Meeting the Clean Energy Demand: Nanostructure Architectures for Solar Energy Conversion

Journal of Physical Chemistry C - Tập 111 Số 7 - Trang 2834-2860 - 2007
Prashant V. Kamat1
1Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5674

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Weisz P. B., 2004, Basic choices and constraints on long-term energy supplies. Phys. Today

Bartlett A. A., 1986, Am. J. Phys., 54, 402

Myers N., 2003, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 100, 4968

Campbell C. J, 2002, Popul. Environ., 24, 207, 10.1023/A:1020752205672

Hubbert M. K, 1949, Science, 109, 109, 10.1126/science.109.2823.103

Hubbert M. K, 1981, Am. J. Phys., 49, 1029, 10.1119/1.12656

Hubbert M. K., 1984, Am. Sci., 72, 293

Campbell C. J, 2003, Oil Gas J. Tulsa, 101, 44

Campbell C. J., 1998, Sci. Am., 278, 65, 10.1038/scientificamerican0398-78

Deffeyes K. S., 2001, NJ

Dresselhaus M. S., 2001, Nature, 414, 337, 10.1038/35104599

Ragauskas A. J., 2006, Science, 484, 489

Mann M. E., 1998, Nature, 392, 787

Hoffert M. I., 1998, Nature, 395, 884, 10.1038/27638

Hoffert M. I., 2002, Science, 298, 987, 10.1126/science.1072357

Lewis N. S., 2005, U.S. Department of Energy:  Washington, DC

Crabtree G. W., 2004, Phys. Today, 57, 44, 10.1063/1.1878333

Green M. A., 2004, Third Generation Photovoltaics:  Advanced Solar Energy Conversion

Barnham K. W. J., 2006, Nat. Mater., 5, 164

Henglein A., 1989, Chem. Rev., 89, 73, 10.1021/cr00098a010

Steigerwald M. L., 1990, Acc. Chem. Res., 23, 8, 10.1021/ar00174a003

Brus L, 1986, J. Phys. Chem., 90, 60, 10.1021/j100403a003

Weller H, 1993, Adv. Mater., 5, 95, 10.1002/adma.19930050204

Banyai L., 1993, Semiconductor quantum Dots, 10.1142/2019

Kamat P. V., 1997, Molecular level artificial photosynthetic materials, 243

Alivisatos P, 1996, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 13239, 10.1021/jp9535506

Kamat P. V, 2002, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106, 7744

Adams D., 2003, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 6697, 10.1021/jp0268462

George Thomas K., 2003, Acc. Chem. Res., 36, 898

Shipway A. N., 2000, Chem. Phys. Chem., 1, 52

Willner I., 1998, Coord. Chem. Rev., 171, 285, 10.1016/S0010-8545(98)90041-8

Ward M. D, 1999, Chem. Soc. Rev., 365, 375

Ouyang M., 2002, Acc. Chem. Res., 35, 1025, 10.1021/ar0101685

Xia Y. N., 2003, Adv. Mater., 15, 389

El-Sayed M. A, 2001, Acc. Chem. Res., 34, 264

Burda C., 2005, Chem. Rev., 105, 1102, 10.1021/cr030063a

Sirbuly D. J., 2005, J Phys. Chem. B, 109, 15213, 10.1021/jp051813i

Cao G., 2005, Sol Electrophoretic Deposition. J. Phys. Chem. B

Kelly K. L., 2003, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 677, 10.1021/jp026731y

Jin R., 2003, Nature, 425, 487, 10.1038/nature02020

Henzie J., 2006, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 14031, 10.1021/jp063226i

Murphy C. J., 2006, Inorg. Chem., 45, 7554, 10.1021/ic0519382

Wang F., 2006, Inorg. Chem., 45, 7521

Greene L. E., 2006, Inorg. Chem., 45, 7543

Kline T. R., 2006, Inorg. Chem., 45, 7565, 10.1021/ic0601384

Grätzel M., 1981, Acc. Chem. Res., 14, 84

Bard A. J., 1995, Acc. Chem. Res., 28, 5

Gust D., 2001, Acc. Chem. Res., 34, 48, 10.1021/ar9801301

Brune A., 2004, Langmuir, 20, 8371, 10.1021/la048974i

Imahori H., 2003, J. Mater. Chem., 13, 2898, 10.1039/b309588f

Campbell W. M., 2004, Porphyrins as light harvesters in the dye-sensitised TiO2 solar cell. Coord. Chem Rev

Thomas K. G., 2005, Helv. Chim. Acta., 88, 1308, 10.1002/hlca.200590106

D'Souza F., 2005, Coord. Chem. Rev., 249, 1422, 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.01.002

Guldi D. M, 2005, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 11441, 10.1021/jp050984k

Wasielewski M. R., 2006, J. Org. Chem., 71, 5066, 10.1021/jo060225d

Gust D., 2000, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B-Biol., 58, 71

Alstrum-Acevedo J. H., 2005, Inorg. Chem., 44, 6827, 10.1021/ic050904r

Oelhafen P., 2005, Solar Energy, 79, 121, 10.1016/j.solener.2004.11.004

Templeton A. C., 2000, Acc. Chem. Res., 33, 36, 10.1021/ar9602664

Whetten R. L., 1999, Crystal Structures of Molecular Gold Nanocrystal Arrays. Acc. Chem. Res., 32, 406

Hassenkam T., 2002, Adv. Mater., 14, 1130, 10.1002/1521-4095(20020816)14:16<1126::AID-ADMA1126>3.0.CO;2-A

Sastry M., 2002, Acc. Chem. Res., 35, 855, 10.1021/ar010094x

Brust M., 1995, Adv. Mater., 7, 795, 10.1002/adma.19950070907

Brust M., 2002, Colloid Surf. A, 202, 186, 10.1016/S0927-7757(01)01087-1

Brust M., 1998, Langmuir, 14, 5429, 10.1021/la980557g

Willner I., 2001, Pure Appl. Chem., 73, 542, 10.1351/pac200173030535

Lahav M., 1999, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1925, 1931

Lioubashevski O., 2004, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 7143, 10.1021/ja049275v

Correa-Duarte M. A., 2004, Adv. Mater., 16, 2179, 10.1002/adma.200400626

Ribrioux S., 1996, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 44, 213, 10.1177/44.3.8648079

Elghanian R., 1997, Science, 277, 1081, 10.1126/science.277.5329.1078

Schmid G., 2003, Reactivities. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 3081, 3098

Brust M., 1994, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 801, 802

Brust M., 1995, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm., 1655, 1656

Hostetler M. J., 1998, Langmuir, 15, 3789

Montalti M., 2003, Langmuir, 19, 5174, 10.1021/la034581s

Shaffer A. W., 2004, Langmuir, 20, 8351, 10.1021/la049308k

Drexhage K. H., 1968, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem., 72, 329, 10.1002/bbpc.19680720261

Ishida A., 1998, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm., 57, 58

Saito K, 1999, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 6583, 10.1021/jp991082k

Pagnot T., 1999, Appl. Phys. Lett., 75, 4209, 10.1063/1.125584

Ipe B. I., 2002, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106, 21, 10.1021/jp012936f

Kamat P. V., 2002, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 41, 2767, 10.1002/1521-3773(20020802)41:15<2764::AID-ANIE2764>3.0.CO;2-E

George Thomas K., 2000, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 122, 2656

George Thomas K., 2002, Pure Appl. Chem., 74, 1738

Ipe B. I., 2004, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 13272

Barazzouk S., 2005, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 723, 10.1021/jp046474s

Stellacci F., 2003, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 329, 10.1021/ja0281277

Imahori H., 2001, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 336

Templeton A. C., 1999, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121, 7089, 10.1021/ja990513+

Hranisavljevic J., 2001, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 4537

Hu J., 2001, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 1470

Chen M. M. Y., 2002, Langmuir, 18, 2420

Wang T. X., 2002, Langmuir, 18, 1848

Dulkeith E., 2002, Phys. Rev. Lett., 89, 203002, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.203002

Sudeep P. K., 2002, Nano Lett., 2, 35, 10.1021/nl010073w

Wiederrecht G. P., 2004, Nano Lett., 4, 2125, 10.1021/nl0488228

Wiederrecht G. P, 2004, Euro. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., 28, 18, 10.1051/epjap:2004170

Wurtz G. A., 2003, J. Microsc.-Oxford, 210, 343, 10.1046/j.1365-2818.2003.01159.x

Fan C. H., 2003, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 100, 6301

Maxwell D. J., 2002, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 9612, 10.1021/ja025814p

Wang G. L., 2002, Anal. Chem., 74, 4327

Kamat P. V, 1989, J. Phys. Chem., 93, 64

Liu D., 1995, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 16775

Liu D., 1996, J. Chem. Phys., 105, 970

Chen S., 1999, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 9996, 10.1021/jp992681u

Amouyal E, 1995, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 38, 76, 10.1016/0927-0248(95)00003-8

Parmon V. N, 1990, Adv. Hydrogen Energy (Hydrogen Energy Prog.), 8, 13

Tanaka A., 1995, Crit. Rev. Surface Chem., 5, 326

Turner J. A, 2004, Science, 305, 974, 10.1126/science.1103197

Gerischer H., 1986, J. Electroanal. Chem., 204, 7, 10.1016/0022-0728(86)80520-4

Spanhel L., 1987, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 5

Hotchandani S., 1992, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 9, 10.1021/j100195a056

Vogel R., 1994, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 3188, 10.1021/j100063a022

Nasr C., 1997, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 7487, 10.1021/jp970833k

Nasr C., 1998, J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 10056

Zaban A., 1998, Langmuir, 14, 3156, 10.1021/la9713863

Vinodgopal K., 1995, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 845, 10.1021/es00003a037

Tada H., 2000, Langmuir, 16, 3309

Bard A. J, 1982, J. Phys. Chem., 86, 7

Baba R., 1985, J. Phys. Chem., 89, 5, 10.1021/j100256a018

Heller A, 1986, Pure Appl. Chem., 58, 92, 10.1351/pac198658091189

Heller A, 1986, Nato Asi Ser. Ser. C, 15

Domen K., 1988, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 61, 62, 10.1246/bcsj.61.359

Anpo M., 1991, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 64, 51, 10.1246/bcsj.64.543

Kraeutler B., 1978, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 100, 8

Heller A., 1982, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 104, 8, 10.1021/ja00389a010

Aspnes D. E., 1983, J. Phys. Chem., 87, 29, 10.1021/j150642a031

Borgarello E., 1985, Nouv. J. Chim., 9, 7

Mills A., 1989, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 85, 19, 10.1039/f298985bx019

Amouyal E., 1985, J. Photochem., 29, 42, 10.1016/0047-2670(85)87074-X

Nosaka Y., 1984, Chem. Phys. Lett., 106, 31, 10.1016/0009-2614(84)87025-6

Wang C. M., 1992, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114, 4

Henglein A., 1993, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 71

Kamat P. V, 1993, Chem. Rev., 93, 300, 10.1021/cr00017a013

Mulvaney P., 1997, Semiconductor Nanoclusters - Physical, Chemical and Catalytic Aspects, 123

Kamat P. V., 2002, Colloids Surf. A, 202, 279, 10.1016/S0927-7757(01)01071-8

Martin S. C., 1994, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 13704

Choi W., 1994, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 13679

Zang L., 2000, Chem. Eur. J., 6, 384, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3765(20000117)6:2<379::AID-CHEM379>3.0.CO;2-Z

Kato H., 2002, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106, 5034

Morikawa T., 2001, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2-Lett., 40, L563

Ihara T., 2003, Appl. Catal. B-Environ., 42, 409, 10.1016/S0926-3373(02)00269-2

Chiaramonte T., 2003, Appl. Surf. Sci., 212, 666

Burda C., 2003, Nano Lett., 3, 1051, 10.1021/nl034332o

Wang H., 2006, J. Phys.-C, 18, 434

Batzill M., 2006, Phys. Rev. Lett., 96

Ghicov A., 2006, Nano Lett., 6, 1082, 10.1021/nl0600979

Sakthivel S., 2004, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 19387, 10.1021/jp046857q

Thompson T. L., 2005, Top. Catal., 35, 210, 10.1007/s11244-005-3825-1

Park J. H., 2006, Nano Lett., 6, 28

Maeda K., 2005, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 8287

Teramura K., 2005, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 21921, 10.1021/jp054313y

Kitano M., 2005, Chem. Lett., 34, 617, 10.1246/cl.2005.616

Kikuchi H., 2006, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 5541, 10.1021/jp058262g

Maeda K., 2006, Nature, 295, 10.1038/440295a

Nakato Y., 1985, J. Photochem., 29, 66, 10.1016/0047-2670(85)87076-3

Nakato Y., 1988, J. Phys. Chem., 92, 2324, 10.1021/j100319a043

Nakato Y., 1982, Isr. J. Chem., 22, 3, 10.1002/ijch.198200035

Nakato Y., 1982, Chem. Phys. Lett, 90, 6, 10.1016/0009-2614(82)80253-4

de Tacconi N. R., 1997, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 4, 10.1021/jp9723224

Chandrasekharan N., 2000, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 10857

Subramanian V., 2001, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, 11446, 10.1021/jp011712u

Chen M. S., 2004, Science, 306, 255, 10.1126/science.1099650

Hiesgen R., 1998, J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 6557, 10.1021/jp9816420

Subramanian V., 2003, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 42, 2138

Lahiri D., 2006, J. Chem. Phys., 124, 204720, 10.1063/1.2198193

Dawson A., 2001, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, 966, 10.1021/jp0033263

Subramanian V., 2003, Langmuir, 19, 474, 10.1021/la026478t

Cozzoli P. D., 2004, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 3879, 10.1021/ja0395846

Cozzoli P. D., 2004, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 9630, 10.1021/jp0379751

Chen S., 1998, Science, 280, 2101, 10.1126/science.280.5372.2101

Hicks J. F., 1999, Anal. Chem., 71, 3711, 10.1021/ac990432w

Hostetler M. J., 1999, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118, 4213

Wood A., 2001, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, 8815, 10.1021/jp011576t

Ung T., 1997, Langmuir, 13, 1782

Henglein A., 1992, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 2

Kamat P. V, 2002, Pure Appl. Chem., 74, 1706, 10.1351/pac200274091693

Subramanian V., 2003, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 7485, 10.1021/jp0275037

Subramanian V., 2004, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 4950, 10.1021/ja0315199

Bamwenda G. R., 1994, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A, 77, 67, 10.1016/1010-6030(94)80009-X

Haruta M, 1997, Catal. Today, 36, 166

Valden M., 1998, Science, 281, 1650, 10.1126/science.281.5383.1647

Yang Z. X., 2000, Phys. Rev. B, 6, 14071

Li J., 2001, Chem. Commun., 2170, 2171

Kamat P. V., 1994, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 9142, 10.1021/j100088a008

Kalyanasundaram K., 1986, Coord. Chem. Rev., 69, 125, 10.1016/0010-8545(86)85009-3

Liz-Marzan L. M., 2003, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 7326

Caruso F., 2001, Adv. Mater., 13, 1090, 10.1002/1521-4095(200107)13:14<1090::AID-ADMA1090>3.0.CO;2-H

Ung T., 1998, Langmuir, 14, 3748

Zhong C. J., 2001, Adv. Mater., 13, 1511, 10.1002/1521-4095(200110)13:19<1507::AID-ADMA1507>3.0.CO;2-#

Hardikar V., 2000, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 221, 136, 10.1006/jcis.1999.6579

Oldenburg S. J., 1998, Chem. Phys. Lett., 288, 47, 10.1016/S0009-2614(98)00277-2

Oldfield G., 2000, Adv. Mater., 12, 1522, 10.1002/1521-4095(200010)12:20<1519::AID-ADMA1519>3.0.CO;2-W

Mulvaney P., 2000, J. Mater. Chem., 10, 1270, 10.1039/b000136h

Hirakawa T., 2004, Langmuir, 20, 5647, 10.1021/la048874c

Hirakawa T., 2005, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 3934, 10.1021/ja042925a

Shanghavi B., 1997, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 7679

Vogel R., 1990, Chem. Phys. Lett., 174, 6, 10.1016/0009-2614(90)85339-E

Kohtani S., 1993, Chem. Phys. Lett., 206, 70, 10.1016/0009-2614(93)85535-V

Plass R., 2002, Phys. Chem. B

Peter L. M., 2003, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 8381, 10.1021/jp030334l

Liu D., 1993, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 73

Gopidas K. R., 1990, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 40

Bedja I., 1995, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 9188, 10.1021/j100022a035

Vinodgopal K., 1996, Chem. Mater., 8, 2187, 10.1021/cm950425y

Sant P. A., 2002, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4, 203

Spanhel L., 1987, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem., 91, 63

Dabbousi B. O., 1997, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 9475, 10.1021/jp971091y

Tian Y., 1996, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 8939, 10.1021/jp951965l

Mews A., 1996, Phys. Rev. B, 53, 13245, 10.1103/PhysRevB.53.R13242

Micic O. I., 2000, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 12156, 10.1021/jp0021502

Kamat P. V., 1997, Semiconductor Nanoclusters - Physical, Chemical and Catalytic Aspects, 259

Rajeshwar K., 2001, Chem. Mater., 13, 2782, 10.1021/cm010254z

Robel I., 2006, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 2393, 10.1021/ja056494n

Liu D., 1993, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem, 347, 6

Nasr C., 1997, J. Electroanal. Chem., 420, 207, 10.1016/S0022-0728(96)04782-1

Peng P., 2005, Nano Lett., 5, 1813, 10.1021/nl0680006

Kamat P. V., 2001, Adv. Mater., 13, 1617, 10.1002/1521-4095(200111)13:21<1617::AID-ADMA1617>3.0.CO;2-W

Hasobe T., 2003, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 12112, 10.1021/jp035854v

Hasobe T., 2005, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 1228

Hasobe T., 2004, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 12872, 10.1021/jp048404r

George Thomas K., 1999, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 8869

Nath S., 1998, J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 10164, 10.1021/jp9824149

Kamat P. V., 2000, Chem. Euro. J., 6, 3921, 10.1002/1521-3765(20001103)6:21<3914::AID-CHEM3914>3.0.CO;2-T

Hasobe T., 2003, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 14963, 10.1021/ja0377192

Hasobe T., 2003, J. Mater. Chem., 13, 2520, 10.1039/b306871d

Solladié N., 2000, Tetrahedron Lett., 41, 6075, 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)01049-2

Hasobe T., 2005, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 23, 10.1021/jp045246v

Kamat P. V., 1984, J. Electrochem. Soc., 131, 7, 10.1149/1.2115745

Albery W. J, 1982, Acc. Chem. Res., 15, 8, 10.1021/ar00077a003

Albery W. J., 1977, Nature, 270, 402, 10.1038/270399a0

Wildes P. D., 1978, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 100, 6572, 10.1021/ja00489a004

Nazeeruddin M. K., 1993, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 90, 10.1021/ja00067a063

Cahen D., 2000, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 2059, 10.1021/jp993187t

Grätzel M, 2001, Nature, 414, 338, 10.1038/35104607

Grätzel M., 1997, Semiconductor Nanoclusters - Physical, Chemical and Catalytic Aspects, 375

Sauvé G., 2000, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 3491

Bignozzi C. A., 1994, Solar Energy Mater., 32, 244

Bedja I., 1994, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 4140, 10.1021/j100066a037

Bedja I., 1997, Langmuir, 13, 2403, 10.1021/la9620115

Fessenden R. W., 1995, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 12906, 10.1021/j100034a032

Vinodgopal K., 1995, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 10889, 10.1021/j100027a032

Martini I., 1997, J. Chem. Phys., 107, 8072, 10.1063/1.475069

Khazraji A. C., 1999, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 4700, 10.1021/jp9903110

Nasr C., 1998, J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 4951

Kamat P. V., 2004, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 5170

Kamat P. V., 1996, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 4908, 10.1021/jp951269l

Tachibana Y., 2001, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, 7431

Sauvé G., 2000, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 6836

Kamat P. V., 1986, J. Phys. Chem., 90, 94, 10.1021/j100398a035

Bedja I., 1996, J. Appl. Phys., 80, 4643, 10.1063/1.363446

Bedja I., 1994, J. Appl. Phys., 75, 5456, 10.1063/1.355703

Hotchandani S., 1992, Chem. Phys. Lett., 191, 6, 10.1016/0009-2614(92)85308-W

Hotchandani S., 1994, Res. Chem. Intermed., 20, 938, 10.1163/156856794X00298

Kim Y.-S., 1994, J. Phys. Chem., 98, 988

Nasr C., 1996, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 11061

Liu D., 1995, J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, 839

Sykora M., 2006, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 9985, 10.1021/ja061556a

Rehm J. M., 1996, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 9578

Burfeindt B., 1996, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 16465, 10.1021/jp9622905

Martini I., 1997, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 4830, 10.1021/jp9702964

Tachibana Y., 1996, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 20062, 10.1021/jp962227f

Hannappel T., 1997, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 6802, 10.1021/jp971581q

Randy J., 1998, J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 6458

Asbury J. B., 1999, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 6647

Asbury J. B., 1999, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 3119

Asbury J. B., 2000, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 11964, 10.1021/jp002541g

Bauer C., 2001, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, 5588, 10.1021/jp004121x

Kallioinen J., 2002, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106, 4404, 10.1021/jp0143443

Furube A., 2003, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 4166, 10.1021/jp034039c

Horiuchi H., 2003, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 2574

Marcus R. A., 1985, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 811, 265, 10.1016/0304-4173(85)90014-X

Marcus R. A, 1965, J. Chem. Phys., 43, 701, 10.1063/1.1696793

Gaal D. A., 2000, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 122, 10963

Kuciauskas D., 2001, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, 403, 10.1021/jp002545l

Clifford J. N., 2004, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 5233

Smestad G., 1994, Solar Energy Mater., 32, 272

Smestad G, 1994, Solar Energy Mater., 32, 288

Imai H., 1999, J. Mater. Chem., 9, 2972, 10.1039/a906005g

Tian Z. R. R., 2003, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 12385

Wu J. J., 2004, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 3379

Ruan C., 2005, J Phys. Chem. B, 109, 15759, 10.1021/jp052736u

Mor G. K., 2006, Sol. Energy Mater. Solar Cells., 90, 2075

Paulose M., 2006, J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys., 39, 2503, 10.1088/0022-3727/39/12/005

Adachi M., 2003, J. Electrochem. Soc., 150, G493, 10.1149/1.1589763

Macak J. M., 2005, Electrochem. Commun., 7, 1137

Law M., 2005, Nat. Mater., 4, 459

Galoppini E., 2006, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 16161, 10.1021/jp062865q

Paulose M., 2006, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 16184, 10.1021/jp064020k

Galoppini E, 2004, Coord. Chem Rev., 248, 1297, 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.03.016

Grätzel M, 2005, Inorg. Chem., 44, 6851, 10.1021/ic0508371

Bisquert J., 2004, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 8118

Meyer G. J, 2005, Inorg. Chem., 44, 6864, 10.1021/ic0505908

Hao E., 1999, J. Mater. Chem., 8, 1328

Fang J. J., 1997, Chem. Phys. Lett., 270, 145, 10.1016/S0009-2614(97)00333-3

Yu P., 2006, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 25461

Nozik A. J, 2002, Physica E, 14, 120, 10.1016/S1386-9477(02)00374-0

Wang Z. L, 2000, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 1175

Nirmal M., 1999, Acc. Chem. Res., 32, 414, 10.1021/ar9700320

Empedocles S., 1999, Acc. Chem. Res., 32, 396, 10.1021/ar9501939

Kuno M., 2000, J. Chem. Phys., 112, 3120, 10.1063/1.480896

Halpert J. E., 2006, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 12591, 10.1021/ja0616534

Chan W. C. W., 1998, Science, 281, 2018

Mattoussi H., 2000, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 122, 12150, 10.1021/ja002535y

Niemeyer C. M., 2001, Angew. Chem. (Int. Ed.), 40, 4158

Bruchez M., 1998, Science, 281, 2016, 10.1126/science.281.5385.2013

Mattoussi H., 1998, J. Appl. Phys., 83, 7974, 10.1063/1.367978

Huynh W. U., 2002, Science, 295, 2427, 10.1126/science.1069156

Pientka M., 2004, Thin Solid Films, 451, 52

Ross R. T., 1982, J. Appl. Phys., 53, 8, 10.1063/1.329960

Schaller R. D., 2004, Phys. Rev. Lett., 92, 186601, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.186601

Schaller R. D., 2005, Nat. Phys., 1, 195, 10.1038/nphys151

Ellingson R. J., 2005, Nano Lett., 5, 871, 10.1021/nl0502672

Califano M., 2004, Nano Lett., 4, 531, 10.1021/nl049869w

Lawless D., 1995, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 10335, 10.1021/j100025a040

Granot E., 2004, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 5881, 10.1021/jp038004o

Baron R., 2005, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 44, 4015, 10.1002/anie.200500812

Zayats M., 2003, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 16014, 10.1021/ja0379215

Meyer T. J., 1994, Inorg. Chem., 33, 3964

Rogach A. L., 1999, J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 3069, 10.1021/jp984833b

Hens Z., 2002, Appl. Phys. Lett., 81, 4247, 10.1063/1.1525396

Cassagneau T., 1998, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 120, 7859, 10.1021/ja9806027

Landes C., 2001, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, 2986

Landes C. F., 2001, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, 10558

Sharma S., 2003, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 10093

Hammel E., 2004, Carbon, 42, 1158, 10.1016/j.carbon.2003.12.043

Wang J., 2003, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 14707

Rajesh B., 2003, Chem. Commun., 2022, 2023

Kamat P. V., 2006, Interface, 15, 47

Kamat P. V, 2006, Nanotoday, 1, 27, 10.1016/S1748-0132(06)70113-X

Girishkumar G., 2006, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 114, 10.1021/jp054764i

Hasobe T., 2006, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 45, 759, 10.1002/anie.200502815

Barazzouk S., 2002, J. Mater. Chem., 12, 2025, 10.1039/b109936a

Barazzouk S., 2004, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 17018, 10.1021/jp0458405

Baughman R. H., 2002, Science, 297, 792, 10.1126/science.1060928

Sheeney-Haj-Khia L., 2005, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 44, 83, 10.1002/anie.200461801

Huang Q., 2004, Nanotechnology, 15, 1860

Banerjee S., 2003, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 10350

Banerjee S., 2004, Chem. Commun., 1866, 1867

Chaudhary S., 2004, Nano Lett., 4, 2419, 10.1021/nl048498g

Haremza J. M., 2002, Nano Lett., 2, 1258, 10.1021/nl025799m

Ravindran S., 2003, Nano Lett., 3, 453, 10.1021/nl0259683

Banerjee S., 2002, Nano Lett., 2, 200

Han W. Q., 2003, Nano Lett., 3, 683

Shi J., 2004, Carbon, 42, 458, 10.1016/j.carbon.2003.12.031

Robel I., 2005, Adv. Mater., 17, 2463, 10.1002/adma.200500418

Takechi K., 2006, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 16173, 10.1021/jp063651b

Tang C. W, 1986, Appl. Phys. Lett., 48, 185

Shaheen S. E., 2001, Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 843

Heeger A. J, 2001, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, 8491, 10.1021/jp011611w

Gomez-Romero P, 2001, Adv. Mater., 13, 174, 10.1002/1521-4095(200102)13:3<163::AID-ADMA163>3.0.CO;2-U

Breeze A. J., 2001, Phys. Rev. B, 6412, 125205, 10.1103/PhysRevB.64.125205

Hoppe H., 2004, J. Mater. Res., 19, 1945, 10.1557/JMR.2004.0252

Yu G., 1995, Science, 270, 1791, 10.1126/science.270.5243.1791

Pientka M., 2004, Nanotechnology, 15, 170, 10.1088/0957-4484/15/1/032

Gregg B. A, 2003, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 4698

Sariciftci N. S, 1995, Prog. Quant. Electr., 19, 59, 10.1016/0079-6727(94)00012-N

Brabec C. J., 2001, Adv. Funct. Mater., 11, 26

Salafsky J. S, 1999, Phys. Rev. B, 59, 10894, 10.1103/PhysRevB.59.10885

Drew K., 2005, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 11857, 10.1021/jp051073d

Carrette L., 2000, ChemPhysChem, 1, 193

Wasmus S., 1999, J. Electroanal. Chem., 461, 31, 10.1016/S0022-0728(98)00197-1

Maynard H. L., 2002, J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. B, 20, 1297, 10.1116/1.1488641

Eikerling M., 2004, Fuel Cells., 4, 140, 10.1002/fuce.200400029