Metabolic Bone Disease in Gastrointestinal Illness

Dennisson, 2001, Osteoporosis, 271 National Osteoporosis Foundation. Physician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Available at: http://www.nof.org/physguide. Accessed October 21, 2006. Skugor M, Licata A. The Cleveland Clinic Disease Management Project: osteoporosis. The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Available at: http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/diseasemanagement/2005. Accessed October 21, 2006. Bernstein, 2003, AGA technical review: osteoporosis in gastrointestinal diseases, Gastroenterology, 124, 795, 10.1053/gast.2003.50106 Shoback, 2004, Metabolic bone disease, 295 Weaver, 1999, Calcium, 141 National Osteoporosis Foundation, 2002, The many faces of secondary osteoporosis, Osteoporosis Clinical Updates, vol. III Obermayer-Pietsch, 2004, Genetic predisposition for adult lactose intolerance and relation to diet, bone density, and bone fractures, J Bone Miner Res, 19, 42, 10.1359/jbmr.0301207 Sanchez, 2006, Liver disease and osteoporosis, Nutr Clin Pract, 21, 273, 10.1177/0115426506021003273 Cohen, 2006, Transplantation osteoporosis, 302 Fryer, 2005, Intestinal transplant: an update, Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 21, 162, 10.1097/01.mog.0000153313.43574.1b Licata, 2003, Osteoporosis in men: suspect secondary disease first, Cleve Clin J Med, 70, 247, 10.3949/ccjm.70.3.247 Fiore, 2006, Altered osteoprotegerin/RANKL ratio and low bone mineral density in celiac patients on long-term treatment with gluten-free diet, Horm Metab Res, 38, 417, 10.1055/s-2006-944548 Mason, 2006, Metabolic complications of bariatric surgery: diagnosis and management issues, Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 34, 25, 10.1016/j.gtc.2004.12.008 Cijevschi, 2005, Osteoporosis in liver cirrhosis, Rom J Gastroenterol, 14, 337 Licata, 2006, Diagnosing primary osteoporosis: it's more than a T score, Cleve Clin J Med, 73, 473, 10.3949/ccjm.73.5.473 2003, American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: guidelines on osteoporosis in gastrointestinal disease, Gastroenterology, 124, 791, 10.1053/gast.2003.50107 Lichtenstein, 2006, Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in inflammatory bowel disease, Inflamm Bowel Dis, 12, 797, 10.1097/00054725-200608000-00016 Nightingale, 2003, Hepatobiliary, renal and bone complications of intestinal failure, Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterology, 17, 907, 10.1016/S1521-6918(03)00108-2 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2004 Higdon, 2001 Higdon, 2005 Ilich, 2000, Nutrition in bone health revisited: a story beyond calcium, J Am Coll Nutr, 19, 715, 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718070 Maggio, 2006, Low levels of carotenoids and retinol in involutional osteoporosis, Bone, 38, 244, 10.1016/j.bone.2005.08.003 Marie, 2001, Mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of strontium in bone, Calcif Tissue Int, 69, 121, 10.1007/s002230010055 National Academy of Sciences Executive Summary: dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC. 1997. Available at: http://niams.nih.gov. National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases–National Resource Center. Health topics: other nutrients and bone health. Bethesda (MD). 2004. National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases–National Resource Center. Health topics: phytoestrogens and bone health. Bethesda (MD). 2005. National Osteoporosis Foundation, 2002, Over-the-counter products and osteoporosis: case discussions, Osteoporosis Clinical Updates, vol. III Penniston, 2006, The acute and chronic toxic effects of vitamin A, Am J Clin Nutr, 83, 191, 10.1093/ajcn/83.2.191 Gueguen, 2000, The bioavailability of dietary calcium, J Am Coll Nutr, 19, 119S, 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718083 Holick, 2006, Vitamin D: photobiology, metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications, 106 National Institute of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases. Medications to prevent and treat osteoporosis. Available at:http://www.niams.nih.gov/. Accessed October 26, 2006. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Pharmacologic options (2005 update). In: Physician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Washington, DC; National Osteoporosis Foundation: 1998. Chines, 1990, Antacid and sucralfate-induced hypophosphatemic osteomalacia: a case report and review of the literature, Calcif Tissue Int, 47, 291, 10.1007/BF02555911 Neumann, 1989, Osteomalacia from Al and Mg antacids. Report of a case of bilateral hip fracture, Acta Orthop Scand, 60, 361, 10.3109/17453678909149294 Recker, 1985, Calcium absorption and achlorhydria, N Engl J Med, 313, 70, 10.1056/NEJM198507113130202 Drinka, 2006, Severe hypercalcemia after transition from calcium carbonate to calcium citrate in an elderly woman treated with ergocalciferol 50,000 IU per day, Am J Geriatr Pharmacother, 4, 70, 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2006.03.005 Newcomer, 1978, Lactase deficiency: prevalence in osteoporosis, Ann Intern Med, 89, 218, 10.7326/0003-4819-89-2-218 Carlin, 2006, Prevalence of vitamin D depletion among morbidly obese patients seeking gastric bypass surgery, Surg Obes Rel Dis, 2, 98, 10.1016/j.soard.2005.12.001 Puzziferri, 2006, Surgical treatment for obesity, Endocrine, 29, 11, 10.1385/ENDO:29:1:11 Hamoui, 2004, Calcium metabolism in the morbidly obese, Obes Surg, 14, 9, 10.1381/096089204772787211 Newbery, 2003, Calcium and vitamin D depletion and elevated parathyroid hormone following biliopancreatic diversion, Obes Surg, 13, 893, 10.1381/096089203322618722 Haria, 2005, Hypocalcemia, hypovitaminosis D osteopathy, osteopenia, and secondary hyperparathyroidism 32 years after jejunoileal bypass, Endocr Pract, 11, 335, 10.4158/EP.11.5.335 Goldner, 2002, Severe metabolic bone disease as a long-term complication of obesity surgery, Obes Surg, 12, 685, 10.1381/096089202321019693 De Prisco, 2005, Metabolic bone disease after gastric bypass surgery for obesity, Am J Med Sci, 329, 57, 10.1097/00000441-200502000-00001 Atreja, 2003, A 51-year-old woman with debilitating cramps 12 years after bariatric surgery, Cleve Clin J Med, 70, 417, 10.3949/ccjm.70.5.417 Collazo-Clavell, 2004, Osteomalacia after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, Endocr Pract, 10, 287, 10.4158/EP.10.3.195 Hensrud, 2006, Bariatric surgery in adults with extreme (not morbid) obesity, Mayo Clin Proc, 81, S3, 10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61174-9 McGlinch, 2006, Perioperative care of patients undergoing bariatric surgery, Mayo Clin Proc, 81, S25, 10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61178-6 Brethauer, 2006, Risks and benefits of bariatric surgery: current evidence, Cleve Clin J Med, 73, 993, 10.3949/ccjm.73.11.993 Klaus, 2002, High prevalence of vertebral fractures in patients with Crohn's disease, Gut, 51, 654, 10.1136/gut.51.5.654 von Tirpitz, 2003, Management of osteoporosis in patients with gastrointestinal diseases, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 15, 869, 10.1097/00042737-200308000-00006 Lashner B. Inflammatory bowel disease. The Cleveland Clinic Disease Management Project. The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Available at: http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/diseasemanagement/2005. Accessed October 21, 2006. Lee, 2006, Celiac sprue (the great modern-day imposter), Curr Opin Rheumatol, 18, 101, 10.1097/01.bor.0000198008.11439.c9 Vasquez, 2000, Risk of fractures in celiac disease patients: a cross-sectional, case-control study, Am J Gastroenterol, 95, 183, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01682.x Sanders, 2005, Case-finding for adult celiac disease in patients with reduced bone mineral density, Dig Dis Sci, 50, 587, 10.1007/s10620-005-2479-y Lewis, 2005, Should patients with celiac disease have their bone mineral density measured?, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 17, 1065, 10.1097/00042737-200510000-00009 Kemppainen, 1999, Bone recovery after a gluten-free diet: a 5-year follow-up study, Bone, 25, 355, 10.1016/S8756-3282(99)00171-4 Bianchi, 2002, Bone and celiac disease, Calcif Tissue Int, 71, 465, 10.1007/s00223-001-2131-6 Pazianas, 2005, Calcium absorption and bone mineral density in celiacs after long term treatment with gluten-free diet and adequate calcium intake, Osteoporos Int, 16, 56, 10.1007/s00198-004-1641-2 DiCecco, 2006, Nutrition in alcoholic liver disease, Nutr Clin Pract, 21, 245, 10.1177/0115426506021003245 Monegal, 2001, Bone disease after liver transplantation: a long-term prospective study of bone mass changes, hormonal status and histomorphometric characteristics, Osteoporos Int, 12, 484, 10.1007/s001980170094 Ramsey-Goldman, 1999, Increased risk of fracture in patients receiving solid organ transplants, J Bone Miner Res, 14, 456, 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.3.456 Ninkovic, 2000, Incidence of vertebral fractures in the first three months after orthotopic liver transplantation, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 12, 931, 10.1097/00042737-200012080-00013 Cohen, 2004, Management of bone loss after organ transplantation, J Bone Miner Res, 19, 1919, 10.1359/jbmr.040912 Abu-Elmagd, 2006, Intestinal transplantation for short bowel syndrome and gastrointestinal failure: current consensus, rewarding outcomes, and practical guidelines, Gastroenterology, 130, S132, 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.09.069 Lipworth, 1999, Systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroid therapy: a systematic review and meta analysis, Arch Intern Med, 159, 941, 10.1001/archinte.159.9.941 Cino, 2002, Bone mineral density in Crohn's disease: a longitudinal study of budesonide, prednisone, and nonsteroid therapy, Am J Gastroenterol, 97, 915, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05609.x Schoon, 2005, Bone mineral density in relation to efficacy and side effects of budesonide and prednisolone in Crohn's disease, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 3, 113, 10.1016/S1542-3565(04)00662-7 O'Regan, 1973, Methotrexate induced bone pain in childhood leukemia, Am J Dis Child, 126, 448 Ragab, 1970, Osteoporosis fractures secondary to methotrexate therapy of leukemia in remission, Cancer, 25, 580, 10.1002/1097-0142(197003)25:3<580::AID-CNCR2820250313>3.0.CO;2-M Pfeilschifter, 2000, Osteoporosis due to cancer treatment: pathogenesis and management, J Clin Oncol, 28, 1570, 10.1200/JCO.2000.18.7.1570 May, 1994, The effect of low dose methotrexate on bone metabolism and histomorphology in rats, Arthritis Rheum, 37, 201, 10.1002/art.1780370208 Wheeler, 1995, The short and long-term effects of methotrexate on the rat skeleton, Bone, 16, 215, 10.1016/8756-3282(94)00032-U Carbone, 1999, Effects of long-term administration of methotrexate on bone mineral density in rheumatoid arthritis, Calcif Tissue Int, 64, 100, 10.1007/s002239900585 Di Munno, 2004, Effect of low dose methotrexate on bone density in women with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a multicenter cross-sectional study, J Rheumatol, 31, 1305 Minaur, 2002, Methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: II. In vivo effects on bone mineral density, Br J Rheumatol, 41, 741, 10.1093/rheumatology/41.7.741 McClave, 2006, Critical care nutrition: getting involved as a gastrointestinal endoscopist, J Clin Gastroenterol, 40, 870, 10.1097/01.mcg.0000225588.63083.c9 Taylor, 1999, Prospective, randomized, controlled trial to determine the effect of early enhanced enteral nutrition on clinical outcome in mechanically ventilated patients suffering head injury, Crit Care Med, 27, 2525, 10.1097/00003246-199911000-00033 Cohen-Solal, 2003, Osteoporosis in patients on long-term home parenteral nutrition: a longitudinal study, J Bone Miner Res, 18, 1989, 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.11.1989 Hise, 2006, Inflammatory mediators and immune function are altered in home parenteral nutrition patients, Nutrition, 22, 97, 10.1016/j.nut.2005.05.011 Seidner, 2000, Parenteral nutrition-associated metabolic bone disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment, Nutr Clin Pract, 15, 163, 10.1177/088453360001500402 Haderslev, 2004, Assessment of the longitudinal changes in bone mineral density in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition, JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 28, 289, 10.1177/0148607104028005289 Raman, 2006, Metabolic bone disease in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition: a Canadian study and review, JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 30, 492, 10.1177/0148607106030006492 Seidner, 2002, Parenteral nutrition-associated metabolic bone disease, JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 26, S37, 10.1177/014860710202600511 Houghton, 2006, The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplement, Am J Clin Nutr, 84, 694, 10.1093/ajcn/84.4.694 Huang, 1996, Nutrition and subsequent hip fracture risk among a national cohort of white women, Am J Epidemiol, 144, 124, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008899 Feskanich, 1996, Protein consumption and bone fractures in women, Am J Epidemiol, 143, 472, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008767 Rizzoli, 2001, Protein intake and bone disorders in the elderly, Joint Bone Spine, 68, 383, 10.1016/S1297-319X(01)00295-0 Greenspan, 2004, Geriatric endocrinology, 842 Rizzoli, 2004, Dietary protein and bone health, J Bone Miner Res, 19, 527, 10.1359/JBMR.040204 Kerstetter, 2000, A threshold for low-protein-diet-induced elevations in parathyroid hormone, Am J Clin Nutr, 72, 168, 10.1093/ajcn/72.1.168 Giannini, 1999, Acute effects of moderate dietary protein restriction in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria and calcium nephrolithiasis, Am J Clin Nutr, 69, 267, 10.1093/ajcn/69.2.267 Krejs, 1983, Effect of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D on calcium and magnesium absorption in the healthy human jejunum and ileum, Am J Med, 75, 973, 10.1016/0002-9343(83)90877-X Heaney, 2000, Calcium, dairy products and osteoporosis, J Am Coll Nutr, 19, 83S, 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718088 Shils, 1999, Magnesium, 169 Nightingale, 2006, Guidelines for management of patients with a short bowel, Gut, 55, 1, 10.1136/gut.2006.091108 Stendig-Lindenberg, 1993, Trabecular bone density in a two year controlled trial of personal magnesium in osteoporosis, Magnes Res, 155 Tucker, 2005, Low plasma vitamin B12 is associated with lower BMD: the Framingham osteoporosis study, J Bone Miner Res, 20, 152, 10.1359/jbmr.2005.20.1.152 Weir, 1999, Vitamin B12 Cobalamin, 447 Goerss, 1992, Risk of fractures in patients with pernicious anemia, J Bone Miner Res, 7, 573, 10.1002/jbmr.5650070514 Eastell, 1992, Pernicious anemia is a risk factor for osteoporosis, Clin Sci, 82, 681, 10.1042/cs0820681 Laine, 2000, Review article: potential gastrointestinal effects of long-term acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 14, 651, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00768.x Holick, 1999, Vitamin D, 329 Rosen, 1999, Vitamin D and bone health in adults and the elderly, 287 Turner, 2000, Skeletal response to alcohol, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 24, 1693, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb01971.x Chakkalakal, 2005, Alcohol-induced bone loss and deficient bone repair, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 29, 2077, 10.1097/01.alc.0000192039.21305.55 Rapuri, 2001, Caffeine intake increases the rate of bone loss in elderly women and interacts with vitamin D receptor genotypes, Am J Clin Nutr, 74, 694, 10.1093/ajcn/74.5.694 Harris, 1994, Caffeine and bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr, 60, 573, 10.1093/ajcn/60.4.573 Massey, 2001, Is caffeine a risk factor for bone loss in the elderly?, Am J Clin Nutr, 74, 569, 10.1093/ajcn/74.5.569 Knochel, 1999, Phosphorus, 157 Heaney, 2002, Calcium effects on phosphorus absorption: implications for the prevention and co-therapy of osteoporosis, J Am Coll Nutr, 21, 239, 10.1080/07315724.2002.10719216 Munger, 1999, Prospective study of dietary protein intake and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr, 69, 147, 10.1093/ajcn/69.1.147 Weikert, 2005, The relation between dietary protein, calcium and bone health in women: results from the EPIC-Potsdam cohort, Ann Nutr Metab, 49, 312, 10.1159/000087335 Whiting, 2002, Dietary protein, phosphorus and potassium are beneficial to bone mineral density in adult men consuming adequate dietary calcium, J Am Coll Nutr, 21, 402, 10.1080/07315724.2002.10719242 Teegarden, 1998, Dietary calcium, protein, and phosphorus are related to bone mineral density and content in young women, Am J Clin Nutr, 68, 749, 10.1093/ajcn/68.3.749 Teucher, 2003, Dietary sodium as a risk factor for osteoporosis: where is the evidence?, Proc Nutr Soc, 62, 859, 10.1079/PNS2003310 Harrington, 2003, High salt intake appears to increase bone resorption in postmenopausal women but high potassium intake ameliorates this adverse effect, Nutr Rev, 61, 179, 10.1301/nr.2003.may.179-183 Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition: report on salt and health. Available at: http://www.sacn.gov.uk2003. Accessed November 4, 2006.