Mental health professionals' perceptions, judgements and decision-making practices regarding the use of electronic cigarettes as a tobacco harm reduction intervention in mental healthcare: A qualitative focus group study

Action on Smoking and Health, 2018 Bazerley, 2013 Caponnetto, 2013, Impact of an electronic cigarette on smoking reduction and cessation in schizophrenic smokers: A prospective 12-month pilot study, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 446, 10.3390/ijerph10020446 Cookson, 2014, Smoking and its treatment in addiction services: Clients' and staff behaviour and attitudes, BMC Health Serv Res [Internet], 14, 304, 10.1186/1472-6963-14-304 Cummins, 2014, Use of e-cigarettes by individuals with mental health conditions, Tobacco Control, 23, 48, 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051511 Dawkins, 2019, A cross sectional survey of smoking characteristics and quitting behaviour from a sample of homeless adults in Great Britain, Addictive Behaviors, 95, 35, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.02.020 Department of Health, 2017 Farrimond, 2017, A typology of vaping: Identifying differing beliefs, motivations for use, identity and political interest amongst e-cigarette users, The International Journal on Drug Policy, 48, 81, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.011 Gale, 2013, Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research, BMC Med Res Methodol [Internet], 13, 117, 10.1186/1471-2288-13-117 Garner, 2013, Tobacco smoking, associated risk behaviours, and experience with quitting: A qualitative study with homeless smokers addicted to drugs and alcohol, BMC Public Health, 13, 951, 10.1186/1471-2458-13-951 Hajek, 2019, A randomized trial of e-cigarettes versus nicotine-replacement therapy, The New England Journal of Medicine, 380, 629, 10.1056/NEJMoa1808779 Harker, 2016 Hefner, 2017, Electronic cigarettes and mental illness: Reviewing the evidence for help and harm among those with psychiatric and substance use disorders; electronic cigarettes and mental illness: Reviewing the evidence for help and harm among those with psychiatric an, The American Journal on Addictions, 26, 306, 10.1111/ajad.12504 Hickling, 2018, A pre-post pilot study of electronic cigarettes to reduce smoking in people with severe mental illness, Psychological Medicine, 49, 1033, 10.1017/S0033291718001782 Hiscock, 2014, E-cigarettes: Online survey of UK smoking cessation practitioners, Tob Induc Dis [Internet], 12, 13, 10.1186/1617-9625-12-13 Hughes, 2002 Kandra, 2014, Physicians' attitudes and use of e-cigarettes as cessation devices, North Carolina, 2013, PLoS One, 9, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0103462 Lazuras, 2016, E-cigarettes as smoking cessation aids: A survey among practitioners in Italy, International Journal of Public Health, 61, 243, 10.1007/s00038-015-0772-x Marques Gomes, 2016, Survey of community pharmacists' perception of electronic cigarettes in London, BMJ Open [Internet], 6 McNeill, 2018 National Academies of Sciences National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2013 NHS digital O'Brien Pippard, 2017, Healthcare staff attitudes towards the use of electronic cigarettes (‘e-cigarettes’) compared with a local trust policy, Perspectives in Public Health, 137, 216, 10.1177/1757913916659311 Ratschen, 2014, Electronic cigarettes in mental health settings - solving a conundrum?, Psychiatric Bulletin, 38, 226, 10.1192/pb.bp.114.047431 Richardson, 2019, Smoking and quitting behaviours by mental health conditions in Great Britain (1993–2014), Addictive Behaviors, 90, 14, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.011 Royal College of Physicians, 2016 Science and Technology Committee, 2018 Sheals, 2016, A mixed-method systematic review and meta-analysis of mental health professionals' attitudes toward smoking and smoking cessation among people with mental illnesses, Addiction, 111, 1536, 10.1111/add.13387 Smith, 2019, Exploring mental health professionals' practice in relation to smoke-free policy within a mental health trust: a qualitative study using the COM-B model of behaviour, BMC Psychiatry, 19, 54, 10.1186/s12888-019-2029-3 Spears, 2018, Electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use in relation to mental health conditions, past-month serious psychological distress and cigarette smoking status, 2017, Addiction, 114, 315, 10.1111/add.14464 Stepney, 2019, GPs' and nurses' perceptions of electronic cigarettes in England: A qualitative interview study, The British Journal of General Practice, 69, e8, 10.3399/bjgp18X699821 Tam, 2016, Smoking and the reduced life expectancy of individuals with serious mental illness, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 51, 958, 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.06.007 Tversky, 1974, Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases, Science, 80, 1124, 10.1126/science.185.4157.1124 Van Gucht, 2016, Health professionals in Flanders perceive the potential health risks of vaping as lower than those of smoking but do not recommend using e-cigarettes to their smoking patients, Harm Reduct J [Internet], 13, 22, 10.1186/s12954-016-0111-4 Wadsworth, 2016, How and why do smokers start using E-cigarettes? Qualitative study of vapers in London, UK, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13, 10.3390/ijerph13070661