Memantine for dementia

Rupert McShane1, Almudena Areosa Sastre2, Neda Minakaran3
1Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Level 4, Main Hospital, Room 4401C, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK, OX3 9DU.
2c/ Mauricio Legendre 17, 5-A Madrid Spain 28046
3University of Oxford; Clinical Medical School; Osler House John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford Oxon UK OX3 9DU

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Completed memantine efficacy study http://www.lundbecktrials.com/Completed.aspx?molecule=Memantine&indication=Moderate%20to%20severe%20alzheimer's%20disease&sponsor=lundbeck

Orgogozo J Forette F Wilcock HG Moebius HG Stoeffler A Memantine in vascular dementia. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. Papers from the 2nd Congress on Vascular Dementia, Salzburg, Austria, 24-27 January 2002. 2002 318

Stoeffler A Wirth Y Moebius HJ Positive effects of one-year treatment with memantine in vascular dementia. Positive effects of one-year treatment with memantine in vascular dementia. 2005

Wilcock G Cognitive improvement by memantine in a placebo-controlled trial in mild to moderate vascular dementia (The MMM 500 trial) 6th Internationa Stockholm/Sprinfield symposium on advances in Alzheimer Therapy. April 5-8, 2000. Stockholm 2000

Wilcock, 2000, Efficacy of memantine has been verified by two double-blind studies, Neurologie und Rehabilitation, 6, 226

Wilcock, 2002, A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study of memantine in mild to moderate vascular dementia, International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 17, 297, 10.1097/00004850-200211000-00005

Wilcock G Stöffler A Sahin K Möbius HJ Neuroradiological findings and the magnitude of cognitive benefit by memantine treatment. A subgroup analysis of two placebo controlled clinical trials Proceedings of the 13th European College of Neuropsychopharmacology 2000a S360

Doody, 2004, Specific functional effects of memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease., Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders, 18, 227, 10.1159/000079833

Doody R Wirth Y Schmitt F Moebius HJ Functional benefits of memantine treatment for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease IPA 12th International Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, 20-24 September 2005 2005

Winblad, 1999, Memantine in severe dementia: results of the 9M-BEST study (Benefit and efficacy in severly demented patients during treatment with memantine), International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 135, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199902)14:2<135::AID-GPS906>3.0.CO;2-0

Winblad, 1999, Clinical improvement in a placebo-controlled trial with memantine in care-dependent patients with severe dementia (M-BEST), Alzheimer's disease and related disorders etiology, pathogenesis and therapeutics, 633

Orgogozo JM Forette F Efficacy of memantine in mild to moderate vascular dementia (The MMM300 Trial) 6th International Stockholm/ Springfield Symposium on Advances in Alzheimer Therapy; 2000 April 5-8, Stockholm 2000

Orgogozo, 2002, Efficacy and safety of memantine in patients with mild to moderate vascular dementia. A randomised, placebo-controlled trial (MMM300 Trial Group), Stroke, 33, 1834, 10.1161/01.STR.0000020094.08790.49

Doody, 2004, Specific functional effects of memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease, Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders, 18, 227, 10.1159/000079833

Doody R Wirth Y Schmitt F Moebius HJ Functional benefits of memantine treatment for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. IPA 12th International Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, 20-24 September 2005 2005

Feldman H Schmitt FA Doraiswamy PM Graham SM Bell JM Memantine and Individual Activities of Daily Living in Moderate to Severe Alzheimer's Disease. In: 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, Miami Beach, April 2005 2005

Feldman H Schmitt FA PFeiffer E Graham SM Bell JM Memantine and individual activities of daily living in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. IPA 12th International Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, 20-24 September 2005 2005

Ferris S Clinical trial of memantine in severe Alzheimer disease: rationale and design Proceedings of the 9th Congress of the International Psychogeriatric Association, Aug 15-20 1999, Vancouver 1999

Gauthier, 2005, Effects of memantine on behavioural symptoms in alzheimer's disease patients: an analysis of the neuropsychiatric inventory (npi) data of two randomised, controlled studies., International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20, 459, 10.1002/gps.1341

Gauthier S Wirth Y Moebius HJ. Positive behavioural effects of memantine treatment in patients with Alzheimer's disease. IPA 12th International Congress Stockholm Sweden 20-24 September 2005 2005 Positive behavioural effects of memantine treatment in patients with Alzheimer's disease IPA 12th International Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, 20-24 September 2005 2005

Moebius HJ Wirth Y Gauthier S Memantine: Behavioral Benefits for Moderate to Severe Alzheimer's Patients. 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, Miami Beach, April 2005 2005 P02.095

Reisberg, 2003, Memantine in Moderate to Severe Alzheimer´s Disease, The New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 1333, 10.1056/NEJMoa013128

Reisberg B Ferris S Experimental therapeutic shows promise for people with moderately severe to severe Alzheimer's disease World Alzheimer Congress 2000 2000

Reisberg, 2000, Results of a placebo-controlled 6 month trial with memantine in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease, Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 10, S363, 10.1016/S0924-977X(00)80482-4

Reisberg B Möbius HJ Stöffler A Schmitt F Doody R Ferris S Long treatment with the NMDA antagonist memantine results of a 24 week open label extension study in moderately severe to severe Alzheimer's disease The 8th Conference on Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, July 20-25, 2002, Stockholm, Sweden 2002

Reisberg B Stöffler A Ferris SH Schmitt F Doody RS A placebo controlled study of memantine in advanced Alzheimer's disease Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2001 May 5-10, New Orleans 2001

Reisberg B Windscheif U Ferris SH Hingorani VN Stöffler A Möbius HJ Memantine in moderately severe to severe Alzheimer's disease: Results of a placebo-controlled 6 month trial Conference proceedings Worl Alzheimer Congress; 9-13 July, 2000. Washington 2000

Reisberg B Windscheif U Ferris SH Stöffler A Möbius HJ and the Memantine Study Group Treatment of advanced Alzheimer's disease with memantine, an NMDA antagonist: results of a 6 month multicenter randomized controlled trial Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology; Dec 10-14, 2000. San Juan, Puerto Rico 2000

Wimo A Winblad B Stoeffler A Wirth Y Moebius HJ Effect of long term treatment with memantine, an NMDA antagonist, on costs associated with advanced Alzheimer's disease: results of a 28-week randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders; 2002 July 20-25, Stockholm, Sweden 2002 Abstract No 167

Wimo, 2003, Resource utilisation and cost analysis of memantine in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease, PharmacoEconomics, 21, 327, 10.2165/00019053-200321050-00004

Anon Forest press release - 7 Jan 03 http://ir.frx.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=83198&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=482107&highlight=

Bakchine S Pascual-Gangnant L Loft H Results of a randomised, placebo-controlled 6-month study of memantine in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease in Europe. Conference proceeding 2005

Doody RS Tariot PN Pfeiffer E Olin JT Graham SM & Bell JM Meta-analysis of six month memantine clinical trials Conference Proceeding: New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit 45 Annual Meeting. Boca Raton, Florida, June 6-9 2005 2005

Ditzler, 1991, Efficacy and tolerability of memantine in patients with dementia syndrome, Arzneimittelforschung, 41, 773

Gortelmeyer, 1992, Memantine in the treatment of mild to moderate dementia syndrome. A double-blind placebo-controlled study, Arzneimittelforschung, 42, 904

FDA. Peripheral and Central Nervous System Drugs Advisory Committee September 24, 2003. Presentation by Forest, Slide 28. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/slides/3979S1_01_F-Forest-Backup.ppt

Forest Laboratories I A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety and efficacy of memantine in patients with moderate to severe dementia of the Alzheimer's type http://www.forestclinicaltrials.com/CTR/CTRController/CTRCompletedListStudies 2005

Peterson L American Neurological Association. November 2003. http://www.trends-in-medicine.com/Nov2003/AmNeuro113p.pdf

Cummings JL Schneider E Peskind E Tariot P Graham SM Bell JM Effect of memantine on behavioral outcomes in Alzheimer's disease In: IPA 12th International Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, 20-24 September 2005 2005

Feldman H Schmitt FA Doraiswamy PM Graham SM Bell JM Memantine and Individual Activities of Daily Living in Moderate to Severe Alzheimer's Disease In: 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, Miami Beach, April 2005 2005

Feldman H Schmitt FA PFeiffer E Graham SM Bell JM Memantine and individual activities of daily living in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease IPA 12th International Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, 20-24 September 2005 2005

Finucane Thomas, 2004, Memantine for Patients With Alzheimer Disease, JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 291, 1695, 10.1001/jama.291.14.1695-a

Forest Laboratories I A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety and efficacy of memantine in patients with moderate to severe dementia of the Alzheimer's type. http://www.forestclinicaltrials.com/CTR/CTRController/CTRCompletedListStudies 2005.

Gauthier, 2005, Effects of memantine on behavioural symptoms in alzheimer's disease patients: an analysis of the neuropsychiatric inventory (npi) data of two randomised, controlled studies, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20, 459, 10.1002/gps.1341

Tariot, 2004, Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer Disease already receiving donopezil. A randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 291, 317, 10.1001/jama.291.3.317

Tariot, 2004, Memantine for Patients With Alzheimer Disease: Reply to Funicane, JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 291, 1695, 10.1001/jama.291.14.1695-a

Bakchine S Pascual-Gangnant L Loft H Results of a randomised, placebo-controlled 6-month study of memantine in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease in Europe Results of a randomised, placebo-controlled 6-month study of memantine in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease in Europe 2005

Cummings JL Schneider E Peskind E Tariot P Graham SM Bell JM Effect of memantine on behavioral outcomes in Alzheimer's disease In: IPA 12th International Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, 20-24 September 2005 2005

Peskind ER Potkin SG Pomara N McDonald S Xie Y Gergel I Memantine monotherapy is effective and safe for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: A randomized controlled trial American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 17th Annual Meeting, Baltimore MD, February 21-24 2004

Peskind ER Potkin SG Pomara N Ott BR McDonal S Gergel I Memantine monotherapy is effective and safe for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: A randomized controlled trial CINP Cogress, Paris. June 2-24 2004

Pomara N Ott B Peskind E Resnick EM Efficacy of memantine for cognition in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. IPA 12th International Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, 20-24 September 2005 2005

Potkin SG Peskind ER Pomara N McDonald S Xie Y Gergel I Memantine monotherapy is effective and safe for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: Arandomized controlled trial 56th Annual meeting of the American Academy of Neurology,San Francisco CA, April 24-may 1 2004

Doody RS Tariot PN Pfeiffer E Olin JT Graham SM & Bell JM Meta-analysis of six month memantine clinical trials New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit 45 Annual Meeting. Boca Raton, Florida, June 6-9 2005 . 2005

Anon NDA Safety review - August 2003 http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/briefing/3979B1_04_FDA-Safety%20Review.pdf

Anon NDA Safety review - August 2003 http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/briefing/3979B1_04_FDA-Safety%20Review.pdf

Anon NDA Safety review - August 2003 http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/03/briefing/3979B1_04_FDA-Safety%20Review.pdf

Pantev, 1993, Clinical and behavioural evaluation in long-term care patients with mild to moderate dementia under memantine treatment, Zeitschrift fuer Gerontopsychologie und Psychiatrie, 6, 103

Ambrozi, 1988, Treatment of impaired cerebral function in psychogeriatric patients with memantine. Results of a Phase II double-blind study, Pharmacopsychiatry, 21, 144, 10.1055/s-2007-1014666

Fleischhacker, 1986, Memantine in the treatment of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, Progress Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 10, 87, 10.1016/0278-5846(86)90047-3

Gavrilova S Selezneva N Kolykhalov I Mikhailova N Kalyn Y Roschina I Glutaminergic approach to the treatment of Alzheimer type dementia Xth World Cogress of Psychiatry. Vol 2; 1996 Aug 23-28, Madrid 1996

Gavrilova S Seleznyova N Kolykhalov I Proceedings of the 8th European College of Neuropharmacology Congress (ECNP); 1995 Sep 30- 0ct 4, Venice 1995

Jones, 2005, Once-daily dosing of memantine found to be as safe and tolerable as twice-daily dosing in a 12-week, double-blind study in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease, IPA 12th International Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, 20-24 September 2005

Riepe MW Adler G Ibach B Weinkauf B Tracik F Adding Memantine to Therapy with Rivastigmine in Patients with Mild To Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: Results of a 12-Week Pilot Study 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of neurology, Miami Beach, April 2005 2005

Scharre DW Warner JL Knick JA Davis RA Theado-Miller N Memantine in Frontotemporal Dementia 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, Miami Beach, April 2005 2005

Ashford JW The Effect of Memantine on Brain Structure and Chemistry in Alzheimer's Disease Patients: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, 52-Week Clinical Trial Clinicaltrials.gov 2005

Bullock R Making Evidence-based Decisions Using Alzheimer Therapy (MEDUSA Therapy) ISRCTN Register //http://www.controlled-trials.com/mrct 2005

Anon CSP#546 - A RANDOMIZED, MULTICENTER, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL OF DL-ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL AND MEMANTINE FOR THE TREATMENT OF FUNCTIONAL DECLINE IN OUTPATIENTS WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE ON DONEPEZIL ClinicalTrials.gov 2005

Forest Laboratories Inc A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of memantine in nursing home residents with moderate to severe Alzheimr's disease. http://www.forestclinicaltrials.com 2005

Forest Laboratories Inc A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of memantine in non-institutionalised agitated patients with moderate to severe Alzheimr's disease http://www.forestclinicaltrials.com 2005

Forest Laboratories Inc An Open-Label Evaluation of the Safety of Memantine in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type http://www.forestclinicaltrials.com 2005

Forest Laboratories Inc A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Memantine in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type. http://www.forestclinicaltrials.com 2005

Reisberg B Memantine and Comprehensive, Individualized, Patient Centered Management of Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial ClinicalTrials.gov 2005

memantine versus placebo for severe to moderately severe AD Ongoing study

memantine versus placebo for mild to moderate AD Ongoing study

Vasavan Nair NP Memantine in moderate to advanced Alzheimer disease for patients with behavioural problems http://www.douglasrecherche.qc.ca 2004

Alva G Farlow MR Lee G Wirth Y Graham S Update of memantine safety in short-and long-term treatment of dementia IPA 12th International Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, 20-24 September 2005 2005

Alva G Farlow MR Porsteinsson A Graham SM Schneider E Jonas JM Stöffler A Update of Memantine Safety in Short- and Long-Term Treatment of Dementia 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, Miami Beach, April 2005 2005 P02.098

Anonymous, 2003, FDA approves memantine drug for treating AD, Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen, 18, 329

Cacabelos, 1999, The glutamatergic system and neurodegeneration in dementia: Preventive strategies in Alzheimer's disease, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 3, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199901)14:1<3::AID-GPS897>3.0.CO;2-7

Chalmers, 1983, Bias in treatment assigment in controlled clinicals trials, New England Journal of Medicine, 309, 1358, 10.1056/NEJM198312013092204

Cummings, 1994, The Neuropsychiatric inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia, Neurology, 44, 2308, 10.1212/WNL.44.12.2308

Dresser, 2000, Weighing the benefits of new Alzheimer's treatments, Science, 289, 869, 10.1126/science.289.5481.869b

American Psychiatric Association, 1987, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

American Psychiatric Association, 1994, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

European Medicines Agency Ebixa. European Public Assessment Report www.emea.eu.int/humandocs/Humans/EPAR/ebixa/ebixa.htm 2004

Emre, 2001, Experimental approaches and drug in development for the treatment of dementia, Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 10, 607, 10.1517/13543784.10.4.607

Folstein, 1975, Mini-mental state: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician, Journal of Psychiatry Research, 12, 189, 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6

FDA approves Namenda(TM)(Memantine HCl) for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease http://ir.frx.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=83198&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=459801&highlight=.

Forest Labs, Inc, announces launch of clinical trial registry http://www.forestclinicaltrials.com http://ir.frx.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=83198&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=671761&highlight=.

Forest Laboratories announces FDA decision on supplemental new drug application for Namenda http://www.frx.com/news/PressRelease.aspx?ID=734345

Galasko, 1997, An inventory to assess activities of daily living for clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study, Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders, 11, S33, 10.1097/00002093-199700112-00005

Gottfries, 1982, A new rating scale for dementia syndromes., Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 1, 311, 10.1016/0167-4943(82)90031-0

Guy, 1976, CGI: Clinical global impressions, ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology, 217

Honigfeld, 1974, History and current status of its use in pharmaco-psychiatric research, Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 7 Psychological, 238

Kalaria, 1999, Overlap between pathology of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia, Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 13, S115, 10.1097/00002093-199912003-00017

Kim, 1993, Factor structure and scoring of the SKT battery, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 61, 10.1002/1097-4679(199301)49:1<61::AID-JCLP2270490109>3.0.CO;2-B

Kornhuber, 1997, Psychotogenicity and N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Antagonism: Implications for Neuroprotective Pharmacotherapy, Biological Psychiatry, 41, 135, 10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00047-9

Ebixa extended approval for the treatment of moderate Alzheimer's disease http://www.lunbeck.com/investor/releases/ReleaseDetails/Release_173_EN.asp

McKhann, 1994, Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease, Neurology, 34, 939, 10.1212/WNL.34.7.939

Mulrow CD Oxman CD Cochrane Collaboration Handbook (updated 9 December 1996) The Cochrane Library [database on disk and CDROM] 1997

Möbius, 1999, Pharmacologic rationale for memantine in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, especially vascular dementia, Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 13, S172, 10.1097/00002093-199912001-00024

National Institute for Clinical Excellence http://www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=104058

National Institute for Clinical Excellence National Institute for Clinical Excellence. http://www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=104058.

Parsons, 1999, Memantine is a clinically well tolerated N-methhyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist- a review of preclinical data, Neuropharmacology, 38, 735, 10.1016/S0028-3908(99)00019-2

Plosker, 2005, Memantine: a pharmacoeconomic review of its use in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease, PharmacoEconomics, 23, 193, 10.2165/00019053-200523020-00010

Post, 1997, Slowing the progression of Alzheimer disease: ethical issues, Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 11, S34

Reisberg, 1997, Clinical global measures of dementia: position paper from the International Working group on Harmonization of Dementia Drug Guidelines, Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord, 11 (suppl 3), 8

Roman, 1999, Executive control function: a rational basis for the diagnosis of vascular dementia, Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 13, S69, 10.1097/00002093-199912001-00012

Rosen, 1984, A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease, American Journal of Psychiatry, 11, 1356

Schmitt, 1997, The Severe Impairment Battery: concurrent validity and the assessment of longitudinal change in Alzheimer's disease, Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 11, S51, 10.1097/00002093-199700112-00008

Schneider, 1997, Validity and reliability of the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study- Clinical Global Impression of Change, Alzheimer Disease and Associated disorders, 11, S22, 10.1097/00002093-199700112-00004

Schulz, 1995, Empirical evidence of bias: dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials, Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 408, 10.1001/jama.1995.03520290060030

Shader, 1974, A new scale for assessment in geriatric population: Sandoz Clinical Assessment Geriatric (scag), Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 22, 107, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1974.tb01521.x

Spiegel, 1991, New behavioural assessment scale for geriatric out and inpatients: The NOSGER (Nurse's Observational Scale for Geriatric Patients), Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39, 339, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb02897.x

Sucher, 1996, NMDA receptors: from genes to channels, Trends in Pharmacological Science, 17, 348, 10.1016/S0165-6147(96)80008-3

Teresi, 1997, Methodological issues in cognitive assessment and their impact on outcome measurement, Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 11, 146

Kam, 1989, ADL and behaviour rating scales for the evaluation of nurses' workload in psychogeriatric nursing homes, Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie, 20, 159

Wimo, 1988, Evaluation of the resource utilisation and caregiver time in anti-dementia drug trials: a quantitative battery, The health economics of dementia, 465

Wimo, 2003, Resource utilisation and cost analysis of memantine in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease, Pharmacoeconomics, 21, 327, 10.2165/00019053-200321050-00004

Winblad B Hefting N Loft H Memantine improves behavioural symptoms in patients with mild to severe Alzheimer's disease IPA 12th International Congress, Stockholm, Sweden, 20-24 September 2005 2005

Zecry, 2002, Mixed dementia: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, 1431, 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50367.x