Metabolic effects of beta-blockers in critically ill patients: A retrospective cohort study

Dünser, 2009, Sympathetic overstimulation during critical illness: adverse effects of adrenergic stress, J Intensive Care Med, 24, 293, 10.1177/0885066609340519 Barnes, 2010, Beta-adrenoreceptor modulation of metabolic, endocrine and immunologic function during critical illness, Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets, 10, 292, 10.2174/187153010791936883 Coppola, 2015, β-blockers in critically Ill patients: from physiology to clinical evidence, Crit Care, 19, 119, 10.1186/s13054-015-0803-2 Novotny, 2009, beta-Blockers in sepsis: reexamining the evidence, Shock, 31, 113, 10.1097/SHK.0b013e318180ffb6 Puthucheary, 2013, Acute skeletal muscle wasting in critical illness, JAMA, 310, 1591, 10.1001/jama.2013.278481 Villet, 2005, Negative impact of hypocaloric feeding and energy balance on clinical outcome in ICU patients, Clin Nutr, 24, 502, 10.1016/j.clnu.2005.03.006 Morelli, 2013, Effect of heart rate control with esmolol on hemodynamic and clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA, 310, 1683, 10.1001/jama.2013.278477 Schmittinger, 2008, Combined milrinone and enteral metoprolol therapy in patients with septic myocardial depression, Crit Care, 12, R99, 10.1186/cc6976 Morelli, 2013, Microvascular effects of heart rate control with esmolol in patients with septic shock: a pilot study, Crit Care Med, 41, 2162, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828a678d Herndon, 2001, Reversal of catabolism by beta-blockade after severe burns, N Engl J Med, 25, 1223, 10.1056/NEJMoa010342 Gore, 2006, Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of selective beta1 adrenergic blockade during sepsis, Surgery, 139, 686, 10.1016/j.surg.2005.10.010 Balik, 2012, Concomitant use of beta-1 adrenoreceptor blocker and norepinephrine in patients with septic shock, Wien Klin Wochenschr, 124, 552, 10.1007/s00508-012-0209-y Stichting-NICE. Datadictionary. 2015. Shalansky, 2004, CSU Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Ther Newsl, 11, 3 Huckleberry, 2003, Dosage conversions as a potential cause of adverse drug events, Am J Health-Syst Pharm, 60, 189, 10.1093/ajhp/60.2.189 Stapel, 2015, Ventilator-derived carbon dioxide production to assess energy expenditure in critically ill patients: proof of concept, Crit Care, 19, 370, 10.1186/s13054-015-1087-2 Bousie, 2016, Effects of implementation of a computerized nutritional protocol in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a single-centre before and after study, Clin Nutr, 11, e47 Contenti, 2015, Long-term β-blocker therapy decreases blood lactate concentration in severely septic patients, Crit Care Med, 43, 2616, 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001308