Mechanisms of cadmium induced genomic instability

WHO, 1992

WHO, 2011

EFSA, 2009, Scientific opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the food chain on a request from the European Commission on cadmium in food, EFSA Journal, 980, 1

EFSA, 2011, Panel on contaminants in the food chain (CONTAM); scientific opinion on tolerable weekly intake for cadmium, EFSA Journal, 9, 1975

IARC, 1993

2000

Waalkes, 2000, Cadmium carcinogenesis in review, Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 79, 241, 10.1016/S0162-0134(00)00009-X

Hu, 2002, Renal cell carcinoma and occupational exposure to chemicals in Canada, Occupational Medicine: Oxford, 52, 157, 10.1093/occmed/52.3.157

Pesch, 2000, Occupational risk factors for renal cell carcinoma: agent-specific results from it case–control study in Germany, International Journal of Epidemiology, 29, 1014, 10.1093/ije/29.6.1014

Schwartz, 2000, Is cadmium a cause of human pancreatic cancer?, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 9, 139

Waalkes, 1994, Cadmium and prostate-cancer, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 43, 251, 10.1080/15287399409531920

Waalkes, 1999, Carcinogenic effects of cadmium in the noble (NBL/Cr) rat: induction of pituitary, testicular, and injection site tumors and intraepithelial proliferative lesions of the dorsolateral prostate, Toxicological Sciences, 52, 154, 10.1093/toxsci/52.2.154

Waalkes, 1999, Chronic toxic and carcinogenic effects of oral cadmium in the noble (NBL/Cr) rat: induction of neoplastic and proliferative lesions of the adrenal, kidney, prostate, and testes, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A, 58, 199, 10.1080/009841099157296

Hartwig, 2010, Mechanisms in cadmium-induced carcinogenicity: recent insights, Biometals, 23, 951, 10.1007/s10534-010-9330-4

Joseph, 2009, Mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 238, 272, 10.1016/j.taap.2009.01.011

Thevenod, 2009, Cadmium and cellular signaling cascades: to be or not to be?, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 238, 221, 10.1016/j.taap.2009.01.013

Shen, 2011, Genomic instability and cancer: an introduction, Journal of Molecular Cell Biology, 3, 1, 10.1093/jmcb/mjq057

Iourov, 2010, Somatic genome variations in health and disease, Current Genomics, 11, 387, 10.2174/138920210793176065

Ziech, 2010, The role of epigenetics in environmental and occupational carcinogenesis, Chemico-Biological Interactions, 188, 340, 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.06.012

Oberly, 1982, Mutagenicity of metal–salts in the l5178y mouse lymphoma assay, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 9, 367, 10.1080/15287398209530170

Ochi, 1983, induction of 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants and single-strand scission of DNA by cadmium chloride in cultured Chinese-hamster cells, Mutation Research, 111, 69, 10.1016/0027-5107(83)90009-X

Yang, 1996, Reactive oxygen species may participate in the mutagenicity and mutational spectrum of cadmium in Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells, Chemical Research in Toxicology, 9, 1360, 10.1021/tx960122y

Filipic, 2004, Mutagenicity of cadmium in mammalian cells: implication of oxidative DNA damage, Mutation Research: Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 546, 81, 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.11.006

Lin, 1994, Studies on cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of cadmium nitrate and lead nitrate in Chinese-hamster ovary cells, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 23, 143, 10.1002/em.2850230212

Ochi, 1985, Participation of active oxygen species in the induction of chromosomal-aberrations by cadmium chloride in cultured Chinese-hamster cells, Mutation Research, 143, 137, 10.1016/S0165-7992(85)80024-5

Fatur, 2002, DNA damage and metallothionein synthesis in human hepatoma cells (HepG2) exposed to cadmium, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40, 1069, 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00058-3

Hartmann, 1994, Comparative investigations of the genotoxic effects of metals in the single-cell gel (SCG) assay and the sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) TEST, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 23, 299, 10.1002/em.2850230407

Liu, 2000, DNA damage in arsenite- and cadmium-treated bovine aortic endothelial cells, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 28, 55, 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00196-3

Palus, 2003, Genotoxic effects of occupational exposure to lead and cadmium, Mutation Research, 540, 19, 10.1016/S1383-5718(03)00167-0

Valverde, 2001, Is the capacity of lead acetate and cadmium chloride to induce genotoxic damage due to direct DNA–metal interaction?, Mutagenesis, 16, 265, 10.1093/mutage/16.3.265

Waalkes, 1984, In vitro cadmium DNA interactions – cooperativity of cadmium binding and competitive antagonism by calcium, magnesium, and zinc, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 75, 539, 10.1016/0041-008X(84)90190-X

1994

Klaassen, 1999, An intracellular protein to protect against cadmium toxicity, Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 39, 267, 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.267

Liu, 2009, Role of oxidative stress in cadmium toxicity and carcinogenesis, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 238, 209, 10.1016/j.taap.2009.01.029

Nzengue, 2008, Oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by cadmium in the human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line: role of glutathione in the resistance to cadmium, Toxicology, 243, 193, 10.1016/j.tox.2007.10.005

Casalino, 2002, Molecular inhibitory mechanisms of antioxidant enzymes in rat liver and kidney by cadmium, Toxicology, 179, 37, 10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00245-7

Hussain, 1987, Effects of cadmium on superoxide-dismutase and lipid-peroxidation in liver and kidney of growing-rats – in vivo and in vitro studies, Pharmacology & Toxicology, 60, 355, 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1987.tb01526.x

Nemmiche, 2011, Cadmium chloride-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in the human Jurkat T cell line is not linked to intracellular trace elements depletion, Toxicology In Vitro, 25, 191, 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.10.018

Casalino, 1997, Enzyme activity alteration by cadmium administration to rats: the possibility of iron involvement in lipid peroxidation, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 346, 171, 10.1006/abbi.1997.0197

Koizumi, 1992, DNA damaging activity of cadmium in Leydig-cells, a target-cell population for cadmium carcinogenesis in the rat testis, Toxicology Letters, 63, 211, 10.1016/0378-4274(92)90013-A

Mikhailova, 1997, Cadmium-induced 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation, DNA strand breaks and antioxidant enzyme activities in lymphoblastoid cells, Cancer Letters, 115, 141, 10.1016/S0304-3835(97)04720-4

Valko, 2006, Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer, Chemico-Biological Interactions, 160, 1, 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.12.009

Joseph, 2001, Cadmium-induced cell transformation and tumorigenesis are associated with transcriptional activation of c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc proto-oncogenes: role of cellular calcium and reactive oxygen species, Toxicological Sciences, 61, 295, 10.1093/toxsci/61.2.295

Qu, 2005, Cadmium-induced malignant transformation in rat liver cells: role of aberrant oncogene expression and minimal role of oxidative stress, International Journal of Cancer, 114, 346, 10.1002/ijc.20736

Hartwig, 1995, Current aspects in metal genotoxicity, Biometals, 8, 3, 10.1007/BF00156151

Giaginis, 2006, DNA repair systems as targets of cadmium toxicity, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 213, 282, 10.1016/j.taap.2006.03.008

Hartwig, 2001, Zinc finger proteins as potential targets for toxic metal ions: differential effects on structure and function, Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 3, 625, 10.1089/15230860152542970

Houben, 2005, Dynamics and metal exchange properties of C4C4 RING domains from CNOT4 and the p44 subunit of TFIIH, Journal of Molecular Biology, 349, 621, 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.04.007

Meplan, 1999, Cadmium induces conformational modifications of wild-type p53 and suppresses p53 response to DNA damage in cultured cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 31663, 10.1074/jbc.274.44.31663

Youn, 2005, Cadmium down-regulates human OGG1 through suppression of Sp1 activity, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280, 25185, 10.1074/jbc.M412793200

Zharkov, 2002, Inactivation of mammalian 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase by cadmium(II): implications for cadmium genotoxicity, DNA Repair, 1, 661, 10.1016/S1568-7864(02)00074-5

Leibeling, 2006, Nucleotide excision repair and cancer, Journal of Molecular Histology, 37, 225, 10.1007/s10735-006-9041-x

Hakem, 2008, DNA-damage repair; the good, the bad, and the ugly, EMBO Journal, 27, 589, 10.1038/emboj.2008.15

Fatur, 2003, Cadmium inhibits repair of UV-, methyl methanesulfonate- and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced DNA damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells, Mutation Research, 529, 109, 10.1016/S0027-5107(03)00112-X

Hartmann, 1996, Effect of arsenic and cadmium on the persistence of mutagen-induced DNA lesions in human cells, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 27, 98, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1996)27:2<98::AID-EM4>3.0.CO;2-A

Snyder, 1989, Inhibition by metals of X-ray and ultraviolet-induced DNA repair in human cells, Biological Trace Element Research, 21, 389, 10.1007/BF02917280

Schwerdtle, 2010, Genotoxicity of soluble and particulate cadmium compounds: impact on oxidative DNA damage and nucleotide excision repair, Chemical Research in Toxicology, 23, 432, 10.1021/tx900444w

Adimoolam, 2002, p53 and DNA damage-inducible expression of the xeroderma pigmentosum group C gene, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 12985, 10.1073/pnas.202485699

Hwang, 1999, Expression of the p48 xeroderma pigmentosum gene is p53-dependent and is involved in global genomic repair, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 424, 10.1073/pnas.96.2.424

Asmuss, 2000, Differential effects of toxic metal compounds on the activities of Fpg and XPA, two zinc finger proteins involved in DNA repair, Carcinogenesis, 21, 2097, 10.1093/carcin/21.11.2097

Mustra, 2007, Preferential binding of human XPA to the mitomycin C-DNA interstrand crosslink and modulation by arsenic and cadmium, Chemico-Biological Interactions, 168, 159, 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.04.004

Fortini, 2003, The base excision repair: mechanisms and its relevance for cancer susceptibility, Biochimie, 85, 1053, 10.1016/j.biochi.2003.11.003

Dally, 1997, Induction and repair inhibition of oxidative DNA damage by nickel(II) and cadmium(II) in mammalian cells, Carcinogenesis, 18, 1021, 10.1093/carcin/18.5.1021

Potts, 2001, Inhibition of oxidative DNA repair in cadmium-adapted alveolar epithelial cells and the potential involvement of metallothionein, Toxicology, 161, 25, 10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00419-4

Bialkowski, 1999, Cadmium(II), unlike nickel(II), inhibits 8-oxo-dGTPase activity and increases 8-oxo-dG level in DNA of the rat testis, a target organ for cadmium(II) carcinogenesis, Carcinogenesis, 20, 1621, 10.1093/carcin/20.8.1621

Bravard, 2006, Redox regulation of human OGG1 activity in response to cellular oxidative stress, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 26, 7430, 10.1128/MCB.00624-06

Bravard, 2010, Inactivation by oxidation and recruitment into stress granules of hOGG1 but not APE1 in human cells exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of cadmium, Mutation Research, 685, 61, 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.09.013

Singh, 2009, Long duration exposure to cadmium leads to increased cell survival, decreased DNA repair capacity, and genomic instability in mouse testicular Leydig cells, Cancer Letters, 279, 84, 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.01.023

McNeill, 2004, Inhibition of Ape1 nuclease activity by lead, iron, and cadmium, Environmental Health Perspectives, 112, 10.1289/ehp.7038

Lynn, 1997, Cadmium inhibits DNA strand break rejoining in methyl methanesulfonate-treated CHO-K1 cells, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 144, 171, 10.1006/taap.1997.8116

Popenoe, 1979, Interaction of human DNA polymerase-beta with ions of copper, lead, and cadmium, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 196, 109, 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90557-5

Dantzer, 1999, Involvement of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in base excision repair, Biochimie, 81, 69, 10.1016/S0300-9084(99)80040-6

Hartwig, 2002, Interference by toxic metal ions with zinc-dependent proteins involved in maintaining genomic stability, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 40, 1179, 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00043-1

Li, 2008, Mechanisms and functions of DNA mismatch repair, Cell Research, 18, 85, 10.1038/cr.2007.115

Jin, 2003, Cadmium is a mutagen that acts by inhibiting mismatch repair, Nature Genetics, 34, 326, 10.1038/ng1172

Banerjee, 2005, Cadmium inhibits mismatch repair by blocking the ATPase activity of the MSH2–MSH6 complex, Nucleic Acids Research, 33, 1410, 10.1093/nar/gki291

Clark, 2004, Cadmium inhibits the functions of eukaryotic MutS complexes, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 53903, 10.1074/jbc.C400495200

Lutzen, 2004, Cadmium inhibits human DNA mismatch repair in vivo, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 321, 21, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.102

Wieland, 2009, Mechanism of cadmium-mediated inhibition of Msh2–Msh6 function in DNA mismatch repair, Biochemistry, 48, 9492, 10.1021/bi9001248

Shrivastav, 2008, Regulation of DNA double-strand break repair pathway choice, Cell Research, 18, 134, 10.1038/cr.2007.111

Viau, 2008, Cadmium inhibits non-homologous end-joining and over-activates the MRE11-dependent repair pathway, Mutation Research, 654, 13, 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.04.009

Niida, 2006, DNA damage checkpoints in mammals, Mutagenesis, 21, 3, 10.1093/mutage/gei063

Mukherjee, 2004, Effects of cadmium(II) on (+/−)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-induced DNA damage response in human fibroblasts and DNA repair: a possible mechanism of cadmium's cogenotoxicity, Chemical Research in Toxicology, 17, 287, 10.1021/tx034229e

Chao, 2001, Opposite roles of ERK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in cadmium-induced genotoxicity and mitotic arrest, Chemical Research in Toxicology, 14, 1193, 10.1021/tx010041o

Chatterjee, 2009, Divergence to apoptosis from ROS induced cell cycle arrest: effect of cadmium, Mutation Research, 663, 22, 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.12.011

Choi, 2011, Involvement of E2F1 transcriptional activity in cadmium-induced cell-cycle arrest at G1 in human lung fibroblasts, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 52, 145, 10.1002/em.20593

Kim, 2005, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-signaling-dependent G2/M arrest and cell death in murine macrophages by cadmium, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 24, 3069, 10.1897/04-503R3.1

Xie, 2006, Cadmium induces cell cycle arrest in rat kidney epithelial cells in G2/M phase, Toxicology, 224, 56, 10.1016/j.tox.2006.04.026

Yang, 2004, Effect of cadmium on cell cycle progression in Chinese hamster ovary cells, Chemico-Biological Interactions, 149, 125, 10.1016/j.cbi.2004.08.001

Bakshi, 2008, Transcriptome analyses in normal prostate epithelial cells exposed to low-dose cadmium: oncogenic and immunomodulations involving the action of tumor necrosis factor, Environmental Health Perspectives, 116, 769, 10.1289/ehp.11215

Bork, 2010, Cadmium-induced DNA damage triggers G2/M arrest via chk1/2 and cdc2 in p53-deficient kidney proximal tubule cells, American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology, 298, F255, 10.1152/ajprenal.00273.2009

Shimada, 1998, Cadmium suppresses apoptosis induced by chromium, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A, 54, 159, 10.1080/009841098158980

Yuan, 2000, Possible role of caspase-3 inhibition in cadmium-induced blockage of apoptosis, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 164, 321, 10.1006/taap.2000.8921

Achanzar, 2002, Altered apoptotic gene expression and acquired apoptotic resistance in cadmium-transformed human prostate epithelial cells, Prostate, 52, 236, 10.1002/pros.10106

Coutant, 2006, Cadmium-induced apoptosis in lymphoblastoid cell line: involvement of caspase-dependent and -independent pathways, Biochimie, 88, 1815, 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.09.018

Kondoh, 2002, Cadmium induces apoptosis partly via caspase-9 activation in HL-60 cells, Toxicology, 170, 111, 10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00536-4

Shih, 2004, Mediating of caspase-independent apoptosis by cadmium through the mitochondria-ROS pathway in MRC-5 fibroblasts, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 91, 384, 10.1002/jcb.10761

Shih, 2005, Cadmium toxicity toward caspase-independent apoptosis through the mitochondria-calcium pathway in mtDNA-depleted cells, 497

Xie, 2006, Cadmium-induced apoptosis in rat kidney epithelial cells involves decrease in nuclear factor-kappa B activity, Toxicological Sciences, 91, 299, 10.1093/toxsci/kfj131

Chuang, 2000, Roles of JNK, p38 and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases in the growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by cadmium, Carcinogenesis, 21, 1423, 10.1093/carcin/21.7.1423

Martin, 2006, Low dose cadmium poisoning results in sustained ERK phosphorylation and caspase activation, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 350, 803, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.126

Martin, 2010, ERK and cell death: cadmium toxicity, sustained ERK activation and cell death, FEBS Journal, 277, 39, 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07369.x

Galan, 2001, The role of intracellular oxidation in death induction (apoptosis and necrosis) in human promonocytic cells treated with stress inducers (cadmium, heat, X-rays), European Journal of Cell Biology, 80, 312, 10.1078/0171-9335-00159

Kim, 2006, Cadmium-induced apoptosis in murine macrophages is antagonized by antioxidants and caspase inhibitors, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A, 69, 1181, 10.1080/15287390600631144

Watjen, 2004, Cadmium-induced apoptosis in C6 glioma cells: influence of oxidative stress, Biometals, 17, 65, 10.1023/A:1024405119018

Kamata, 2005, Reactive oxygen species promote TNF alpha-induced death and sustained JNK activation by inhibiting MAP kinase phosphatases, Cell, 120, 649, 10.1016/j.cell.2004.12.041

Levinthal, 2005, Reversible oxidation of ERK-directed protein phosphatases drives oxidative toxicity in neurons, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280, 5875, 10.1074/jbc.M410771200

Waisberg, 2003, Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis, Toxicology, 192, 95, 10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00305-6

Templeton, 2010, Multiple roles of cadmium in cell death and survival, Chemico-Biological Interactions, 188, 267, 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.040

Rodenhiser, 2006, Epigenetics and human disease: translating basic biology into clinical applications, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174, 341, 10.1503/cmaj.050774

Fragou, 2011, Epigenetic mechanisms in metal toxicity, Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 21, 343, 10.3109/15376516.2011.557878

Poirier, 2002, The prospective role of abnormal methyl metabolism in cadmium toxicity, Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 793, 10.1289/ehp.02110s5793

Huang, 2008, Global DNA hypomethylation, rather than reactive oxygen species (ROS), a potential facilitator of cadmium-stimulated K562 cell proliferation, Toxicology Letters, 179, 43, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.03.018

Benbrahim-Tallaa, 2009, Cadmium malignantly transforms normal human breast epithelial cells into a basal-like phenotype, Environmental Health Perspectives, 117, 1847, 10.1289/ehp.0900999

Takiguchi, 2003, Effects of cadmium on DNA-(cytosine-5) methyltransferase activity and DNA methylation status during cadmium-induced cellular transformation, Experimental Cell Research, 286, 355, 10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00062-4

Jiang, 2008, Effects of long-term low-dose cadmium exposure on genomic DNA methylation in human embryo lung fibroblast cells, Toxicology, 244, 49, 10.1016/j.tox.2007.10.028

Benbrahim-Tallaa, 2007, Tumor suppressor gene inactivation during cadmium-induced malignant transformation of human prostate cells correlates with overexpression of de novo DNA methyltransferase, Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 1454, 10.1289/ehp.10207

Fujishiro, 2009, Involvement of DNA hypermethylation in down-regulation of the zinc transporter ZIP8 in cadmium-resistant metallothionein-null cells, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 241, 195, 10.1016/j.taap.2009.08.015

Zhang, 2009, Effects of subchronic cadmium poisoning on DNA methylation in hens, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 27, 345, 10.1016/j.etap.2008.11.012

Somji, 2011, Differences in the epigenetic regulation of MT-3 gene expression between parental and Cd+2 or As+3 transformed human urothelial cells, Cancer Cell International, 11, 14, 10.1186/1475-2867-11-2

Doi, 2011, Epigenetic effect of cadmium on global de novo DNA hypomethylation in the cadmium-induced ventral body wall defect (VBWD) in the chick model, Toxicological Sciences, 120, 475, 10.1093/toxsci/kfr022

Satarug, 2010, Cadmium, environmental exposure, and health outcomes, Environmental Health Perspectives, 118, 182, 10.1289/ehp.0901234

Uetani, 2006, Tissue cadmium (Cd) concentrations of people living in a Cd polluted area, Japan, Biometals, 19, 521, 10.1007/s10534-005-5619-0

Schwartz, 2003, Urinary cadmium, impaired fasting glucose, and diabetes in the NHANES III, Diabetes Care, 26, 468, 10.2337/diacare.26.2.468

Viaene, 2000, Neurobehavioural effects of occupational exposure to cadmium: a cross sectional epidemiological study, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57, 19, 10.1136/oem.57.1.19

Bonithonkopp, 1986, Prenatal exposure to lead and cadmium and psychomotor development of the child at 6 years, Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology, 8, 307