Mechanistic implications of plastic degradation

Polymer Degradation and Stability - Tập 93 Số 3 - Trang 561-584 - 2008
Baljit Singh1, Nisha Sharma1
1Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171 005, India

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Meenakshi, 2002, Mechanical and microstructure studies on the modification of CA film by blending with PS, Bull Mater Sci, 25, 25, 10.1007/BF02704590

Fang, 2003, The use of starch and its derivatives as biopolymer sources of packaging materials, Food Agric Environ, 1, 82

Seymour, 1971, Additives for polymers

Orhan, 2004, Biodegradation of plastic compost bags under controlled soil conditions, Acta Chim Slov, 51, 579

Andrady, 1998, Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on materials, J Photochem Photobiol B Biol, 46, 96, 10.1016/S1011-1344(98)00188-2

Karaduman, 2002, Pyrolysis of polystyrene plastic wastes with some organic compounds for enhancing styrene yield, J Energy Sources, 24, 667, 10.1080/00908310290086590

Griffin, 1994

Gugumus, 1993, Re-evaluation of the stabilization mechanisms of various light stabilizer classes, Polym Degrad Stab, 39, 117, 10.1016/0141-3910(93)90131-2

Andrady, 1997, Wavelength sensitivity in polymer photodegradation, Adv Polym Sci, 128, 49

Cataldo, 2001, On the ozone protection of polymers having nonconjugated unsaturation, Polym Degrad Stab, 72, 287, 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00017-9

Andrady, 2003, Effects of climate change and UV-B on materials, J Photochem Photobiol Sci, 2, 68, 10.1039/b211085g

Glass, 1989, Agricultural and synthetic polymers: biodegradation and utilization, vol. 433

Kampf, 1991, Studies in accelerated weathering: Part I. Determination of the activation spectrum of photodegradation in polymers, Prog Organic Coatings, 19, 69, 10.1016/0033-0655(91)80011-7

Leszczynska, 2007, Polymer/montmorillonite nanocomposites with improved thermal properties: Part I. Factors influencing thermal stability and mechanisms of thermal stability improvement, Thermochim Acta, 453, 75, 10.1016/j.tca.2006.11.002

Kuroki, 1982, Mechanism for long-chain branching in the thermal degradation of linear high-density polyethylene, Macromolecules, 15, 1460, 10.1021/ma00234a002

Alauddin, 1995, Plastics and their machining: a review, J Mater Process Technol, 54, 40, 10.1016/0924-0136(95)01917-0

Bovey, 1979

Ghosh, 1990

Wilson, 1974

Gowariker, 2000

Zheng, 2005, A review of plastic waste biodegradation, Crit Rev Biotechnol, 25, 243, 10.1080/07388550500346359

Pospisil, 1998, The origin and role of structural inhomogeneities and impurities in material recycling of plastics, Macromol Symp, 35, 247, 10.1002/masy.19981350127

<http://www.Cabot-Corp.com/Plastics>.

Grassie, 1985

Ranby, 1989, Photodegradation and photo-oxidation of synthetic polymers, J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 15, 237, 10.1016/0165-2370(89)85037-5

Jensen, 2003, Photochemical degradation of blends of polystyrene and poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), J Polym Sci Polym Chem Ed, 18, 2737, 10.1002/pol.1980.170180830

Sheldrick, 2004, Induced photodegradation of styrene polymers: a survey, J Polym Eng Sci, 16, 65, 10.1002/pen.760160202

Nagai, 2005, Photodegradation mechanisms in poly(2,6-butylenenaphthalate-co-tetramethyleneglycol) (PBN–PTMG). I: Influence of the PTMG content, Polym Degrad Stab, 88, 251, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.10.016

Mark, 1986, vol. 4

<http://www.zeusinc.com>.

Martin, 2003, Reciprocity law experiments in polymeric photodegradation: a critical review, Prog Organic Coatings, 47, 292, 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2003.08.002

Czerny, 2003, Thermo-oxidative and photo-oxidative aging of polypropylene under simultaneous tensile stress, J Appl Polym Sci, 16, 2623, 10.1002/app.1972.070161015

Abadal, 2006, Study on photodegradation of injection moulded (beta)-polypropylene, Polym Degrad Stab, 91, 459, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.046

Hamid, 1991, Mathematical modelling of weather-induced degradation of polymer properties, J Appl Polym Sci, 43, 651, 10.1002/app.1991.070430404

Hamid, 1995, Weathering degradation of polyethylene

Marek, 2006, Polymer spatial resolution of degradation in stabilized polystyrene and polypropylene plaques exposed to accelerated photo-degradation or heat aging, Polym Degrad Stab, 91, 444, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.048

Andrady, 1993, Changes in carbonyl index and average molecular weight on embrittlement of enhanced photo-degradable polyethylene, J Environ Degrad Polym, 1, 171, 10.1007/BF01458025

Ghaffar, 1976, The chemical and physical changes occurring during UV degradation of high impact polystyrene, Eur Polym J, 11, 271, 10.1016/0014-3057(75)90075-0

Nagai, 1999, Analysis of weathering of a thermoplastic polyester elastomer II. Factors affecting weathering of a polyether–polyester elastomer, Polym Degrad Stab, 65, 217, 10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00007-5

Torikai, 2000, Wavelength sensitivity of the photodegradation of polymers, 573

Tayler, 2004, Mechanistic aspects of the effect of stress on the rate of photochemical degradation reactions in polymers, J Macromol Sci Part C Polym Rev, 44, 351, 10.1081/MC-200033682

Hamid, 2000, Handbook of polymer degradation, 21

Turro, 1978

Otsu, 1979, Photodegradation of chloromethyl vinyl ketone polymer and copolymers with styrene and α-methylstyrene, Polymer, 20, 55, 10.1016/0032-3861(79)90042-9

Carlsson, 1976, The photooxidative degradation of polypropylene. Part I. Photooxidation and photoinitiation processes, J Macromol Sci Rev Macromol Chem, C14, 65, 10.1080/15321797608076113

Ravve, 1967

Plotnikov, 1988, Effect of mechanical stresses on photochemical degradation of polymeric molecules, Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR, 301, 376

Gugumus, 2001, 141

Hocking, 1992, The classification, preparation, and utility of degradable polymers, J Macromol Sci Rev Macromol Chem Phys, C32, 35, 10.1080/15321799208018378

Allan, 1994, Modeling photodegradation in transparent polymers, Macromolecules, 27, 7621, 10.1021/ma00104a017

White, 2004, Development of a high throughput method incorporating traditional analytical devices, J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol, 109, 465, 10.6028/jres.109.034

1989

Lundin, 2004, Weathering of natural fiber-filled polyethylene composites, J Mater Civ Eng, 16, 547, 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2004)16:6(547)

Teare, 2000, Cellular attachment to UV ozone modified polystyrene surfaces, Langmuir, 16, 2818, 10.1021/la9907533

Goodings, 1961, Soc Chem Ind (London) Monogr, 13, 211

Kamerbeek, 1961, Soc Chem Ind (London) Monograph, 13, 357

Ramis, 2004, Thermal degradation of polypropylene/starch-based materials with enhanced biodegradability, Polym Degrad Stab, 86, 483, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.05.021

Khabbaz, 1999, Chemical and morphological changes of environmentally degradable polyethylene films exposed to thermo-oxidation, Polym Degrad Stab, 63, 127, 10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00082-2

Drago, 1995, Thermally stimulated oxidative degradation of high impact polystyrene with nitric acid, J Polym Eng Sci, 35

Bortoluzzi, 2006, Solid phase microextraction to concentrate volatile products from thermal degradation of polymers, Polym Degrad Stab, 89, 33, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.12.021

Karaduman, 2001, Flash pyrolysis of polystyrene waste in a free-fall reactor under vacuum, J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 60, 179, 10.1016/S0165-2370(00)00169-8

Kiran, 2004, Pyrolysis of virgin and waste polypropylene and its mixtures with waste polyethylene and polystyrene, J Waste Manag, 24, 173, 10.1016/j.wasman.2003.06.002

Faravelli, 2003, Kinetic modeling of the thermal degradation of polyethylene and polystyrene mixtures, J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 70, 761, 10.1016/S0165-2370(03)00058-5

Bremner, 1990, Melt flow index values and molecular weight distributions of commercial thermoplastics, J Appl Polym Sci, 41, 1617, 10.1002/app.1990.070410721

Shyichuk, 1996, How to measure the degradation index by viscometry, J Appl Polym Sci, 62, 1735, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19961205)62:10<1735::AID-APP26>3.0.CO;2-Z

Boenig, 1964

Murata, 2002, Basic study on a continuous flow reactor for thermal degradation of polymers, J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 65, 71, 10.1016/S0165-2370(01)00181-4

Zuev, 2006, Investigation on the thermal degradation of acrylic polymers with fluorinated side-chains, Polym Degrad Stab, 91, 512, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.03.025

Budrugeac, 2000, The evaluation of the non-isothermal kinetic parameters of the thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of polymers and polymeric materials: its use and abuse, Polym Degrad Stab, 71, 185, 10.1016/S0141-3910(00)00148-8

Starnes, 2002, Structural and mechanistic aspects of the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride), Prog Polym Sci, 27, 2133, 10.1016/S0079-6700(02)00063-1

Arandes, 2003, Thermal recycling of polystyrene and polystyrene–butadiene dissolved in a light cycle oil, J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 20, 747, 10.1016/S0165-2370(03)00056-1

Maiti, 2003

Aguado, 2007, European trends in the feedstock recycling of plastic wastes, Global NEST J, 9, 12

Soto-Oviedo, 2003, Thermal degradation mechanism and rate constants of the thermal degradation of poly(epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene oxide), deduced from pyrolysis-GC–MS studies, Polym Degrad Stab, 81, 463, 10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00131-9

Rodryguez-Vazquez, 2006, Degradation and stabilisation of poly(ethylene-stat-vinyl acetate): spectroscopic and rheological examination of thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation mechanisms, Polym Degrad Stab, 91, 154, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.04.034

Bhaskar, 2002, Novel calcium based sorbent (Ca–C) for the dehalogenation (Br, Cl) process during halogenated mixed plastic (PP/PE/PS/PVC and HIPS-Br) pyrolysis, Green Chem, 4, 372, 10.1039/b203745a

Anthony, 1999, Kinetic and chemical studies of polymer cross-linking using thermal gravimetry and hyphenated methods. Degradation of polyvinylchloride, Polym Degrad Stab, 64, 353, 10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00129-3

Morancho, 2006, Calorimetric and thermogravimetric studies of UV-irradiated polypropylene/starch-based materials aged in soil, Polym Degrad Stab, 91, 44, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.04.029

Pierella LB, Renzini S, Cayuela D, Anunziata OA. Catalytic degradation of polystyrene over ZSM-11 modified materials. Second Mercosur cong. on chem. eng., 4th Mercosur cong. on process systems eng; 2005.

Chrissafis, 2006, Thermal degradation kinetics of the biodegradable aliphatic polyester, poly(propylene succinate), Polym Degrad Stab, 91, 60, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.04.028

Guo, 2006, Thermal degradation behaviour of aromatic poly(ester-amide)with pendant phosphorus groups investigated by pyrolysis-GC/MS, Polym Degrad Stab, 91, 21, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.04.026

Kim, 2006, Thermal degradation behavior of poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid), Polym Degrad Stab, 91, 2333, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.04.011

Regnier, 2001, Determination of the thermal degradation kinetic parameters of carbon fibre reinforced epoxy using TG, J Therm Anal Calorim, 64, 789, 10.1023/A:1011512932219

Friedman, 1963, Kinetics of thermal degradation of char-forming plastics from thermogravimetry. Application to a phenolic plastic, J Polym Sci Part C Polym Symp, 6, 183, 10.1002/polc.5070060121

Anderson, 1961, The kinetics of the thermal degradation of polystyrene and polyethylene, J Polym Sci, 54, 253, 10.1002/pol.1961.1205415920

Zuev, 2001, Thermal degradation of para-substituted polystyrenes, Polym Degrad Stab, 71, 213, 10.1016/S0141-3910(00)00113-0

Cataldo, 2000, Ozonization of atactic and tactic polymers having vinyl, methylvinyl, and dimethylvinyl pendant groups, Polym Degrad Stab, 67, 421, 10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00140-8

Cataldo, 1998, Ozone interaction with conjugated polymers – I. Polyacetylene, Polym Degrad Stab, 60, 223, 10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00068-2

Cataldo, 1998, Ozone interaction with conjugated polymers – II. Polyphenylacetylene, Polym Degrad Stab, 60, 233, 10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00069-4

Kefeli, 1971, Interaction of polyethylene with ozone, Polym Sci USSR, 13, 904, 10.1016/0032-3950(71)90288-7

Allen, 2003, Influence of ozone on styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) copolymer, Polym Degrad Stab, 79, 297, 10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00293-8

Ghosh, 2004, Optimized print properties on starch blended and surface grafted polyethylene films for biodegradable packaging, J Polym Mater, 21, 425

Popov, 1981, Oxidative degradation of polymers under load. Ozone–oxygen action on oriented polyethylene, Polym Sci USSR, 23, 1666, 10.1016/0032-3950(81)90403-2

Krisyuk, 1980, The surface tension of polymer films and its effect on the chemical reaction kinetics. The effect of ozone on polypropylene, Polym Sci USSR, 22, 365, 10.1016/0032-3950(80)90014-3

Popov, 1980, The effect of mechanical loads on the low temperature oxidation of polymers and the effect of ozone-oxygenous action on isotactic polypropylene, Polym Sci USSR, 22, 1501, 10.1016/0032-3950(80)90364-0

Blinov, 1985, Change in molecular mass distribution of high density polyethylene on ozone–oxygen oxidation in the field of mechanical forces, Polym Sci USSR, 27, 1311, 10.1016/0032-3950(85)90272-2

Cataldo, 2006, Some aspects of the ozone degradation of poly(vinyl alcohol), Polym Degrad Stab, 91, 2793, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.02.018

Ozen, 2003, Effects of ozone exposure on the structural, mechanical and barrier properties of select plastic packaging films, Packaging Technol Sci, 15, 301, 10.1002/pts.602

Clough, 1989, Polymer degradation under ionizing radiation: the role of ozone, J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem, 27, 2313, 10.1002/pola.1989.080270715

Ozen BF, Floros JD, Nelson PE. Effect of ozone (O3) gas on mechanical, thermal and barrier properties of plastic films used in food packaging. (73D-19) 2001 IFT annual meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana; 2001.

Gatenholm, 1997, Hybrid biomaterials prepared by ozone-induced polymerization. I. Ozonation of microporous polypropylene, J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem, 35, 1461, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(199706)35:8<1461::AID-POLA15>3.0.CO;2-5

Razumovsky, 1986, Kinetics of the growth of cracks on polyisoprene vulcanizates in ozone, Polym Degrad Stab, 16, 317, 10.1016/0141-3910(86)90088-1

Anachkov, 2000, Ozonolysis of 1,4-cis-polyisoprene and 1,4-trans-polyisoprene in solution, Polym Degrad Stab, 67, 355, 10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00137-8

Anachkov, 1996, DSC study of thermal decomposition of partially ozonised diene rubbers, J Appl Polym Sci, 61, 585, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19960725)61:4<585::AID-APP1>3.0.CO;2-H

Kubo, 1994, Inhibition of degradation in styrene-based thermoplastic elastomers by hydrogen donating hydrocarbons, Polym Degrad Stab, 45, 27, 10.1016/0141-3910(94)90175-9

Li, 2006, Degradation kinetics of polystyrene and EPDM melts under ultrasonic irradiation, Polym Degrad Stab, 89, 6, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.12.017

Kim, 2000, Mechanical degradation of dilute polymer solutions under turbulent flow, Polymer, 41, 7611, 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00135-X

Brostow, 1983, Drag reduction and mechanical degradation in polymer solutions in flow, Polymer, 24, 631, 10.1016/0032-3861(83)90119-2

Karp, 1988, Some aspects of polymer blend analysis connected with mechanical degradation in the course of mixing, Polym Sci USSR, 30, 2340, 10.1016/0032-3950(88)90375-9

Goldberg, 1987, Kinetics of mechanical degradation in melts under model conditions and during processing of polymers – a review, Polym Degrad Stab, 19, 221, 10.1016/0141-3910(87)90057-7

Li, 2006, Studies on rheological behaviour and structure development of high-density polyethylene in the presence of ultrasonic oscillations during extrusion, J Macromol Sci Part B Phys, 45, 39, 10.1080/00222340500406691

Striegel, 2003, Influence of chain architecture on the mechanochemical degradation of macromolecules, J Biochem Biophys Methods, 56, 117, 10.1016/S0165-022X(03)00054-X

Schmidt-Naake, 2002, Combination of mechanochemical degradation of polymers with controlled free-radical polymerization, Macromol Chem Phys, 203, 2232, 10.1002/1521-3935(200211)203:15<2232::AID-MACP2232>3.0.CO;2-N

Inoue, 2004, Mechanochemical dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride by co-grinding with various metal oxides, J Adv Powder Technol, 15, 215, 10.1163/156855204773644445

Bristow, 1963

Kim, 2002, Evolution of phase morphology and in-situ compatibilization of polymer blends during ultrasound-assisted melt mixing, Korea-Australia Rheol J, 14, 121

Li, 2005, Mechanochemical degradation kinetics of high-density polyethylene melt and its mechanism in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation, Ultrason Sonochem, 12, 183, 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2003.10.011

Baranwal, 2003, Mechanochemical degradation of an EPDM polymer, J Appl Polym Sci, 12, 1459, 10.1002/app.1968.070120617

Marcilla, 2003, Catalytic cracking of ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymers: comparison of different zeolites, J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 68–69, 495, 10.1016/S0165-2370(03)00039-1

Garforth, 1997, Catalytic degradation of high density polyethylene: an evaluation of mesoporous and microporous catalysts using thermal analysis, Thermochim Acta, 294, 65, 10.1016/S0040-6031(96)03145-0

Gimouhopoulos, 2000, Optimization studies of waste plastics–lignite catalytic coliquefaction, Waste Manag Res, 18, 352, 10.1177/0734242X0001800407

Lin, 2006, Fluidised bed pyrolysis of polypropylene over cracking catalysts for producing hydrocarbons, Polym Degrad Stab, 89, 101, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.006

Williams, 2003, Hydrocarbon gases and oils from the recycling of polystyrene waste by catalytic pyrolysis, Int J Energy Res, 28, 31, 10.1002/er.949

Jong-Ryeol, 2004, Catalytic degradation of mixed plastics using natural clinoptilolite catalyst, React Kinet Catal Lett, 81, 73, 10.1023/B:REAC.0000016519.59458.08

Kaminsky, 2000, New pathways in plastic recycling, Angew Chem Int Ed, 39, 331, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000117)39:2<331::AID-ANIE331>3.0.CO;2-H

Sekine, 2003, Catalytic degradation of PP with an Fe/activated carbon catalyst, J Mater Cycl Waste Manag, 5, 107, 10.1007/s10163-003-0091-9

Wall, 1954, The depolymerization of polymethylene and polyethylene, J Am Chem Soc, 76, 3430, 10.1021/ja01642a017

ASTM-D5154-91. Standard test method for determining the activity and selectivity of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts by microactivity test (withdrawn 2000); 2000.

Palmisano, 1992, Biodegradability of plastics, Bioscience, 42, 680, 10.2307/1312174

Lemm, 1981, Biodegradation of some biomaterials after subcutaneous implantation, Proc Eur Soc Artif Org, 8, 71

Potts, 1973, The biodegradability of synthetic polymers, vol. 3, 61

Swift, 1992, Biodegradable polymers in the environment: are they really biodegradable?, Proc ACS Div Polym Mater Sci Eng, 66, 403

Ratner, 1988, Analysis of in vitro enzymatic and oxidative degradation of polyurethanes, J Biomed Mater Res, 22, 509, 10.1002/jbm.820220607

Hergenrother, 1992, The effect of chain extenders and stabilizers on the in-vivo stability of polyurethanes, J Appl Biomater, 3, 17, 10.1002/jab.770030104

Reich, 1971

Marchant, 1984, In vivo biocompatibility studies. II. Biomer: preliminary cell adhesion and surface characterization studies, J Biomed Mater Res, 18, 309, 10.1002/jbm.820180307

Smith, 1987, The biodegradation of poly(ether urethanes), J Biomed Mater Res, 21, 1149, 10.1002/jbm.820210908

Anderson, 1989, Principles of and assay systems for biodegradation

Gilding, 1981, Biodegradable polymers, vol. II

Kronenthal, 1975, Biodegradable polymers in medicine and surgery, 119

Ishigaki, 1999, Biodegradation of a polyvinyl alcohol–starch blend plastic film, World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 15, 321, 10.1023/A:1008919218289

Park, 1993

Barkay, 1999, Enhancement of solubilization and biodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons by the bioemulsifier alasan, Appl Environ Microbiol, 65, 2697, 10.1128/AEM.65.6.2697-2702.1999

Chambliss, 1983, The forgotten dosage form: enteric-coated tablets, J Pharm Technol, 7, 124

1985, 1633

Murphy, 1986, A comparative evaluation of aqueous enteric polymers in capsule coatings, Pharm Technol, 36

Rivard, 1995, Starch esters as biodegradable plastics: effects of ester group chain length and degree of substitution on anaerobic biodegradation, Enzyme Microb Technol, 17, 848, 10.1016/0141-0229(94)00120-G

Pierre, 1986, Biodegradability of synthetic polymers used for medical and pharmaceutical applications: Part 1 – principles of hydrolysis mechanisms, J Bioact Compat Polym, 1, 467, 10.1177/088391158600100405

Holland, 1992, Biodegradable polymers, 6, 101

Pierre, 1986, Biodegradability of synthetic polymers used for medical and pharmaceutical applications: Part 2 – backbone hydrolysis, J Bioact Compat Polym, 2, 4, 10.1177/088391158700200101

Scandola, 1992, Study of the crystal phase and crystallization rate of bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), Macromolecules, 25, 1405, 10.1021/ma00031a008

Maa, 1991, Recent development in the synthesis and utilization of poly(ortho esters), J Controlled Release, 16, 3, 10.1016/0168-3659(91)90026-A

Pitt, 1981, Aliphatic polyesters II. The degradation of poly(dl-lactide), poly(ɛ-caprolactone), and their copolymer in vivo, Biomaterials, 2, 215, 10.1016/0142-9612(81)90060-0

Pitt, 1981, The degradation of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) in vivo, J Appl Polym Sci, 26, 3779, 10.1002/app.1981.070261124

Kopecek, 1983, Enzymatically degradable bonds in synthetic polymers, vol. 1

Wool, 2000, Biodegradation dynamics of polymer–starch composites, J Appl Polym Sci, 77, 1643, 10.1002/1097-4628(20000822)77:8<1643::AID-APP1>3.0.CO;2-8

Chattopadhyay, 2003, Kinetics of the enzymatic degradation of poly(vinyl acetate) in solution, J Appl Polym Sci, 89, 2579, 10.1002/app.12403

Takamoto, 2001, Lipase-catalyzed degradation of polyester in supercritical carbon dioxide, Macromol Biosci, 1, 215, 10.1002/1616-5195(20010701)1:5<215::AID-MABI215>3.0.CO;2-9

Upreti, 2003, A potential Aspergillus species for biodegradation of polymeric materials, Curr Sci, 84, 1399

Dave, 1997, Biodegradation of starch polyethylene films in soil and by microbial cultures, World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 13, 655, 10.1023/A:1018566820659

Galgali, 2002, Towards biodegradable polyolefins: strategy of anchoring minute quantities of monosaccharides and disaccharides onto functionalized polystyrene, and their effect on facilitating polymer biodegradation, Chem Commun, 2884, 10.1039/b209254a

Ratajska, 1999, Biodegradation of some natural polymers in blends with polyolefins, Polym Adv Technol, 10, 625, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1581(199910)10:10<625::AID-PAT930>3.0.CO;2-X

Zuchowska, 1999, Physical structure of polyolefin–starch after ageing, Polym Degrad Stab, 64, 339, 10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00212-2

De Graaf, 2000, The production of biodegradable starch plastics by reactive extrusion, Polym Eng Sci, 40, 2086, 10.1002/pen.11340

Kiathemjornwong, 1999, Degradation of styrene-g-cassava starch filled polystyrene plastic, Polym Degrad Stab, 66, 323, 10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00082-8

Nakamura, 2005, Study and development of LDPE/starch partially biodegradable compounds, J Mater Process Technol, 162–163, 236, 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.02.007

Bonhomme, 2003, Environmental biodegradation of polyethylene, Polym Degrad Stab, 81, 441, 10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00129-0

Chiellini, 2006, Oxo-biodegradable carbon backbone polymers: oxidative degradation of polyethylene under accelerated test conditions, Polym Degrad Stab, 91, 2739, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.03.022

Norman, 2002, Variability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide expression during crude oil degradation, Appl Environ Microbiol, 68, 5096, 10.1128/AEM.68.10.5096-5103.2002

Tadros, 1999, Biodegradation of thermoplastic and thermosetting polyesters from Z-protected glutamic acid, J Appl Polym Sci, 74, 3513, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19991227)74:14<3513::AID-APP27>3.0.CO;2-F

Sielicki, 1978, Microbial degradation of [C14C] polystyrene and 1,3-diphenylbutane, Can J Microbiol, 24, 798, 10.1139/m78-134

Albertsson, 2003, The three stages in degradation of polymers – polyethylene as a model substance, J Appl Polym Sci, 35, 1289, 10.1002/app.1988.070350515

Hadad, 2005, Biodegradation of polyethylene by the thermophilic bacterium Brevibacillus borstelensis, J Appl Microbiol, 98, 1093, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02553.x

Gilmore, 1993, Degradation of poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates) and polyolefin blends in a municipal wastewater treatment facility, J Polym Environ, 1, 269, 10.1007/BF01458293

Mohanty, 2004, Development of renewable resource-based cellulose acetate bioplastic: effect of process engineering on the performance of cellulosic plastics, Polym Eng Sci, 43, 1151, 10.1002/pen.10097

Mecking, 2004, Nature or petrochemistry? – biologically degradable materials, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 43, 1078, 10.1002/anie.200301655

Flieger, 2003, Biodegradable plastics from renewable sources, Folia Microbiol (Praha), 48, 27, 10.1007/BF02931273

Kumar, 2004, Production of biodegradable plastics from activated sludge generated from a food processing industrial wastewater treatment plant, Bioresour Technol, 95, 327, 10.1016/j.biortech.2004.02.019

Poirier, 1995, Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates, a family of biodegradable plastics and elastomers, in bacteria and plants, Biotechnology (N Y), 13, 142, 10.1038/nbt0295-142

Khardenavis, 2005, Activated sludge is a potential source for production of biodegradable plastics from wastewater, Environ Technol, 26, 545, 10.1080/09593332608618536

Griffin, 1987, Plastics and synthetic fibres from microorganisms: a dream or a potential reality?, Microbiol Sci, 4, 357

Nakajima-Kambe, 1995, Isolation and characterization of a bacterium which utilizes polyester polyurethane as a sole carbon and nitrogen source, FEMS Microbiol Lett, 129, 39, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07554.x

Howard, 1999, Growth of Pseudomonas chlororaphis on a polyester–polyurethane and the purification and characterization of a polyurethanase–esterase enzyme, Int Biodeterior Biodegrad, 43, 7, 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00057-2

Vega, 1999, Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of a polyurethane-degrading enzyme from Pseudomonas fluorescens, Int Biodeterior Biodegrad, 43, 49, 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00068-7

Cacciari, 1993, Isotactic polypropylene biodegradation by a microbial community: physicochemical characterization of metabolites produced, Appl Environ Microbiol, 3695, 10.1128/AEM.59.11.3695-3700.1993

Yang, 2005, Dependence of biodegradability of plastics in compost on the shape of specimens, Polym Degrad Stab, 87, 131, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.07.016

2005, The American Society for testing and materials (ASTM) methods

Kathiresan, 2003, Polythene and plastics-degrading microbes from the mangrove soil, Rev Biol Trop, 51, 629

Kiatkamjornwong, 2001, Chemical modification of cassava starch for degradable polyethylene sheets, Polym Degrad Stab, 73, 363, 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00100-8

Eya, 2002, Soil for use in aerobic soil pot tests that best reflects natural environments with respect to biodegradation of plastics, J Biosci Bioeng, 94, 186, 10.1016/S1389-1723(02)80145-1

Lopez-Llorca, 1993, Study of biodegradation of starch–plastic films in soil using scanning electron microscopy, Micron, 24, 457, 10.1016/0968-4328(93)90024-U

Lee, 1991, Biodegradation of degradable plastic polyethylene by Phanerochaete and Streptomyces species, J Appl Environ Microbiol, 57, 678, 10.1128/AEM.57.3.678-685.1991

El-Shafei, 1998, Biodegradation of disposable polyethylene by fungi and Streptomyces species, Polym Degrad Stab, 62, 361, 10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00019-6

Kaplan, 1979, Biodegradation of polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), phenol formaldehyde, J Appl Environ Microbiol, 38, 551, 10.1128/AEM.38.3.551-553.1979

Corti A, Vallini G, Pera A, Cion P, Colara R, Chielline E. Composting microbial ecosystem for testing biodegradability of starch filled polyethylene films. Proceeding of second international scientific workshop on ‘Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics’, Montpellier, France; 1992. p. 45–8.

Yang, 2004, Effects of storage of a mature compost on its potential for biodegradation of plastics, Polym Degrad Stab, 84, 411, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.01.014

Bellia, 1999, Activated vermiculite, a solid bed for testing biodegradability under composting conditions, Polym Degrad Stab, 66, 65, 10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00053-1

Pandey, 2003, Biodegradation of packaging materials. Composting of polyolefins, Macromol Symp, 197, 411, 10.1002/masy.200350735

Jang, 2002, Glucose effect on the biodegradation of plastics by compost from food garbage, Polym Degrad Stab, 76, 155, 10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00011-3

Innocenti, 2001, Detection of toxicity released by biodegradable plastics after composting in activated vermiculite, Polym Degrad Stab, 73, 101, 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00075-1

Ishigaki, 2004, The degradability of biodegradable plastics in aerobic and anaerobic waste landfill model reactors, Chemosphere, 54, 225, 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00750-1

Kim, 1997, Biodegradation of PLLA and its blends by microorganisms in activated sludge, Korean J Environ Biol, 15, 195

Yamada-Onodera, 2001, Degradation of polyethylene by a fungus, Penicillium simplicissimum YK, Polym Degrad Stab, 72, 323, 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00027-1

Santos, 2000, Physiological analysis of the expression of the styrene degradation gene cluster in Pseudomonas fluorescens ST, J Appl Environ Microbiol, 66, 1305, 10.1128/AEM.66.4.1305-1310.2000

Haines, 1974, Microbial degradation of high molecular-weight alkanes, Appl Microbiol, 28, 1084, 10.1128/AEM.28.6.1084-1085.1974

Meyer, 1985, Photochemistry of metal–metal bonds, Chem Rev (Washington, DC, United States), 85, 187, 10.1021/cr00067a002

Blais, 1974, The chromic acid etching of polyolefin surfaces and adhesive bonding, J Colloid Interface Sci, 47, 636, 10.1016/0021-9797(74)90241-0

Singh, 2007, Optimized synthesis and characterization of polystyrene graft copolymers and preliminary assessment of their biodegradability and application in water pollution alleviation technologies, Polym Degrad Stab, 92, 876, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.01.019

Yang, 2005, Thermal properties of lignocellulosic filler-thermoplastic polymer bio-composites, J Thermal Anal Calorim, 82, 157, 10.1007/s10973-005-0857-5

Jakubowicz, 2003, Evaluation of degradability of biodegradable polyethylene (PE), Polym Degrad Stab, 80, 39, 10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00380-4

Agamuthu, 2005, Biodegradability of degradable plastic waste, Waste Manag Res, 23, 95, 10.1177/0734242X05051045

Scott, 2001, Programmed-life plastics from polyolefins: a new look at sustainability, Biomacromolecules, 2, 615, 10.1021/bm010099h

Summers, 1983, Formulations for vinyl housing siding: history, present, future, J Vinyl Technol, 5, 43, 10.1002/vnl.730050203

Erlandsson, 1997, The mode of action of corn starch and a pro-oxidant system in LDPE: influence of thermo-oxidation and UV-irradiation on the molecular weight changes, Polym Degrad Stab, 55, 237, 10.1016/S0141-3910(96)00139-5

Digabel, 2004, Properties of thermoplastic composites based on wheat-straw lignocellulosic fillers, J Appl Polym Sci, 93, 428, 10.1002/app.20426

Worne, 1971, Biodegradability of synthetic organic polymers, Chem Abstr, 74, 67440

Ghosh, 2004, Grafting of vinyl acetate onto low density polyethylene–starch biodegradable films for printing and packaging applications, Polym Int, 53, 339, 10.1002/pi.1315

Henderson, 2003, Effects of water on starch-g-polystyrene and starch-g-poly(methyl acrylate) extrudates, J Appl Polym Sci, 27, 4115, 10.1002/app.1982.070271104

Holland, 1987, Thermal degradation of polymers. III. Thermal degradation of a compound which models the head-to-head linkage in poly(methyl methacrylate), Aust J Chem, 40, 687, 10.1071/CH9870687

Hendrickson, 1995, Review of stabilization of polyolefin insulated conductors. I: theory and factors affecting stability, Polym Eng Sci, 35, 211, 10.1002/pen.760350215

Pospisil, 2006, Factor affecting accelerated testing of polymer photostability, Polym Degrad Stab, 91, 417, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.01.049

Tang, 2005, The effects of chemical structure and synthesis method on photodegradation of polypropylene, J Appl Polym Sci, 95, 270, 10.1002/app.21272

Bellenger, 1990, Influence of orientation on the photo-oxidation of poly(vinyl chloride), Polym Degrad Stab, 28, 53, 10.1016/0141-3910(90)90051-8

Rabonavitch, 1983, Predicting heat buildup due to sun's energy, J Vinyl Technol, 5, 110, 10.1002/vnl.730050308

Yarahmadi, 2001, Effects of repeated extrusion on the properties and durability of rigid PVC scrap, Polym Degrad Stab, 73, 93, 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00073-8

James, 2005, Sustainable packaging systems development

Gerngross, 2000, How green are green plastics?, Sci Am, 283, 36, 10.1038/scientificamerican0800-36

Azapagic, 2003

Amass, 1998, A review of biodegradable polymers: uses, current developments in the synthesis and characterization of biodegradable polymers, blends of biodegradable polymers and recent advances in biodegradation studies, Polym Int, 47, 89, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0126(1998100)47:2<89::AID-PI86>3.0.CO;2-F

Warner, 2004, Environment and health: new answers, new questions, Environ Impact Assess Rev, 24, 775, 10.1016/j.eiar.2004.06.006

Li, 2001, Polymer material and sustainable development, J Beijing Normal Univ (Social Sci Ed), 1, 123

Gross, 2002, Biodegradable polymers for the environment, Science, 297, 803, 10.1126/science.297.5582.803

Rossi, 2005

Basta, 1990, Plastics recycling picks up momentum, Chem Eng News, 30

Shah, 1999, Conversion of waste plastic to oil: direct liquefaction versus pyrolysis and hydroprocessing, Energy Fuels, 13, 832, 10.1021/ef9802431

Naik, 1996, Use of post-consumer waste plastics in cement-based composites, Cem Concr Res, 26, 1489, 10.1016/0008-8846(96)00135-4

Tukker A. Plastic waste feedstock recycling, chemical recycling and incineration. Rapra review reports, vol. 3(4), Report 148. Shropshire, United Kingdom: Rapra Technology Ltd.; 2002.

Chiellini, 2003, Biodegradation of thermally-oxidized, fragmented low-density polyethylenes, Polym Degrad Stab, 81, 341, 10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00105-8

Contat-Rodrigo, 1998, Mechanical behavior of biodegradable polyolefines, J Non-Cryst Solids, 235, 670, 10.1016/S0022-3093(98)00618-8

Gerngross, 2003, Biopolymers and the environment, Science, 299, 822, 10.1126/science.299.5608.822

Wang, 2003, Properties of poly(lactic acid) blends with various starches as affected by physical aging, J Appl Polym Sci, 90, 3683, 10.1002/app.13001

Tullo, 2005, Polylactic acid redux, Chem Eng News

Kleeberg, 1998, Biodegradation of aliphatic–aromatic copolyesters by Thermomonospora fusca and other thermophilic composite isolates, Appl Environ Microbiol, 64, 1731, 10.1128/AEM.64.5.1731-1735.1998

Muller, 2001, Biodegradation of polyesters containing aromatic constituents, J Biotechnol, 86, 87, 10.1016/S0168-1656(00)00407-7

Witt, 2001, Biodegradation of aliphatic–aromatic copolyesters: evaluation of the final biodegradability and eco-toxicological impact of degradation intermediates, Chemosphere, 44, 289, 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00162-4

Akutsu, 1998, Purification and properties of a polyester polyurethane degrading enzyme from Comamonas acidovorans TB-35, Appl Environ Microbiol, 64, 62, 10.1128/AEM.64.1.62-67.1998

Ahmad, 1999, Physico-chemical characterisation of sago starch, Carbohydr Polym, 38, 361, 10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00123-4

Tiefenbacher, 1993, Starch-based foamed materials: use and degradation properties, J Macromol Sci Pure Appl Chem, A30, 727, 10.1080/10601329308021258

Zuchowska, 1998, Structure and properties of degradable polyolefin–starch blends, Polym Degrad Stab, 60, 471, 10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00110-9

Shimao, 2001, Biodegradation of plastics, Curr Opin Biotechnol, 12, 242, 10.1016/S0958-1669(00)00206-8

Pavlath, 1999, Biodegradable polymers vs. recycling: what are the possibilities?, Crit Rev Anal Chem, 29, 231, 10.1080/10408349891199400

Bledzki, 1999, Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibers, Prog Polym Sci, 24, 221, 10.1016/S0079-6700(98)00018-5