2009, Sources of water vapour contributing to the Elbe flood in August 2002 – a tagging study in a mesoscale model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 135, 205, 10.1002/qj.374

Sohn, 2013, Characteristic features of warm-type rain producing heavy rainfall over the Korean Peninsula inferred from TRMM measurements, Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 3873, 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00075.1

Sow, 2011, Numerical simulation of a severe late afternoon thunderstorm over Peninsular Malaysia, Atmos. Res., 99, 248, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.10.014

Speer, 2000, A comparison of five flood rain events over the new south Wales north coast and a case study, Int. J. Climatol., 20, 543, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(200004)20:5<543::AID-JOC498>3.0.CO;2-C

Stevenson, 2014, A 10-year survey of extreme rainfall events in the Central and Eastern United States using gridded multisensor precipitation analyses, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 3147, 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00345.1

Sun, 2015, Two major circulation structures leading to heavy summer rainfall over central North China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 4466, 10.1002/2014JD022853

Tang, 2006, On the climatology of persistent heavy rainfall events in China, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 23, 678, 10.1007/s00376-006-0678-x

Terranova, 2014, Rainstorms able to induce flash floods in a Mediterranean-climate region (Calabria, southern Italy), Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2423, 10.5194/nhess-14-2423-2014

Terranova, 2011, Temporal properties of rainfall events in Calabria (southern Italy), Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 11, 751, 10.5194/nhess-11-751-2011

Teufel, 2017, Investigation of the 2013 Alberta flood from weather and climate perspectives, Clim. Dyn., 48, 2881, 10.1007/s00382-016-3239-8

Thorndahl, 2014, Analyses of the temporal and spatial structures of heavy rainfall from a catalog of high-resolution radar rainfall fields, Atmos. Res., 144, 111, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.03.013

Tokay, 1996, Evidence from tropical raindrop spectra of the origin of rain from stratiform versus convective clouds, J. Appl. Meteorol., 35, 355, 10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<0355:EFTRSO>2.0.CO;2

Tompkins, 2001, Organization of tropical convection in low vertical wind shears: the role of Cold Pools Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 2001 58: 1650-1672, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1650, 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<1650:OOTCIL>2.0.CO;2

Toreti, 2016, Precipitation extremes in the Mediterranean region and associated upper-level synoptic-scale flow structures, Clim. Dyn., 47, 1925, 10.1007/s00382-015-2942-1

Torri, 2015, Mechanisms for convection triggering by cold pools, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 10.1002/2015GL063227

Tous, 2013, Meteorological environments associated with medicane development, Int. J. Climatol., 33, 1, 10.1002/joc.3428

Tous, 2013, Surface heat fluxes influence on medicane trajectories and intensification, Atmos. Res., 123, 400, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.05.022

Trenberth, 1998, Atmospheric moisture residence times and cycling: implications for rainfall rates and climate change, Clim. Chang., 39, 667, 10.1023/A:1005319109110

Trenberth, 1999, Conceptual framework for changes of extremes of the hydrological cycle with climate change, 327

Trenberth, 2011, Changes in precipitation with climate change, Clim. Res., 47, 123, 10.3354/cr00953

Trenberth, 2003, The changing character of precipitation, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 84, 1205, 10.1175/BAMS-84-9-1205

Trier, 2010, Environmental controls on the simulated diurnal cycle of warm-season precipitation in the continental United States, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 1066, 10.1175/2009JAS3247.1

Tu, 2014, A comparison of two heavy rainfall events during the terrain-influenced monsoon rainfall experiment (TiMREX) 2008, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 2436, 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00293.1

Tu, 2017, Impacts of including rain-evaporative cooling in the initial conditions on the prediction of a coastal heavy rainfall event during TiMREX, Mon. Weather Rev., 145, 253, 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0224.1

Tudurí, 1997, The environments of significant convective events in the Western Mediterranean, Weather Forecast., 12, 294, 10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0294:TEOSCE>2.0.CO;2

Tuttle, 2006, Corridors of warm season precipitation in the Central United States, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 2297, 10.1175/MWR3188.1

Uebel, 2015, Mesoscale air transport at a midlatitude squall line in Europe - a numerical analysis, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 141, 3297, 10.1002/qj.2610

Ulbrich, 2003, The central European floods of August 2002: Part 2 – Synoptic causes and considerations with respect to climatic change, Weather, 58, 434, 10.1256/wea.61.03B

Ullah, 2013, A diagnostic study of convective environment leading to heavy rainfall during the summer monsoon 2010 over Pakistan, Atmos. Res., 120-121, 226, 10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.08.021

Unuma, 2016, Characteristics and environmental conditions of quasi-stationary convective clusters during the warm season in Japan, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 142, 1232, 10.1002/qj.2726

Utsumi, 2011, Does higher surface temperature intensify extreme precipitation?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 10.1029/2011GL048426

Vera, 2002, Cold season synoptic-scale waves over subtropical South America, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 684, 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0684:CSSSWO>2.0.CO;2

Vilar, 1995, Statistical properties of 49 years of rainfall rate events, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 50, 213, 10.1007/BF00866118

Villarini, 2011, Characterization of rainfall distribution and flooding associated with U.S. landfalling tropical cyclones: Analyses of Hurricanes Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne (2004), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, 10.1029/2011JD016175

Villarini, 2014, Sensitivity of tropical cyclone rainfall to idealized global-scale forcings, J. Clim., 27, 4622, 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00780.1

Wang, 2002, How strong ENSO events affect tropical storm activity over the Western North Pacific, J. Clim., 15, 1643, 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1643:HSEEAT>2.0.CO;2

Wang, 2016, The Eastern China flood of June 2015 and its causes, Chin. Sci. Bull., 61, 178, 10.1007/s11434-015-0967-9

Wang, 2009, The role of Typhoon Songda (2004) in producing distantly located heavy rainfall in Japan*, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 3699, 10.1175/2009MWR2933.1

Wang, 2012, Synoptic conditions associated with propagating and nonpropagating cloud/rainfall episodes during the warm season over the East Asian continent, Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 722, 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00067.1

Wang, 2014, Initiation, maintenance, and properties of convection in an extreme rainfall event during SCMREX: Observational analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 13,206, 10.1002/2014JD022339

Wang, 2014, A study of two propagating heavy-rainfall episodes near Taiwan during SoWMEX/TiMREX IOP-8 in June 2008. Part I: Synoptic evolution, episode propagation, and model control simulation, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 2619, 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00331.1

Wang, 2014, A study of two propagating heavy-rainfall episodes near Taiwan during SoWMEX/TiMREX IOP-8 in June 2008. Part II: sensitivity tests on the roles of synoptic conditions and topographic effects, Mon. Weather Rev., 142

Wang, 2015, Synoptic pattern and severe weather associated with the wide convection over Southeast China during the summer monsoon period, J. Meteorol. Res., 29, 41, 10.1007/s13351-014-4069-4

Wang, 2015, A numerical study of convection in rainbands of Typhoon Morakot (2009) with extreme rainfall: roles of pressure perturbations with low-level wind maxima, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11097, 10.5194/acp-15-11097-2015

Wang, 2017, The peak structure and future changes of the relationships between extreme precipitation and temperature, Nat. Clim. Chang., 7, 268, 10.1038/nclimate3239

Warner, 2012, Wintertime extreme precipitation events along the Pacific Northwest Coast: climatology and synoptic evolution, Monthly Weather Review, 140, 2021, 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00197.1

Warren, 2014, A 'Boscastle-type' quasi-stationary convective system over the UK Southwest Peninsula, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 140, 240, 10.1002/qj.2124

Wasko, 2015, Does storm duration modulate the extreme precipitation-temperature scaling relationship?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 8783, 10.1002/2015GL066274

Wasko, 2016, Reduced spatial extent of extreme storms at higher temperatures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 4026, 10.1002/2016GL068509

Weisman, 2004, “A theory for strong long-lived squall lines” revisited, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 361, 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0361:ATFSLS>2.0.CO;2

Weisman, 2003, Low-level mesovortices within squall lines and bow echoes. Part I: Overview and dependence on environmental shear, Mon. Weather Rev., 131, 2779, 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2779:LMWSLA>2.0.CO;2

Westra, 2014, Future changes to the intensity and frequency of short-duration extreme rainfall, Rev. Geophys., 52, 522, 10.1002/2014RG000464

White, 2016, Simulations of an observed elevated mesoscale convective system over southern England during CSIP IOP 3, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 142, 1929, 10.1002/qj.2787

Winschall, 2014, How important is intensified evaporation for Mediterranean precipitation extremes?, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 5240, 10.1002/2013JD021175

2008, Observation of present and past weather; state of the ground

Wu, 2015, Time-lag effects of global vegetation responses to climate change, Glob. Chang. Biol., 21, 3520, 10.1111/gcb.12945

Wu, 2015, Characterization and indexing of heavy rainstorms in Hong Kong, Meteorol. Appl., 22, 25, 10.1002/met.1397

Xie, 2012, Impacts of Typhoon Track and Island topography on the heavy rainfalls in Taiwan associated with Morakot (2009), Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 3379, 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00240.1

Xing, 2016, Relationship of tropical-cyclone-induced remote precipitation with tropical cyclones and the subtropical high, Front. Earth Sci., 10, 595, 10.1007/s11707-015-0530-7

Xu, 2011, A possible mechanism responsible for exceptional rainfall over Taiwan from Typhoon Morakot, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 12, 294, 10.1002/asl.338

Yamoto, 2012, Rapid merger and recyclogenesis of twin extratropical cyclones leading to heavy precipitation around Japan on 9–10 October 2001, Meteorol. Appl., 19, 36, 10.1002/met.255

Yang, 2011, Water budget of Typhoon Nari (2001), Mon. Weather Rev., 139, 3809, 10.1175/MWR-D-10-05090.1

Yang, 2013, Urbanization and climate change: an examination of nonstationarities in urban flooding, J. Hydrometeorol., 14, 1791, 10.1175/JHM-D-12-095.1

Yang, 2017, Typhoon Nina and the August 1975 flood over Central China, J. Hydrometeorol., 18, 451, 10.1175/JHM-D-16-0152.1

Yang, 2014, Impact of urbanization on heavy convective precipitation under strong large-scale forcing: a case study over the Milwaukee–Lake Michigan region, J. Hydrometeorol., 15, 261, 10.1175/JHM-D-13-020.1

Yang, 2014, Urban signatures in the spatial clustering of summer heavy rainfall events over the Beijing metropolitan region, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 1203, 10.1002/2013JD020762

Yang, 2017, Flash flooding in arid/semi-arid regions: dissecting the hydrometeorology and hydrology of the 19 August 2014 storm and flood hydroclimatology in Arizona, J. Hydrometeorol., 18, 3103, 10.1175/JHM-D-17-0089.1

Yang, 2016, Structure and evolution of flash flood producing storms in a small urban watershed, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 3139, 10.1002/2015JD024478

You, 2010, Characteristics of rainfall systems accompanied with Changma front at Chujado in Korea, Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 41, 10.1007/s13143-010-0005-1

Yu, 2014, Multifractal analyses of daily rainfall time series in Pearl River basin of China, Physica A, 405, 193, 10.1016/j.physa.2014.02.047

Yu, 2015, Improvement of rainfall and flood forecasts by blending ensemble NWP rainfall with radar prediction considering orographic rainfall, J. Hydrol., 531, 494, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.04.055

Zhang, 2003, Space–time variability of rainfall and extreme flood response in the Menomonee River Basin, Wisconsin, J. Hydrometeorol., 4, 506, 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<0506:SVORAE>2.0.CO;2

Zhang, 2017, Heavy precipitation is highly sensitive to the magnitude of future warming, Clim. Chang., 145, 249, 10.1007/s10584-017-2079-9

Zhang, 2001, Spatial and temporal characteristics of heavy precipitation events over Canada, J. Clim., 14, 1923, 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1923:SATCOH>2.0.CO;2

Zhang, 2009, Structure and evolution of precipitation along a cold front in the Northeastern United States, J. Hydrometeorol., 10, 1243, 10.1175/2009JHM1046.1

Zhang, 2011, The role of the land surface processes in the rainfall generated by a landfall typhoon: a simulation of the typhoon Sepat (2007), Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 63, 10.1007/s13143-011-1006-7

Zhang, 2018, The impact of tropical cyclones on extreme precipitation over coastal and Inland Areas of China and its association to ENSO, J. Clim., 31, 1865, 10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0474.1

Zheng, 2013, Organizational modes of mesoscale convective systems over Central East China, Weather Forecast., 28, 1081, 10.1175/WAF-D-12-00088.1

Zhou, 2013, Rain characteristics and large-scale environments of precipitation objects with extreme rain volumes from TRMM observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 9673, 10.1002/jgrd.50776

Zhu, 1994, Atmospheric rivers and bombs, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1999, 10.1029/94GL01710

Zhu, 1998, A proposed algorithm for moisture fluxes from atmospheric rivers, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 725, 10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<0725:APAFMF>2.0.CO;2

Zolina, 2010, Changing structure of European precipitation: longer wet periods leading to more abundant rainfalls, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, 1, 10.1029/2010GL042468

Zolina, 2013, Changes in the duration of European wet and dry spells during de last 60 years, J. Clim., 26, 2022, 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00498.1