Sự sẵn có và độc tính của kim loại trong môi trường nước ngọt

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 13 - Trang 69-87 - 2015
Danielly de Paiva Magalhães1, Mônica Regina da Costa Marques2, Darcilio Fernandes Baptista3, Daniel Forsin Buss3
1Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, (UERJ)/Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Aplicada à Indústria Mínero-Metalúrgica, CETEM/MCTI, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2Laboratório de Tecnologia Ambiental, Instituto de Química - Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
3Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Tóm tắt

Nhiều yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến sự phân loại của kim loại trong nước ngọt. Các dạng kim loại có độ hòa tan cao hơn được coi là dễ tiếp cận hơn và độc hơn. Tuy nhiên, việc đánh giá sự phân loại kim loại trong nước là một nhiệm vụ phức tạp. Hơn nữa, việc định lượng tổng số kim loại và kim loại hòa tan là không đủ để xác định tác động độc hại lên hệ sinh thái. Ở đây, chúng tôi xem xét các tham số môi trường ảnh hưởng đến sự sẵn có của kim loại: các mô hình toán học để dự đoán độc tính, và các công cụ sinh học được sử dụng để đánh giá ô nhiễm trong các hệ sinh thái nước ngọt. Các điểm chính như sau: (1) chúng tôi thảo luận về nhiều “ngoại lệ” của các tham số hóa học được cho là làm tăng sự sẵn có của kim loại hoặc để bảo vệ chống lại sự hấp thụ kim loại, chẳng hạn như pH và độ cứng của nước. Chúng tôi cung cấp bằng chứng về các sinh vật và điều kiện môi trường phá vỡ những quy tắc này và do đó nên được xem xét khi dự đoán sự suy giảm do kim loại gây ra. (2) Chúng tôi thảo luận về những tiến bộ trong mô hình hóa toán học như một cách thay thế để đánh giá độc tính của kim loại. (3) Chúng tôi thảo luận về những ưu điểm và hạn chế của việc sử dụng nhiều công cụ sinh học để đánh giá độc tính, chẳng hạn như việc sử dụng các chỉ số sinh học và vi sinh vật, động vật phù du, động vật thân mềm đáy và cộng đồng cá. Các chỉ số sinh học rất hiệu quả trong việc phát hiện nồng độ kim loại thấp trong thời gian tiếp xúc ngắn. Những thay đổi trong cấu trúc và thành phần của cộng đồng sinh học là công cụ tốt để phát hiện nồng độ kim loại cao hoặc nồng độ mãn tính trong thời gian tiếp xúc dài. Việc sử dụng nhiều công cụ bao gồm phân tích hóa học và một bộ chỉ số sinh học được khuyến nghị để đánh giá tác động của kim loại lên hệ thống nước ngọt một cách chính xác hơn.

Từ khóa

#kim loại #sự sẵn có sinh học #độc tính #nước ngọt #ô nhiễm #mô hình toán học #chỉ số sinh học

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