Medical treatment of endocarditis

Hogevik H, Olaison L, Andersson R, et al.: Epidemiologic aspects of infective endocarditis in an urban population. Medicine 1995, 74:324–339. Berlin JA, Abrutyn E, Strom BL, et al.: Incidence of infective endocarditis in the Delaware Valley, 1988–1990. Amer J Card 1995, 76:933–936. Delahaye F, Goulet V, Lacassin F, et al.: Characteristics of infective endocarditis in France 1991: a one year survey. Eur Heart J 1995; 16:394–401. Hoen B, Alla F, Selton-Suty C, et al.: Changing profile of infective endocarditis: results of a 1-year survey in France. JAMA 2002, 288:75–81. Halperin SD, Abrutyn E, Strom BL: Infective endocarditis. In Evidenced Based Infectious Disease. Edited by Loeb M, Smieja M, Smaill F. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 2004:37–51. Cabell CH, Fowler VG Jr, Engemann JJ, et al.: Endocarditis in the elderly; Incidence, surgery, and survival in 16,921 patients over 12 years. Circulation 2002, 106:547. Strom BL, Abrutyn E, Berlin JA, et al.: Dental and cardiac risk factors for infective endocarditis. A population-based, case-control study. Ann Intern Med 1998, 129:761–769. Fang G, Keys TF, Gentry LO, et al.: Prosthetic valve endocarditis resulting from nosocomial bacteremia: a prospective multicenter study. Ann Intern Med 1993, 119:560–567. Friedman ND, Kaye KS, Stout JE, et al.: Health-care associated bloodstream infections in adults: a reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired infections. Ann Intern Med 2002, 137:791–797. Fowler VG Jr, Miro JM, Hoen B, et al.: Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: A consequence of medical progress. From the International Collaboration on Endocarditis Prospective Cohort Study. JAMA 2005, 293:3012–3021. Cabell CH, Jollis JG, Peterson GE, et al.: Changing patient characteristics and the effect on mortality in endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162:90–94. Tleyjeh IM, Steckelberg JM, Murad HS, et al.: Temporal trends in infective endocarditis: A population-based study in Olmstead County, Minnesota. JAMA 2005, 293:3022–3028. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, et al.: Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy and management of complications. Circulation 2005, 111:3167–3184. Steckelberg JM, Rouse MS, Tallan BM, et al.: Relative efficacies of broad-spectrum cephalosporins for treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus experimental infective endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993, 37:554–558. Nannini E, Singh KV, Murray BE: Relapse of type A betalactamase-producing Staphylococcus aureus native valve endocarditis during cefazolin therapy: revisiting the issue. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37:1194–1198. Wilson WR, Karchmer AW, Dajani AS, et al.: Antibiotic treatment of adults with infective endocarditis due to streptococci, enterococci, staphylococci, and HACEK microorganisms. American Heart Association. JAMA 1995, 274:1706–1713. [Comment published in: JAMA 1996, 275:911.] Sakoulas G, Moise-Broder PA, Schentag J, et al.: Relationship of MIC and bactericidal activity to efficacy of vancomycin for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42:2398. Moise-Broder PA, Sakoulas G, Eliopoulos GM, et al.: Accessory gene regulator group II polymorphism in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is predictive of failure of vancomycin therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38:1700. Fortun J, Navas E, Martinez-Beltran J, et al.: Short-course therapy for right-side endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus in drug abusers: cloxacillin versus glycopeptides in combination with gentamicin. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 33:120–125. Sakoulas G, Eliopoulos GM, Alder J, et al.: Efficacy of daptomycin in experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003, 47:1714–1718. Fowler VG, Boucher HW, Corey GR, et al.: Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:653–665. Ruiz ME, Guerrero IC, Tuazon CU: Endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: treatment failure with linezolid [comment]. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 35:1018–1020. Soltirios T, Gold HS, Sakoulas G, et al.: Linezolid resistance is a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 2001, 358:207–208. Potoski B, Adams J, Clarke L, et al.: Epidemiologic profile of linezolid-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 43:165–171. Streit JM, Fritsche TR, Sader HS, Jones RN: Worldwide assessment of dalbavancin activity and spectrum against over 6,000 clinical isolates. Diag Microbiol Infect Dis 2004, 48:137–143. Madrigal AG, Basuino L, Chambers HF: Efficacy of telavancin in a rabbit model of aortic valve endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005, 49:3163–3165. Eliopoulos GM: Quinupristin-dalfopristin and linezolid: evidence and opinion. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36:473–481. Drew RH, Perfect JR, Srinath L, et al.: Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections with quinupristin-dalfopristin in patients intolerant of or failing prior therapy. For the Synercid Emergency-Use Study Group. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000, 46:775–784. Korzeniowski O, Sande MA: Combination antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in patients addicted to parenteral drugs and in nonaddicts: A prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1982, 97:496–503. Levine DP, Fromm BS, Reddy BR: Slow response to vancomycin or vancomycin plus rifampin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Ann Intern Med 1991, 115:674–680. Ribera E, Gomez-Jimenez J, Cortes E, et al.: Effectiveness of cloxacillin with and without gentamicin in short-term therapy for right-sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1996, 125:969–974. Mylonakis E, Calderwood SB: Infective endocarditis in adults. New Engl J Med 2001, 345:1318–1330. Dworkin RJ, Lee BL, Sande MA, et al.: Treatment of right-sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in intravenous drug users with ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. Lancet 1989, 2:1071–1073. Heldman AW, Hartert TV, Ray SC, et al.: Oral antibiotic treatment of right-sided staphylococcal endocarditis in injection drug users: prospective randomized comparison with parenteral therapy. Amer J Med 1996, 101:68–76. Baddour LM, Wilson WR: Prosthetic valve endocarditis and cardiovascular device-related infections. In Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Edited by Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2004:1022–1044. Karchmer AW, Longworth DL: Infections of intracardiac devices. Infect Dis Clin N Amer 2002, 2:477–505. Rouse MS, Wilcox RM, Henry NK, et al.: Ciprofloxacin therapy of experimental endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990, 34:273–276. Stanbridge TN, Isalska BJ: Aspects of prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Infect 1997, 35:1–6. John MD, Hibberd PL, Karchmer AW, et al.: Staphylococcus aureus prosthetic valve endocarditis: optimal management and risk factors for death. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 26:1302–1309. Lalani T, Kanafani ZA, Chu VH, et al.: Prosthetic valve endocarditis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci: findings from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis Merged Database. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006, 25:365–368. Whitener C, Caputo GM, Weitekamp MR, Karchmer AW: Endocarditis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci. Microbiologic, epidemiologic, and clinical considerations. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1993, 7:81–96. Chu VH, Cabell CH, Abrutyn E, et al.: Native valve endocarditis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci: report of 99 episodes from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis Merged Database. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 39:1527–1530. Vandenesch F, Etienne J, Reverdy ME, Eykyn SJ: Endocarditis due to Staphylococcus lugdunensis: report of 11 cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1993, 17:871–876. Seenivasan MH, Yu VL: Staphylococcus lugdunensis endocarditis—the hidden peril of coagulase-negative staphylococcus in blood cultures. Eur J Clin Microbiol 2003, 22:489–491. Anguera I, Del Rio A, Miro JM, et al.: Staphylococcus lugdunensis infective endocarditis: description of 10 cases and analysis of native valve, prosthetic valve, and pacemaker lead endocarditis clinical profiles. Heart 2005, 91:e10. Howden BP, Ward PB, Charles PG, et al.: Treatment outcomes for serious infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 38:521–528. Ravindran V, John J, Kaye GC, Meigh RE: Successful use of oral linezolid as a single active agent in endocarditis unresponsive to conventional antibiotic therapy. J Infect 2003, 47:164–166. Karchmer AW, Archer GL, Dismukes WE: Staphylococcus epidermidis causing prosthetic valve endocarditis: microbiologic and clinical observations as guides to therapy. Ann Intern Med 1983, 98:447–455. Chuard C, Herrmann M, Vaudaux P, et al.: Successful therapy of experimental chronic foreign-body infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by antimicrobial combinations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991, 35:2611–2616. Van Eldere J, Peetermans WE, Struelens M, et al.: Polyclonal Staphylococcal endocarditis caused by genetic variability. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 31:24–30. Proctor RA: Editorial response: coagulase-negative staphylococcal infections: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 31:31–33. del Rio A, Anguera I, Miro JM, et al.: Surgical treatment of pacemaker and defibrillator lead endocarditis: the impact of electrode lead extraction on outcome. Chest 2003, 124:1451–1459. Elliot TS, Foweraker J, Guld FK, et al.: Guidelines for the antibiotic treatment of endocarditis in adults: report of the Working party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004, 54:971–981. Tuohy MJ, Procop GW, Washington JA: Antimicrobial susceptibility of Abiotrophia adiacens and Abiotrophia defectiva. Diag Micro Infect Dis 2000, 38:189–191. Francioli P, Ruch W, Stamboulian D: Treatment of streptococcal endocarditis with a single daily dose of ceftriaxone and netilmicin for 14 days: a prospective multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 1995, 21:1406–1410. Sexton DJ, Tenenbaum MJ, Wilson WR, et al.: Ceftriaxone once daily for four weeks compared with ceftriaxone plus gentamicin once daily for two weeks for treatment of endocarditis due to penicillin-susceptible streptococci. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 27:1470–1474. Fantin B, Carbon C: Importance of the aminoglycoside dosing regimen in the penicillin-netilmicin combination for treatment of Enterococcus faecalis-induced experimental endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990, 34:2387–2391. Hayden MK, Koenig GI, Trenholme GM: Bactericidal activities of antibiotics against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium blood isolates and synergistic activities of combinations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994, 38:1225–1229. Gavalda J, Torres C, Tenorio C, et al.: Efficacy of ampicillin plus ceftriaxone in treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis strains highly resistant to aminoglycosides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999, 43:639–646. Gavalda J, Onrubia PL, Gomez MT, et al.: Efficacy of ampicillin combined with ceftriaxone and gentamicin in the treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecalis with no high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003, 52:514–517. Brandt CM, Rouse MS, Laue NW, et al.: Effective treatment of multidrug-resistant enterococcal experimental endocarditis with combinations of cell wall-active agents. J Infect Dis 1996, 173:909–913. Gavalda J, Miró JM, Torres C, et al.: Brief communication: treatment of Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis with ampicillin plus ceftriaxone. Ann Intern Med 2007, 146:574–579. Patel R, Rouse MS, Piper KE, Steckelberg JM: Linezolid therapy of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium experimental endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001, 45:621–623. Babcock HM, Ritchie DJ, Christiansen E, et al.: Successful treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus endocarditis with oral linezolid. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 32:1373–1375. Ang JY, Lua JL, Turner DR, Asmar BI: Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium endocarditis in a premature infant successfully treated with linezolid. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003, 22:1101–1103. Thompson RL, Lavin B, Talbot GH: Endocarditis due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in an immunocompromised patient: cure by administering combination therapy with quinupristin/dalfopristin and high-dose ampicillin. South Med J 2003, 96:818–820. Remadi JP, Nadji G, Brahim A, et al.: Superiority of surgical versus medical treatment in patients with Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis. Int J Cardiol 2005, 99:195–199. Alexiou C, Langley SM, Stafford H, et al.: Surgery for active culture-positive endocarditis: determinants of early and late outcome. Ann Thorac Surg 2000, 69:1448–1454. Roques F, Nashef SA, Michel P, et al.: Risk factors and outcome in European cardiac surgery: analysis of the EuroSCORE multinational database of 19030 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999, 15:816–828. Gillinov AM, Shah RV, Curtis WE, et al.: Valve replacement in patients with endocarditis and acute neurological deficit. Ann Thorac Surg 1996, 61:1125. Shapira N, Merin O, Rosenmann E, et al.: Latent infective endocarditis: Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of patients with unsuspected endocarditis detected after elective valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg 2004, 78:1623–1629. De Oliveira NC, David TE, Armstrong S, Ivanov J: Aortic and mitral valve replacement with reconstruction of the intervalvular fibrous body: An analysis of clinical outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005, 129:286–290. Galbraith AJ, McCarthy J, Tesar PJ, McGiffin DC: Cardiac transplantation for prosthetic valve endocarditis in a previously transplanted heart. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999, 18:805–806.