Nội dung được dịch bởi AI, chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo
Bảo tồn động vật có vú vừa và lớn tại thành phố Cape Town: các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến sự phong phú của loài trong các khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên đô thị
Tóm tắt
Sự đô thị hóa liên quan đến sự mất mát và phân mảnh của đất tự nhiên, sự gián đoạn chức năng và dịch vụ hệ sinh thái, và sự suy giảm đa dạng sinh học. Cape Town nằm trong một điểm nóng đa dạng sinh học toàn cầu, với tỷ lệ nội địa cao, nhưng nhu cầu về nông nghiệp và nhà ở đang gia tăng áp lực lên những mảnh đất tự nhiên còn lại và do đó là sự đa dạng sinh học mà chúng hỗ trợ. Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này là sử dụng khảo sát bẫy hình ảnh tiêu chuẩn để xác định những loài động vật có vú bản địa vừa và lớn nào vẫn tồn tại trong 12 khu bảo tồn của thành phố Cape Town (diện tích từ 32–8400 ha) và để hiểu cách mà kích thước khu bảo tồn, tỷ lệ diện tích-đường biên, kết nối, tính không đồng nhất của môi trường sống và sự hiện diện của môi trường sống nước ngọt vĩnh viễn có thể ảnh hưởng đến thành phần cộng đồng động vật có vú vừa và lớn (>0,5 kg). Các camera đã được đặt tại 151 vị trí trên khắp các khu bảo tồn theo một giao thức đặt hàng tầng dẫn đến 13.360 sự kiện kích hoạt độc lập bởi các taxa mục tiêu. Mười chín loài bản địa (11 loài ăn thịt, 7 loài ăn cỏ, 1 loài ăn tạp) đã được ghi nhận, chiếm 49% trong tổng số 39 loài được cho là đã có mặt trong quá khứ. Độ phong phú loài thay đổi từ 1 đến 12 loài (trung bình ± SD = 7 ± 3,6) trên các khu bảo tồn, và các mô hình tuyến tính cho thấy rằng độ phong phú loài cao hơn và sự hiện diện của các loài ăn thịt lớn được giải thích tốt nhất bằng việc cải thiện kết nối đến một lượng lớn môi trường sống tự nhiên. Nên duy trì sự đa dạng sinh học trong các khu bảo tồn đô thị sẽ đạt được tốt nhất bằng cách bảo tồn và thiết lập các hành lang môi trường sống phù hợp, cho phép sự di chuyển của động vật giữa các mảnh đất khác nhau.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Anderson PML, O’Farrell PJO (2012) An ecological view of the history of the establishment of the City of Cape Town. Ecol Soc 17:28–39
Augustine DJ, McNaughton SJ (1998) Ungulate effects on the functional species composition of plant communities: herbivore selectivity and plant tolerance. J Wildl Manag 62:1165–1183
Baker PJ, Harris S (2007) Urban mammals: what does the future hold? An analysis of the factors affecting patterns of use of residential gardens in Great Britain. Mammal Rev 37:297–315
Bateman PW, Fleming PA (2012) Big city life: carnivores in urban environments. J Zool 287:1–23
Bernardo PVS, De Melo FR (2013) Assemblage of medium and large size mammals in an urban Semideciduous seasonal Forest fragment in Cerrado biome. Biota Neotropica 13:76–80
Boscolo D, Metzger JP (2011) Isolation determines patterns of species presence in highly fragmented landscapes. Ecography 34:1018–1029
Boshoff AF, Kerley GIH (2001) Potential distributions of the medium- to large-sized mammals in the cape floristic region, based on historical accounts and habitat requirements. Afr Zool 36:245–273
Bragg C, Donaldson JS, Ryan PG (2005) Density of cape porcupines in a semi-arid environment and their impact on soil turnover and related ecosystem processes. J Arid Environ 61:261–275
Brassine MC, Parker DM (2012) Does the presence of large predators affect the diet of a mesopredator? Afr J Ecol 50:243–246
Brooker L, Brooker M, Cale P (1999) Animal dispersal in fragmented habitat: measuring habitat connectivity, corridor use, and dispersal mortality. Conserv Ecol 3:4
Burnham KP, Anderson DR, Anderson DR (2004) Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociological Methods Research 33:261–304
Cavallini P, Nel JAJ (1990) The feeding ecology of the cape grey mongoose, Galerella pulverulenta (Wagner 1839) in a coastal area. Afr J Ecol 28:23–130
Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR (2006) Global mammal distributions, biodiversity hotspots, and conservation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103:19374–19379
Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Soberon J, Salazar I, Fay JP (2005) Global mammal conservation: what must we manage? Science 309:603–607
Chao A, Chiu C-H (2016) Nonparametric estimation and comparison of species richness. eLS:1–11
Child MF, Rowe-Rowe D, Birss C, Wilson B, Palmer G, Stuart C, Stuart M, West S, Do Linh San E (2016) A conservation assessment of Poecilogale albinucha. In: Child MF, Roxburgh L, Do Linh San E, Raimondo D, Davies-Mostert HT (eds) The red list of mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho. South African National Biodiversity Institute and Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa
City of Cape Town (2019a) Open Data Portal: Integrated Zoning Land Parcel. https://web1.capetown.gov.za/web1/OpenDataPortal/DatasetDetail?DatasetName=Integrated%20zoning%20land%20parcel. Accessed 4 April 2019
City of Cape Town (2019b) Open Data Portal: Terrestrial Biodiversity Network. http://odp.capetown.gov.za/datasets/4f2d7835518a4e6b8205ce12d77ff463_64. Accessed 4 April 2019
City of Cape Town (2019c) Open Data Portal: Aerial photography. https://web1.capetown.gov.za/web1/OpenDataPortal/DatasetDetail?DatasetName=Aerial%20photography. Accessed 25 July 2019
City of Cape Town (2019d) Biodiversity Database. https://biodiversity.co.za/. Accessed 4 April 2019
Colwell RK (2013) EstimateS version 9.1.0. Computer software, University of Connecticut, United States Of America
Colyn R, Radloff FGT, O’Riain MJ (2017) Camera trapping mammals in the scrubland’s of the cape floristic kingdom - the importance of effort, spacing and trap placement. Biodivers Conserv 27:503–520
Correa Ayram CA, Mendoza ME, Etter A, Salicrup DRP (2016) Habitat connectivity in biodiversity conservation: a review of recent studies and applications. Prog Phys Geogr 40:7–37
Cowling RM, MacDonald IAW, Simmons MT (1996) The cape peninsula, South Africa: physiographical, biological and historical to an extraordinary hot-spot of biodiversity. Biodivers Conserv 5:527–550
Crooks KR (2002) Relative sensitivities of mammalian carnivores to habitat fragmentation. Conserv Biol 16:488–502
Crooks KR, Burdett CL, Theobald DM, Rondinini C, Boitani L (2011) Global patterns of fragmentation and connectivity of mammalian carnivore habitat. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366:2642–2651
De Stefano S, De Graaf RM (2003) Exploring the ecology of suburban wildlife. Front Ecol Environ 1:95–101
Diamond JM (1975) The island dilemma: lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of natural reserves. Biol Conserv 7:129–146
Dormann CF, Elith J, Bacher S, Buchmann C, Carl G, Carr G, Garc JR, Gruber B, Lafourcade B, Leit PJ, Tamara M, McClean C, Osborne PE, Der BS, Skidmore AK, Zurell D, Lautenbach S (2013) Collinearity : a review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography 36:27–46
Druce DJ, Brown JS, Kerley GIH, Kotler BP, MacKey RL, Slotow R (2009) Spatial and temporal scaling in habitat utilization by klipspringers (Oreotragus oreotragus) determined using giving-up densities. Austral Ecology 34:577–587
Ewers RM, Didham RK (2007) The effect of fragment shape and species’ sensitivity to habitat edges on animal population size: contributed papers. Conserv Biol 21:926–936
Fahrig L, Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Bennett JR, Boucher-Lalonde V, Cazetta E, Currie DJ, Eigenbrod F, Ford AT, Harrison SP, Jaeger JA, Koper N (2019) Is habitat fragmentation bad for biodiversity? Biol Conserv 230:179–186
Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB (2007) Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 16:265–280
Fischer JD, Cleeton SH, Lyons TP, Miller JR, Fischer JD, Cleeton SH, Timothy P (2012) Urbanization and the predation paradox: the role of trophic dynamics in structuring vertebrate communities. BioScience 62:809–818
Fox J, Weisberg S (2019) An {R} companion to applied regression. Third Edition. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion/
Garden J, McAlpine C, Peterson A, Jones D, Possingham H (2006) Review of the ecology of Australian urban fauna: a focus on spatially explicit processes. Austral Ecology 31:126–148
Gonçalves MSS, Gil-Delgado JA, Gosálvez RU, López-Iborra GM, Ponz A, Velasco Á (2018) Seasonal differences in drivers of species richness of waders in inland wetlands of La Mancha Húmeda biosphere reserve. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshwat Ecosyst 28:1414–1423
Guirado M, Pino J, Roda F (2006) Understorey plant richness and composition in metropolitan forest archipelagos: effects of forest size, adjacent land use and distance to the edge. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 15:50–62
Hansen AJ, Knight RL, Marzluff JM, Powell S, Gude PH, Jones K (2011) Effects of exurban Development on biodiversity: patterns, mechanisms, and research needs. Ecol Appl 15:1893–1905
Hardt RA, Forman RTT (1989) Boundary form effects on Woody colonization of reclaimed surface mines. Ecology 70:1252–1260
Harris C, Burgers C, Miller J, Rawfoot F (2010) O- and H-isotope record of Cape Town rainfall from 1996 to 2008. S Afr J Geol 113:33–56
Heegaard E, Økland RH, Bratli H, Dramstad WE, Engan G, Pedersen O, Solstad H (2007) Regularity of species richness relationships to patch size and shape. Ecography 30:589–597
Helzer CJ, Jelinski DE (1999) The relative importance of patch area and perimeter-area ratio to grassland breeding birds. Ecol Appl 9:1448–1458
Herse MR, With KA, Boyle WA (2018) The importance of core habitat for a threatened species in changing landscapes. J Appl Ecol 55:2241–2252
Hoffman TS, O’Riain MJ (2012a) Troop size and human-modified habitat affect the ranging patterns of a chacma baboon population in the cape peninsula, South Africa. Am J Primatol 74:853–863
Hoffman TS, O’Riain MJ (2012b) Landscape requirements of a primate population in a human-dominated environment. Front Zool 9:1
Hoffman TS, O’Riain MJ (2012c) Monkey management: using spatial ecology to understand the extent and severity of human–baboon conflict in the cape peninsula, South Africa. Ecol Soc 17(3):13
Holmes PM, Rebelo AG, Dorse C, Wood J (2012) Can Cape Town’s unique biodiversity be saved? Balancing conservation imperatives and development needs Ecology and Society 17
Hurst ZM, McCleery RA, Collier BA, Fletcher Jr RJ, Silvy NJ, Taylor PJ, Monadjem A (2013) Dynamic edge effects in small mammal communities across a conservation-agricultural interface in Swaziland PLoS One 8
iNaturalist Network (2019) City Nature Challenge 2019. https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/city-nature-challenge-2019. Accessed 20 October 2019
Jewitt D, Goodman PS, Erasmus BF, O'Connor TG, Witkowski ET (2015) Systematic land-cover change in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: implications for biodiversity. S Afr J Sci 111:01–09
Kerley GIH, Pressey RL, Cowling RM, Boshoff AF, Sims-Castley R (2003) Options for the conservation of large and medium-sized mammals in the cape floristic region hotspot, South Africa. Biol Conserv 112:169–190
Kigozi F, Kerley GIH, Lessing JS (2008) The diet of cape grysbok (Raphicerus melanotis) in Algoa dune Strandveld, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. S Afr J Wildl Res 38:79–81
Kindlmann P, Burel F (2008) Connectivity measures: a review. Landsc Ecol 23:879–890
Lagro J (1991) Assessing patch shape in landscape mosaics. Photogrammetric Engineering, Remote Sensing 57:285–293
Leighton GR, Bishop JM, O’Riain MJ, Broadfield J, Meröndun J, Avery G, Avery DM, Serieys LE (2020) An integrated dietary assessment increases feeding event detection in an urban carnivore. Urban Ecosystems 20:1–5
Lowry H, Lill A, Wong BBM (2013) Behavioural responses of wildlife to urban environments. Biol Rev 88:537–549
Mann GKH, Lagesse JV, O’Riain MJ, Parker DM (2015) Beefing up species richness? The effect of land-use on mammal diversity in an arid biodiversity hotspot. African Journal of Wildlife Research 45:321–331
Martins Q, Harris S (2013) Movement, activity and hunting behaviour of leopards in the Cederberg mountains, South Africa. Afr J Ecol 51:571–579
Matthee C, Wilson B, Robinson TJ, Child MF (2016) A conservation assessment of Pronolagus spp. in: the red list of mammals of South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho. Child MF, Roxburgh L, do Linh san E, Raimondo D, Davies-Mostert HT (ed) south African National Biodiversity Institute and endangered wildlife trust, South Africa
Matthies SA, Rüter S, Schaarschmidt F, Prasse R (2017) Determinants of species richness within and across taxonomic groups in urban green spaces. Urban Ecosyst 20:897–909
Mazerolle MJ (2019) AICcmodavg: model selection and multimodel inference based on (Q)AIC(c). R package version 2.2–2. https://cran.r-project.org/package=AICcmodavg
McCleery R (2010) Urban mammals. In: urban ecosystem ecology, agronomy monographs. 55. ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madison, WI, pp 87-102
McDonald RI, Kareiva P, Forman RTT (2008) The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation. Biol Conserv 141:1695–1703
McKinney ML (2002) Urbanization, biodiversity and conservation. BioScience 52:883–890
Nams VO (2011) Emergent properties of patch shapes affect edge permeability to animals PLoS ONE 6
Nattrass N, Drouilly M, O’Riain MJ (2020) Learning from science and history about black-backed jackals Canis mesomelas and their conflict with sheep farmers in South Africa. Mammal Rev 50:101–111
Newsome SD, Ralls K, Job CVH, Fogel ML, Cypher BL (2010) Stable isotopes evaluate exploitation of anthropogenic foods by the endangered San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica). J Mammal 91:1313–1321
O’Brien TG (2008) On the use of automated cameras to estimate species richness for large- and medium-sized rainforest mammals. Anim Conserv 11:179–181
Okes NC, O’Riain MJ (2017) Otter occupancy in the cape peninsula: estimating the probability of river habitat use by cape clawless otters, Aonyx capensis, across a gradient of human influence. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshwat Ecosyst 27:706–716
Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Friendly M, Kindt R, Legendre P, McGlinn D, Minchin PR, O’Hara RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, Stevens MHH, Eduard Szoecs E, Wagner H (2019) Vegan: community ecology package. R package version 2.5-5. https://cran.R-project.org/package=vegan
Olwell RK, Chang XM, Jing C (2004) Interpolating, extrapolating, and comparing incidence-based species accumulation curves. Ecology 85:2717–2727
Ordeñana MA, Crooks KR, Boydston EE, Fisher RN, Lyren LM, Siudyla S, Haas CD, Harris S, Hathaway SA, Turschak GM, Miles AK, Van Vuren DH (2010) Effects of urbanization on carnivore species distribution and richness. J Mammal 91:1322–1331
Orrock JL, Danielson BJ, Burns MJ, Levey DJ (2003) Spatial ecology of predator-prey interactions: corridors and patch shape influence seed predation. Ecology 84:2589–2599
Palomares F, Delibes M (1990) Habitat preference of large grey mongooses Herpestes ichneumon in Spain. Acta Theriol 35:1–6
Patterson L, Kalle R, Downs CT (2018) Factors affecting presence of vervet monkey troops in a suburban matrix in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Landsc Urban Plan 169:220–228
Pekin BK, Pijanowski BC (2012) Global land use intensity and the endangerment status of mammal species. Divers Distrib 18:909–918
Pickett STA, Cadenasso ML, Grove JM, Boone CG, Groffman PM, Irwin E, Kaushal SS, Marshall V, McGrath BP, Nilon CH, Pouyat RV, Szlavecz K, Troy A, Warren P (2011) Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress. J Environ Manag 92:331–362
QGIS Development Team (2019) QGIS geographic information system. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. http://qgis.osgeo.org
R Core Team (2019). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/
Radloff FGT, Mucina L, Bond WJ, le Roux PJ (2010) Strontium-isotope analysis of large herbivore habitat preferences in the cape Fynbos region. Oecologia 164:567–578
Ramesh T, Kalle R, Downs CT (2016) Predictors of mammal species richness in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Ecol Indic 60:385–393
Rebelo AG (1992) Red data book species in the cape floristic region: threats, priorities and target species. Transactions Royal Society of South Africa 48:55–86
Rebelo AG, Boucher C, Helme N, Mucina L, Rutherford MC (2006). Fynbos biome. In: the vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Mucina L, Rutherford MC (ed) Strelitzia 19, south African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, pp 52-219
Rebelo AG, Holmes PM, Dorse C, Wood J (2011) Impacts of urbanization in a biodiversity hotspot: conservation challenges in metropolitan Cape Town. S Afr J Bot 77:20–35
Rookmaaker LC (1989) The zoological exploration of southern Africa 1650–1790. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam
Saito M, Koike F (2013) Distribution of wild mammal assemblages along an urban-rural-Forest landscape gradient in warm-temperate East Asia. PLoS One 8:e65464
Šálek M, Drahníková L, Tkadlec E (2015) Changes in home range sizes and population densities of carnivore species along the natural to urban habitat gradient. Mammal Rev 45:1–14
Serieys LEK, Bishop J, Okes N, Broadfield J, Winterton DJ, Poppenga RH, Viljoen S, Wayne RK, O’Riain MJ (2019) Widespread anticoagulant poison exposure in predators in a rapidly growing south African city. Sci Total Environ 666:581–590
Shannon CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal 27:379–423
Si X, Kays R, Ding P (2014) How long is enough to detect terrestrial animals? Estimating the minimum trapping effort on camera traps. PeerJ 2:e374
Skead CJ (2011) Historical incidence of the large land mammals in the broader northern and Western cape. 2nd ed. Port Elizabeth, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University
Skinner JD, Chimimba CT (2005) The mammals of the southern African subregion. Cambridge University Press, Cape Town
Söndgerath D, Schröder B (2002) Population dynamics and habitat connectivity affecting the spatial spread of populations - a simulation study. Landsc Ecol 17:57–70
South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) (2016) Vegetation Map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. http://bgis.sanbi.org/SpatialDataset/Detail/18. Accessed 28 March 2017
Stevens VM, Leboulengé É, Wesselingh RA, Baguette M (2006) Quantifying functional connectivity: experimental assessment of boundary permeability for the natterjack toad (Bufo calamita). Oecologia 150:161–171
Taylor P, Fahrig L, Henein K, Merriam G (1993) Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure. Oikos 68:571–573
Taylor P, Fahrig L, With K (2006) Landscape connectivity: a return to the basics. In: Crooks K, Sanjayan M (ed) connectivity conservation, conservation biology. Cambridge University press pp 29-43
Terborgh J, Lopez L, Nuñez P, Rao M, Shahabuddin G, Orihuela G, Riveros M, Ascanio R, Adler GH, Lambert TD, Balbas L (2001) Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments. Science 294:1923–1926
Tischendorf L, Fahrig L (2000) On the usage and measurement of landscape connectivity. Oikos 90:7–19
Tobler M (2015) Camera Base 1.7. http://www.atrium-biodiversity.org/tools/camerabase. Accessed 4 April 2019
Tobler MW, Carrillo-Percastegui SE, Leite Pitman R, Mares R, Powell G (2008) An evaluation of camera traps for inventorying large- and medium-sized terrestrial rainforest mammals. Anim Conserv 11:169–178
Torres-Romero EJ, Olalla-Tárraga M (2015) Untangling human and environmental effects on geographical gradients of mammal species richness: a global and regional evaluation. J Anim Ecol 84:851–860
Turgeon K, Kramer DL (2012) Compensatory immigration depends on adjacent population size and habitat quality but not on landscape connectivity. J Anim Ecol 81:1161–1170
Turner IM, Corlett RT (1996) The conservation value of small, isolated fragments of lowland tropical rain forest. Trends Ecol Evol 11:330–333
Visconti P, Pressey RL, Giorgini D, Maiorano L, Bakkenes M, Boitani L, Alkemade R, Falcucci A, Chiozza F, Rondinini C (2011) Future hotspots of terrestrial mammal loss. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 366:2693–2702
Volenec ZM, Dobson AP (2020) Conservation value of small reserves. Conserv Biol 34:66–79
Watson LH, Chadwick P (2007) Management of Cape mountain zebra in the Kammanassie nature reserve, South Africa. S Afr J Wildl Res 37:31–39
Zungu MM, Maseko MST, Kalle R, Ramesh T, Downs CT (2019) Effects of landscape context on mammal richness in the urban forest mosaic of EThekwini municipality, Durban, South Africa. Glob Ecol Conserv 21:e00878