Marine fisheries as ecological experiments

Alder J, Campbell B, Karpouzi V, Kaschner K, Pauly D (2008) Forage fish: from ecosystems to markets. Annu Rev Environ Resour 33:153–166

Andersen KH, Pedersen M (2010) Damped trophic cascades driven by fishing in model marine ecosystems. Proc R Soc B 277:795–802

Anderson CNK, Hsieh C-H, Sandin SA, Hewitt R, Hollowed A, Beddington J, May RM, Sugihara G (2008) Why fishing magnifies fluctuations in fish abundance. Nature 452:835–839

Auster PJ, Link JS (2009) Compensation and recovery of feeding guilds in a northwest Atlantic shelf fish community. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 382:163–172

Babcock RC, Kelly S, Shears NT, Walker JW, Willis TJ (1999) Changes in community structure in temperate marine reserves. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 189:125–134

Bakun A (1996). Patterns in the ocean: ocean processes and marine population dynamics. University of California Sea Grant in cooperation with Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas de Noroeste, San Diego, CA

Bakun A (2006) Wasp-waist populations and marine ecosystem dynamics: navigating the “predator pit” topographies. Prog Oceanogr 68:271–288

Bakun A, Broad K (2003) Environmental ‘loopholes’ and fish population dynamics: comparative pattern recognition with focus on El Nino effects in the Pacific. Fish Oceanogr 12:458–473

Bakun A, Weeks SJ (2006) Adverse feedback sequences in exploited marine systems: are deliberate interruptive actions warranted? Fish Fish 7:316–333

Barkai A, McQuaid C (1988) Predator–prey role reversal in a marine benthic ecosystem. Science 242:62–64

Barrowman NJ, Myers RA (2000) Still more spawner-recruitment curves: the hockey stick and its generalizations. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57:665–676

Baum JK, Worm B (2009) Cascading top–down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances. J Anim Ecol 78:699–714

Baum JK, Myers RA, Kehler DG, Worm B, Harley SJ, Doherty PA (2003) Collapse and conservation of shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic. Science 299:389–392

Beare D, Hölker F, Engelhard GH, McKenzie E, Reid DG (2010) An unintended experiment in fisheries science: a marine area protected by war results in Mexican waves in fish numbers-at-age. Naturwissenschaften 97:797–808

Beddington JR, Agnew DJ, Clark CW (2007) Current problems in the management of marine fisheries. Science 316:1713–1716

Berkes F, Feeny D, McCay BJ, Acheson JM (1989) The benefits of the commons. Nature 340:91–93

Berkes F, Hughes TP, Steneck RS, Wilson JA, Bellwood DR, Crona B, Folke C, Gunderson LH, Leslie HM, Norberg J, Nyström M, Olsson P, Österblom H, Scheffer M, Worm B (2006) Globalization, roving bandits, and marine resources. Science 311:1557–1558

Beverton RJH, Holt SJ (1957) On the dynamics of exploited fish populations. Fish Investig 19(Series II):533

Birkeland C, Lucas JS (1990) Acanthaster planci: major management problem of coral reefs. CRC Press, West Palm Beach

Bohnsack JA (1982) Effects of piscivorous predator removal on coral reef fish community structure. In: Caillet GM, Simenstad CA (eds) Gutshop ’81: Fish food habits and studies. Washington Sea Grant, Seattle, pp 258–267

Borer ET, Seabloom EW, Shurin JB, Anderson KE, Blanchette CA, Broitman B, Cooper SD, Halpern BS (2005) What determines the strength of a trophic cascade? Ecology 86:528–537

Branch TA (2008) Not all fisheries will be collapsed in 2048. Mar Pol 32:38–39

Branch TA, Matsuoka K, Miyashita T (2004) Evidence for increases in Antarctic blue whales based on Bayesian modelling. Mar Mamm Sci 20:726–754

Branch TA, Hilborn R, Haynie AC, Fay G, Flynn L, Griffiths J, Marshall KN, Randall JK, Scheuerell JM, Ward EJ, Young M (2006) Fleet dynamics and fishermen behavior: lessons for fisheries managers. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 63:1647–1668

Branch TA, Watson R, Fulton EA, Jennings S, McGilliard CR, Pablico GT, Ricard D, Tracey SR (2010) The trophic fingerprint of marine fisheries. Nature 468(7322):431–435

Branch TA, Jensen OP, Ricard D, Ye Y, Hilborn R (2011) Contrasting global trends in marine fishery status obtained from catches and from stock assessments. Cons Bio 25:777–786

Brander K (1981) Disappearance of common skate Raia batis from Irish Sea. Nature 290:48–49

Brodeur RD, Sugisaki H, Hunt GL (2002) Increases in jellyfish biomass in the Bering Sea: implications for the ecosystem. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 233:89–103

Brodeur RD, Decker MB, Ciannelli L, Purcell JE, Bond NA, Stabeno PJ, Acuna E, Hunt GL (2008) Rise and fall of jellyfish in the eastern Bering Sea in relation to climate regime shifts. Prog Oceanogr 77:103–111

Bromley DW (2009) Abdicating responsibility: the deceits of fisheries policy. Fisheries 34:280–290

Carpenter RC (1988) Mass mortality of a Caribbean sea urchin: immediate effects on community metabolism and other herbivores. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85:511–514

Carpenter RC (1990) Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum. 1. Long-term effects on sea urchin population dynamics and coral reef algal communities. Mar Biol 104:67–77

Carpenter SR, Kitchell JF (1996) The trophic cascade in lakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 399

Carpenter SR, Kitchell JF, Hodgson JR (1985) Cascading trophic interactions and lake productivity. Bioscience 35:634–639

Carpenter SR, Chisholm SW, Krebs CJ, Schindler DW, Wright RF (1995) Ecosystem experiments. Science 269:324–327

Carpenter SR, Kitchell JF, Cottingham KL, Schindler DE, Christensen DL, Post DM, Voichick N (1996) Chlorophyll variability, nutrient input, and grazing: evidence from whole-lake experiments. Ecology 77:725–735

Carpenter SR, Cole JJ, Hodgson JR, Kitchell JF, Pace ML, Bade D, Cottingham KL, Essington TE, Houser JN, Schindler DE (2001) Trophic cascades, nutrients, and lake productivity: whole-lake experiments. Ecol Monogr 71:163–186

Casini M, Hjelm J, Molinero JC, Lovgren J, Cardinale M, Bartolino V, Belgrano A, Kornilovs G (2009) Trophic cascades promote threshold-like shifts in pelagic marine ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:197–202

Chavez FP, Ryan J, Lluch-Cota SE, Ñiquen CM (2003) From anchovies to sardines and back: multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean. Science 299:217–221

Christy FT (1973) Fisherman quotas: a tentative suggestion for domestic management. Occasional Paper Series Law of the Sea Institute University of Rhode Island, p 19

Clark CW (1973) The economics of overexploitation. Science 181:630–634

Clemente S, Hernandez JC, Brito A (2009) Evidence of the top-down role of predators in structuring sublittoral rocky-reef communities in a Marine Protected Area and nearby areas of the Canary Islands. ICES J Mar Sci 66:64–71

Costello C, Gaines SD, Lynham J (2008) Can catch shares prevent fisheries collapse? Science 321:1678–1681

Cowan JH, Houde ED (1993) Relative predation potentials of scyphomedusae, ctenophores and planktivorous fish on ichthyoplankton in Chesapeake Bay. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 95:55–65

Crawford RJM (2004) Accounting for food requirements of seabirds in fisheries management—the case of the South African purse-seine fishery. Afr J Mar Sci 26:197–203

Crawford RJM (2007) Food, fishing and seabirds in the Benguela upwelling system. J Ornithol 148:S253–S260

Csirke J (1980) Recruitment in the Peruvian anchovy and its dependence on the adult population. Rapp P-v Réun Cons Int Explor Mer 177:307–313

Cury P, Bakun A, Crawford RJM, Jarre A, Quiñones RA, Shannon LJ, Verheye HM (2000) Small pelagics in upwelling systems: patterns of interaction and structural changes in “wasp-waist” ecosystems. ICES J Mar Sci 57:603–618

Daskalov GM, Grishin AN, Rodionov S, Mihneva V (2007) Trophic cascades triggered by overfishing reveal possible mechanisms of ecosystem regime shifts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:10518–10523

Dayton PK (1971) Competition, disturbance, and community reorganization: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecol Monogr 41:351–389

de Mutsert K, Cowan JH Jr, Essington TE, Hilborn R (2008) Reanalyses of Gulf of Mexico fisheries data: landings can be misleading in assessments of fisheries and fisheries ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105:2740–2744

Denney NH, Jennings S, Reynolds JD (2002) Life-history correlates of maximum population growth rates in marine fishes. Proc R Soc Lond (Biol) 269:2229–2237

deYoung B, Rose GA (1993) On recruitment and distribution of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) off Newfoundland. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 50:2729–2741

Dillingham PW, Skalski JR, Ryding KE (2006) Fine-scale geographic interactions between Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) trends and local fisheries. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 63:107–119

Doak DF, Bigger D, Harding EK, Marvier MA, O’Malley RE, Thomson D (1998) The statistical inevitability of stability–diversity relationships in community ecology. Am Nat 151:264–276

Dorn MW (2002) Advice on West Coast rockfish harvest rates from Bayesian meta-analysis of stock–recruit relationships. North Am J Fish Manag 22:280–300

Duffy DC (1983) Environmental uncertainty and commercial fishing: effects on Peruvian guano birds. Biol Conserv 26:227–238

Dulvy NK, Freckleton RP, Polunin NVC (2004) Coral reef cascades and the indirect effects of predator removal by exploitation. Ecol Lett 7:410–416

Duplisea DE, Blanchard F (2005) Relating species and community dynamics in an heavily exploited marine fish community. Ecosystems 8:899–910

Essington TE (2010a) Trophic cascades in open ocean ecosystems. In: Terborgh J, Estes JA (eds) Trophic cascades: predators, prey and the changing dynamics of nature. Island Press, Washington, DC, p 488

Essington TE (2010b) Ecological indicators display reduced variation in North American catch share fisheries. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107:754–759

Essington TE, Schindler DE, Olson RJ, Kitchell JF, Boggs C, Hilborn R (2002) Alternative fisheries and the predation rate of yellowfin tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Ecol Appl 12:724–734

Essington TE, Beaudreau AH, Wiedenmann J (2006) Fishing through marine food webs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:3171–3175

Estes JA, Palmisano JF (1974) Sea otters: their role in structuring nearshore communities. Science 185:1058–1060

Feeny D, Berkes F, McCay BJ, Acheson JM (1990) The tragedy of the commons: twenty-two years later. Hum Ecol 18:1–19

Feeny D, Hanna S, McEvoy AF (1996) Questioning the assumptions of the “tragedy of the commons” model of fisheries. Land Econ 72:187–205

Fogarty MJ, Murawski SA (1998) Large-scale disturbance and the structure of marine systems: fishery impacts on Georges Bank. Ecol Appl (Suppl) 8:S6–S22

Fogarty MJ, Cohen EB, Michaels WL, Morse WW (1991) Predation and the regulation of sand lance populations: an exploratory analysis. ICES Mar Sci Symp 193:120–124

Frank KT, Brickman D (2000) Allee effects and compensatory population dynamics within a stock complex. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57:513–517

Frank KT, Leggett WC (1994) Fisheries ecology in the context of ecological and evolutionary theory. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 25:401–422

Frank KT, Petrie B, Choi JS, Leggett WC (2005) Trophic cascades in a formerly cod-dominated ecosystem. Science 308:1621–1623

Frederiksen M, Wanless S, Harris MP, Rothery P, Wilson LJ (2004) The role of industrial fisheries and oceanographic change in the decline of North Sea black-legged kittiwakes. J Appl Ecol 41:1129–1139

Fretwell SD, Lucas HL (1970) On territorial behaviour and other factors influencing the habitat distribution of birds. I. Theoretical development. Acta Biotheor 19:16–36

Friedlander AM, DeMartini EE (2002) Contrasts in density, size, and biomass of reef fishes between the northwestern and the main Hawaiian islands: the effects of fishing down apex predators. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 230:253–264

Frisk MG, Miller TJ, Martell SJD, Sosebee K (2008) New hypothesis helps explain elasmobranch “outburst” on Georges Bank in the 1980s. Ecol Appl 18:234–245

Fromentin J-M, Powers JE (2005) Atlantic bluefin tuna: population dynamics, ecology, fisheries and management. Fish Fish 6:281–306

Gelcich S, Hughes TP, Olsson P, Folke C, Defeo O, Fernández M, Foale S, Gunderson LH, Rodríguez-Sickert C, Scheffer M, Steneck RS, Castilla JC (2010) Navigating transformations in governance of Chilean marine coastal resources. Proc Natl Acad Sci. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1012021107

Gezelius SS (2007) The social aspects of fishing effort: technology and community in Norway’s blue whiting fisheries. Hum Ecol 35:587–599

Gibson AJF, Bowlby HD, Amiro PG (2008) Are wild populations ideally distributed? Variations in density-dependent habitat use by age class in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 65:1667–1680

Gifford DJ, Collie JS, Steele JH (2009) Functional diversity in a marine fish community. ICES J Mar Sci 66:791–796

Gillis DM (2003) Ideal free distributions in fleet dynamics: a behavioral perspective on vessel movement in fisheries analysis. Can J Zool 81:177–187

Gordon HS (1954) The economic theory of a common-property resource: the fishery. J Polit Econ 62:124–142

Grafton RQ, Kompas T, Hilborn RW (2007) Economics of overexploitation revisited. Science 318:1601

Graham WM (2001) Numerical increases and distributional shifts of Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Desor) and Aurelia aurita (Linné) (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Hydrobiologia 451:97–111

Greene CH, Pershing AJ (2007) Climate drives sea change. Science 315:1084–1085

Hairston NG, Smith FE, Slobodkin LB (1960) Community structure, population control and competition. Amer Nat 94:421–425

Hampton J, Sibert JR, Kleiber P, Maunder MN, Harley SJ (2005) Decline of Pacific tuna populations exaggerated? Nature 434:E1–E2

Hamre J (1994) Biodiversity and exploitation of the main fish stocks in the Norwegian-Barents Sea ecosystem. Biodivers Conserv 3:473–492

Hardin G (1968) The tragedy of the commons. Science 162:1243–1248

Harley SJ, Myers RA, Dunn A (2001) Is catch-per-unit-effort proportional to abundance? Can J Fish Aquat Sci 58:1760–1772

Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish and urchin grazing on Caribbean coral reefs: are previous results typical? Ecology 65:446–454

Hecky RE, Campbell P, Rosenberg DM (1994) Introduction to experimental lakes and natural processes: 25 years of observing natural ecosystems at the experimental lakes area. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 51:2721–2722

Hilborn R (2007) Moving to sustainability by learning from successful fisheries. Ambio 36:296–303

Hilborn R, Litzinger E (2009) Causes of decline and potential for recovery of Atlantic cod populations. Open Fish Sci J 2:32–38

Hilborn R, Branch TA, Ernst B, Magnusson A, Minte-Vera CV, Scheuerell MD, Valero JL (2003a) State of the world’s fisheries. Annu Rev Enc Resour 28:359–399

Hilborn R, Quinn TP, Schindler DE, Rogers DE (2003b) Biocomplexity and fisheries sustainability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:6564–6568

Hilborn R, Punt AE, Orensanz J (2004a) Beyond band-aids in fisheries management: fixing world fisheries. Bull Mar Sci 74:493–507

Hilborn R, Stokes K, Maguire J-J, Smith T, Botsford LW, Mangel M, Orensanz J, Parma A, Rice J, Bell J, Cochrane KL, Garcia S, Hall SJ, Kirkwood GP, Sainsbury K, Stefansson G, Walters C (2004b) When can marine reserves improve fisheries management? Ocean Coast Manag 47:197–205

Hixon MA, Brostoff WN (1996) Succession and herbivory: effects of differential fish grazing on Hawaiian coral-reef algae. Ecol Monogr 66:67–90

Hjermann DO, Ottersen G, Stenseth NC (2004) Competition among fishermen and fish causes the collapse of Barents Sea capelin. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101:11679–11684

Hobday AJ, Tegner MJ, Haaker PL (2001) Over-exploitation of a broadcast spawning marine invertebrate: decline of the white abalone. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 10:493–514

Hölker F, Beare D, Dörner H, di Natale A, Rätz H-J, Temming A, Casey J (2007) Comment on “Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services”. Science 316:1285c

Hsieh C-H, Reiss CS, Hunter JR, Beddington JR, May RM, Sugihara G (2006) Fishing elevates variability in the abundance of exploited species. Nature 443:859–862

Hughes TP, Reed DC, Boyle MJ (1987) Herbivory on coral reefs: community structure following mass mortalities of sea urchins. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 113:39–59

Hughes TP, Baird AH, Dinsdale EA, Moltschaniwskyj NA, Pratchett MS, Tanner JE, Willis BL (2000) Supply-side ecology works both ways: the link between benthic adults, fecundity, and larval recruits. Ecology 81:2241–2249

Hughes TP, Rodrigues MJ, Bellwood DR, Ceccarelli D, Hoegh-Huldberg O, McCook L, Motschaniwskyj N, Pratchett MS, Steneck RS, Willis B (2007) Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate change. Curr Biol 17:360–365

Hunsicker ME, Essington TE, Watson R, Sumaila UR (2010) The value of cephalopods to global marine fisheries. Fish Fish. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00369.x

Hurlbert SH (1984) Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecol Monogr 54:187–211

Hutchings J (1996) Spatial and temporal variation in the density of northern cod and a review of hypotheses for the stock’s collapse. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53:943–962

Hutchings JA (2000a) Collapse and recovery of marine fishes. Nature 406:882–885

Hutchings JA (2000b) Numerical assessment in the front seat, ecology and evolution in the back seat: time to change drivers in fisheries and aquatic sciences? Mar Ecol Prog Ser 208:299–303

Hutchings JA (2001) Influence of population decline, fishing, and spawner variability on the recovery of marine fishes. J Fish Biol 59:306–322

Hutchings JA, Reynolds JD (2004) Marine fish population collapses: consequences for recovery and extinction risk. Bioscience 54:297–309

Hutchings JA, Walters C, Haedrich RL (1997) Is scientific inquiry incompatible with government information control? Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54:1198–1210

Ives AR, Carpenter SR (2007) Stability and diversity of ecosystems. Science 317:58–62

Jackson JBC, Kirby MX, Berger WH, Bjorndal KA, Botsford LW, Bourque BJ, Bradbury RH, Cooke R, Erlandson J, Estes JA, Hughes TP, Kidwell S, Lange CB, Lenihan HS, Pandolfi JM, Peterson CH, Steneck RS, Tegner MJ, Warner RR (2001) Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293:629–638

Jaenike J (2007) Comment on “Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services”. Science 316:1285a

Jahncke J, Checkley DM, Hunt GL (2004) Trends in carbon flux to seabirds in the Peruvian upwelling system: effects of wind and fisheries on population regulation. Fish Oceanogr 13:208–223

Jennings S, Kaiser MJ (1998) The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Adv Mar Biol 34:201–352

Jennings S, Polunin NVC (1997) Impacts of predator depletion by fishing on the biomass and diversity of non-target reef fish communities. Coral Reefs 16:71–82

Jennings S, Grandcourt EM, Polunin NVC (1995) The effects of fishing on the diversity, biomass and trophic structure of Seychelles’ reef fish communities. Coral Reefs 14:225–235

Jensen OP, Miller TJ (2005) Geostatistical analysis of the abundance and winter distribution patterns of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus in Chesapeake Bay. Trans Am Fish Soc 134:1582–1598

Jensen OP, Ortega-Garcia S, Martell SJD, Ahrens RNM, Domeier ML, Walters CJ, Kitchell JF (2010) Local management of a “highly migratory species”: the effects of long-line closures and recreational catch-and-release for Baja California striped marlin fisheries. Prog Oceanogr 86:176–186

Johannes RE (1978) Traditional marine conservation methods in Oceania and their demise. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 9:349–364

Johannes RE (2002) The renaissance of community-based marine resource management in Oceania. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 33:317–340

Kaschner K, Watson R, Christensen V, Trites AW, Pauly D (2001) Modeling and mapping trophic overlap between marine mammals and commercial fisheries in the North Atlantic. In: Zeller D, Watson R, Pauly D (eds) Fisheries impacts on North Atlantic ecosystems: catch, effort, and national/regional data sets. University of British Columbia, Vancouver

Krebs CJ, Boutin S, Boonstra R, Sinclair ARE, Smith JNM, Dale MRT, Martin K, Turkington R (1995) Impact of food and predation on the snowshoe hare cycle. Science 269:1112–1115

Krkošek M, Ford JS, Morton A, Lele S, Myers RA, Lewis MA (2007) Declining wild salmon populations in relation to parasites from farm salmon. Science 318:1772–1775

Kuhn TS (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

Lange AM (1991) Alternative survey indices for predicting availability of longfin squid to seasonal Northwest Atlantic fisheries. North Am J Fish Manag 11:443–450

Larkin PA (1978) Fisheries management—an essay for ecologists. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 9:57–73

Leavitt PR, Carpenter SR, Kitchell JF (1989) Whole-lake experiments: the annual record of fossil pigments and zooplankton. Limnol Oceanogr 34:700–717

Liermann M, Hilborn R (1997) Depensation in fish stocks: a hierarchic Bayesian meta-analysis. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54:1976–1984

Liermann M, Hilborn R (2001) Depensation: evidence, models and implications. Fish Fish 2:33–58

Likens GE, Bormann FH, Johnson NM, Fisher DW, Pierce RS (1970) Effects of forest cutting and herbicide treatment on nutrient budgets in the Hubbard Brook watershed-ecosystem. Ecol Monogr 40:23–47

Link JS, Ford MD (2006) Widespread and persistent increase of Ctenophora in the continental shelf ecosystem off NE USA. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 320:153–159

Link JS, Garrison LP, Almeida FP (2002) Ecological interactions between elasmobranchs and groundfish species on the northeastern US continental shelf. I. Evaluating predation. North Am J Fish Manag 22:550–562

Lynam CP, Hay SJ, Brierley AS (2005) Jellyfish abundance and climatic variation: contrasting responses in oceanographically distinct regions of the North Sea, and possible implications for fisheries. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 85:435–450

Lynam CP, Gibbons MJ, Axelsen BE, Sparks CAJ, Coetzee J, Heywood BG, Brierley AS (2006) Jellyfish overtake fish in a heavily fished ecosystem. Curr Biol 16:R492–R493

MacCall AD (1976) Density dependence of catchability coefficient in the California Pacific sardine, Sardinops sagaz caerulea, purse seine fishery. Cal Coop Ocean Fish 18:136–148

MacCall AD (1990) Dynamic geography of marine fish populations. Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington Press, Seattle

Mace PM (2004) In defence of fisheries scientists, single-species models and other scapegoats: confronting the real problems. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 274:285–291

Mace PM, Doonan IJ (1988). A generalized bioeconomic simulation model for fish dynamics. In: New Zealand Fishery Assessment Research Document 88/4, p. 47. P.O. Box 297. Fisheries Research Center, Wellington, New Zealand

Magnuson JJ (1991) Fish and fisheries ecology. Ecol Appl 1:13–26

Mangel M, Levin SA (2005) Regime, phase and paradigm shifts: making community ecology the basic science for fisheries. Philos T Roy Soc B 360:95–105

Mangel M, Brodziak J, DiNardo G (2010) Reproductive ecology and scientific inference of steepness: a fundamental metric of population dynamics and strategic fisheries management. Fish Fish 11:89–104

Marasco RJ, Goodman D, Grimes CB, Lawson PW, Punt AE, Quinn TJ II (2007) Ecosystem-based fisheries management: some practical suggestions. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 64:928–939

Maunder MN, Punt AE (2004) Standardizing catch and effort data: a review of recent approaches. Fish Res 70:141–159

Mayo RK, Fogarty MJ, Serchuk FM (1992) Aggregate fish biomass and production on Georges Bank, 1960–1987. J Northw Atl Fish Sci 14:59–78

McAllister MK, Peterman RM (1992) Experimental design in the management of fisheries: a review. North Am J Fish Manag 12:1–18

McCann KS (2000) The diversity–stability debate. Nature 405:228–233

McCay BJ (1978) Systems ecology, people ecology, and the anthropology of fishing communities. Hum Ecol 6:397–422

McClanahan TR (2000) Recovery of a coral reef keystone predator, Balistapus undulatus, in East African marine parks. Biol Conserv 94:191–198

Melnychuk MC, Essington TE, Branch TA, Heppell S, Jensen OP, Link JS, Martell SJD, Parma AM, Pope JG, Smith ADM (2012) Do catch-share fisheries better track management targets? Fish Fish doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00429.x

Micheli F (1999) Eutrophication, fisheries, and consumer-resource dynamics in marine pelagic ecosystems. Science 285:1396–1398

Mills CE (2001) Jellyfish blooms: are populations increasing globally in response to changing ocean conditions? Hydrobiologia 451:55–68

Minte-Vera CV, Branch TA, Stewart I, Dorn M (2005) Practical application of meta-analysis results: avoiding the double use of data. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 62:925–929

Minto C, Myers RA, Blanchard W (2008) Survival variability and population density in fish populations. Nature 452:344–348

Mitsch WJ, Day JW Jr (2004) Thinking big with whole-ecosystem studies and ecosystem restoration—a legacy of H.T. Odum. Ecol Model 178:133–155

Möllmann C, Muller-Karulis B, Kornilovs G, St John MA (2008) Effects of climate and overfishing on zooplankton dynamics and ecosystem structure: regime shifts, trophic cascade, and feedback coops in a simple ecosystem. ICES J Mar Sci 65:302–310

Moloney DG, Pearse PH (1979) Quantitative rights as an instrument for regulating commercial fisheries. J Fish Res Board Can 36:859–866

Mumby PJ, Dahlgren CP, Harborne AR, Kappel CV, Micheli F, Brumbaugh DR, Holmes KE, Mendes JM, Broad K, Sanchirico JN, Buch K, Box S, Stoffle RW, Gill AB (2006) Fishing, trophic cascades, and the process of grazing on coral reefs. Science 311:98–101

Murawski SA (1991) Can we manage our multispecies fisheries? Fisheries 16:5–13

Murawski SA, Methot R, Tromble G (2007) Biodiversity loss in the ocean: how bad is it? Science 316:1281

Murawski SA, Steele JH, Taylor P, Fogarty MJ, Sissenwine MP, Ford M, Suchman C (2010) Why compare marine ecosystems? ICES J Mar Sci 67:1–9

Myers RA, Barrowman NJ (1996) Is fish recruitment related to spawner abundance? Fish Bull 94:707–724

Myers RA, Worm B (2003) Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities. Nature 423:280–283

Myers RA, Barrowman NJ, Hutchings JA, Rosenberg AA (1995) Population dynamics of exploited fish stocks at low population levels. Science 269:1106–1108

Myers RA, Mertz G, Fowlow PS (1997) Maximum population growth rates and recovery times for Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Fish Bull 95:762–772

Myers RA, Bowen KG, Barrowman NJ (1999) Maximum reproductive rate of fish at low population sizes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 56:2404–2419

Myers RA, Barrowman NJ, Hilborn R, Kehler DG (2002) Inferring Bayesian priors with limited direct data: applications to risk analysis. North Am J Fish Manag 22:351–364

Myers RA, Baum JK, Shepherd TD, Powers SP, Peterson CH (2007) Cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean. Science 315:1846–1850

Nash RDM, Dickey-Collas M, Kell LT (2009) Stock and recruitment in North Sea herring (Clupea harengus); compensation and depensation in the population dynamics. Fish Res 95:88–97

NRC (2002) Effects of trawling and dredging on seafloor habitat/Committee on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing: phase 1—effects of bottom trawling on seafloor habitats. National Academy Press, Washington

NRC (2003) Decline of the Steller sea lion in Alaskan waters: untangling food webs and fishing nets. National Academies Press, Washington

O’Driscoll RL, Clark MR (2005) Quantifying the relative intensity of fishing on New Zealand seamounts. NZ J Mar Freshwat Res 39:839–850

Oguz T, Gilbert D (2007) Abrupt transitions of the top-down controlled Black Sea pelagic ecosystem during 1960–2000: evidence for regime-shifts under strong fishery exploitation and nutrient enrichment modulated by climate-induced variations. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 54:220–242

Ostrom E, Burger J, Field CB, Norgaard RB, Policansky D (1999) Revisiting the commons: local lessons, global challenges. Science 284:278–282

Overholtz WJ, Tyler AV (1986) An exploratory simulation model of competition and predation in a demersal fish assemblage on Georges Bank. Trans Am Fish Soc 115:805–817

Paine RT (1966) Food web complexity and species diversity. Am Nat 100:65–75

Paine RT (1969) The Pisaster-Tegula interaction: prey patches, predator food preference, and intertidal community structure. Ecology 50:950–961

Pandolfi JM, Jackson JBC, Baron N, Bradbury RH, Guzman HM, Hughes TP, Kappel CV, Micheli F, Ogden JC, Possingham HP, Sala E (2005) Are U.S. coral reefs on the slippery slope to slime? Science 307:1725–1726

Pauly D, Christensen V, Dalsgaard J, Froese R, Torres FJ (1998) Fishing down marine food webs. Science 279:860–863

Peterson CH, Summerson HC (1992) Basin-scale coherence of population dynamics of an exploited marine invertebrate, the bay scallop: implications of recruitment limitation. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 90:257–272

Pikitch EK, Santora C, Babcock EA, Bakun A, Bonfil R, Conover DO, Dayton P, Doukakis P, Fluharty D, Heneman B, Houde ED, Link J, Livingston PA, Mangel M, McAllister MK, Pope J, Sainsbury KJ (2004) Ecosystem-based fishery management. Science 305:346–347

Pine WE III, Martell SJD, Walters CJ, Kitchell JF (2009) Counterintuitive responses of fish populations to management actions: some common causes and implications for predictions based on ecosystem modeling. Fisheries 34(4):165–180

Pinnegar JK, Polunin NVC, Francour P, Badalamenti F, Chemello R, Harmelin-Vivien M-L, Hereu B, Milazzo M, Zabalo M, D’Anna G, Pipitone C (2000) Trophic cascades in benthic marine ecosystems: lessons for fisheries and protected-area management. Environ Conserv 27:179–200

Polis GA, Strong DR (1996) Food web complexity and community dynamics. Am Nat 147:813–846

Post JR, Parkinson EA, Johnston NT (1999) Density-dependent processes in structured fish populations: interaction strengths in whole-lake experiments. Ecol Monogr 69:155–175

Post JR, Sullivan M, Cox S, Lester NP, Walters CJ, Parkinson EA, Paul AJ, Jackson L, Shuter BJ (2002) Canada’s recreational fisheries: the invisible collapse? Fisheries 27(1):6–17

Power ME, Tilman D, Estes JA, Menge BA, Bond WL, Mills LS, Daily G, Castilla JC, Lubchenco J, Paine RT (1996) Challenges in the quest for keystones. Bioscience 46:609–620

Punt AE, Hilborn R (1997) Fisheries stock assessment and decision analysis: the Bayesian approach. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 7:35–63

Purcell JE, Arai MN (2001) Interactions of pelagic cnidarians and ctenophores with fish: a review. Hydrobiologia 451:27–44

Purcell JE, Uye S, Lo WT (2007) Anthropogenic causes of jellyfish blooms and their direct consequences for humans: a review. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 350:153–174

Quinn TJ II, Deriso RB (1999) Quantitative fish dynamics. Oxford University Press, New York

Radovich J (1976) Catch-per-unit-of-effort: fact, fiction, or dogma. Cal Coop Ocean Fish 18:31–33

Radovich J (1982) The collapse of the California sardine fishery: what have we learned? Cal Coop Ocean Fish 23:56–78

Ricard D, Minto C, Baum JK, Jensen OP (2012) Assessing the stock assessment knowledge base and status of marine fisheries with the new RAM Legacy database. Fish Fish doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00435.x

Ricker WE (1954) Stock and recruitment. J Fish Res Board Can 11:559–623

Rindorf A, Wanless S, Harris MP (2000) Effects of changes in sandeel availability on the reproductive output of seabirds. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 202:241–252

Rose GA, Kulka DW (1999) Hyperaggregation of fish and fisheries: how catch-per-unit-effort increased as the northern cod (Gadus morhua) declined. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 56(Suppl):118–127

Rose GA, Leggett WC (1991) Effects of biomass-range interactions on catchability of migratory demersal fish by mobile fisheries: an example of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 48:843–848

Russ GR (1985) Effects of protective management on coral reef fishes in the central Philippines. In: Proceedings of the 6th international coral reef symposium, vol 4, pp 219–224

Ruzzante DE, Mariani S, Bekkevold D, Andre C, Mosegaard H, Clausen LAW, Dahlgren TG, Hutchinson WF, Hatfield EMC, Torstensen E, Brigham J, Simmonds EJ, Laikre L, Larsson LC, Stet RJM, Ryman N, Carvalho GR (2006) Biocomplexity in a highly migratory pelagic marine fish, Atlantic herring. Proc Biol Sci 69:1459–1464

Salomon AK, Shears NT, Langlois TJ, Babcock RC (2008) Cascading effects of fishing can alter carbon flow through a temperate coastal ecosystem. Ecol Appl 18:1874–1887

Sandin SA, Smith JE, DeMartini EE, Dinsdale EA, Donner SD, Friedlander AM, Konotchick T, Malay M, Maragos JE, Obura D, Pantos O, Paulay G, Richie M, Rohwer F, Schroeder RE, Walsh S, Jackson JBC, Knowlton N, Sala E (2008) Baselines and degradation of coral reefs in the Northern Line Islands. PLoS One 3:e1548

Schaaf WE (1980) An analysis of the dynamic population response of the Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, to an intensive fishery. Rapp P-v Réun Cons Int Explor Mer 177:243–251

Schaefer MB (1954) Some aspects of the dynamics of the population important to the management of the commercial marine fisheries. Bull I-ATTC 1:25–56

Scheffer M, Carpenter S, Foley JA, Folke C, Walker B (2001) Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413:591–596

Schindler DW (1998) Replication versus realism: the need for ecosystem-scale experiments. Ecosystems 1:323–334

Schindler DE, Hilborn R, Chasco B, Boatright CP, Quinn TP, Rogers LA, Webster MS (2010) Population diversity and the portfolio effect in an exploited species. Nature 465:609–613

Schneider DC, Methven DA, Dalley EL (1997) Geographic contraction in juvenile fish: a test with northern cod (Gadus morhua) at low abundances. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54(suppl 1):187–199

Schrank WE (2005) The Newfoundland fishery: ten years after the moratorium. Mar Pol 29:407–420

Schwartzlose RA, Alheit J, Bakun A, Baumgartner TR, Cloete R, Crawford RJM, Fletcher WJ, Green-Ruiz Y, Hagen E, Kawasaki T, Lluch-Belda D, Lluch-Cota SE, MacCall AD, Matsuura Y, Nevarez-Martinez MO, Parrish RH, Roy C, Serra R, Shust KV, Ward MN, Zuzunaga JZ (1999) Worldwide large-scale fluctuations of sardine and anchovy populations. S Afr J Mar Sci 21:289–347

Scott A (1955) The fishery: the objectives of sole ownership. J Polit Econ 63:116–124

Sethi SA, Branch TA, Watson R (2010) Fishery development patterns are driven by profit but not trophic level. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107:12163–12167

Shackell NL, Frank KT, Brickman DW (2005) Range contraction may not always predict core areas: an example from marine fish. Ecol Appl 15:1440–1449

Shears NT, Babcock RC (2002) Marine reserves demonstrate top-down control of community structure on temperate reefs. Oecologia 132:131–142

Shears NT, Babcock RC, Salomon AK (2008) Context-dependent effects of fishing: variation in trophic cascades across environmental gradients. Ecol Appl 18:1860–1873

Sherman K, Jones C, Sullivan L, Smith W, Berrien P, Ejsymont L (1981) Congruent shifts in sand eel abundance in western and eastern North Atlantic ecosystems. Nature 291:486–489

Sibert J, Hampton J, Kleiber P, Maunder M (2006) Biomass, size, and trophic status of top predators in the Pacific Ocean. Science 314:1773–1776

Sibly R, Barker D, Denham M, Hone J, Pagel M (2005) On the regulation of populations of mammals, birds, fish, and insects. Science 309:607–610

Simenstad CA, Estes JA, Kenyon KW (1978) Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable-state communities. Science 200:403–411

Sutherland WJ, Adams WM, Aronson RB, Aveling R, Blackburn TM, Broad S, Ceballos G, Côté IM, Cowling RM, Da Fonseca GAB, Dinerstein E, Ferraro PJ, Fleishman E, Gascon C, Hunter M Jr, Hutton J, Kareiva P, Kuria A, MacDonald DW, MacKinnon K, Madgwick FJ, Mascia MB, McNeely J, Milner-Gulland EJ, Moon S, Morley CG, Nelson S, Osborn D, Pai M, Parsons ECM, Peck LS, Possingham H, Prior SV, Pullin AS, Rands MRW, Ranganathan J, Redford KH, Rodriguez JP, Seymour F, Sobel J, Sodhi NS, Stott A, Vance-Borland K, Watkinson AR (2009) One hundred questions of importance to the conservation of global biological diversity. Conserv Biol 23:557–567

Sweatman H (2008) No-take reserves protect coral reefs from predatory starfish. Curr Biol 18:R598–R599

Tilman D, Lehman CL, Bristow CE (1998) Diversity–stability relationships: statistical inevitability or ecological consequence? Am Nat 151:277–282

Trites AW, Donnelly CP (2003) The decline of Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus in Alaska: a review of the nutritional stress hypothesis. Mamm Rev 33:3–28

Utne-Palm AC, Salvanes AGV, Currie B, Kaartvedt S, Nilsson GE, Braithwaite VA, Stecyk JAW, Hundt M, van der Bank M, Flynn B, Sandvik GK, Klevjer TA, Sweetman AK, Brüchert V, Pittman K, Peard KR, Lunde IG, Strandabø RAU, Gibbons MJ (2010) Trophic structure and community stability in an overfished ecosystem. Science 329:333–336

Walters CJ (1986) Adaptive management of renewable resources. Macmillan, New York

Walters CJ (2007) Is adaptive management helping to solve fisheries problems? Ambio 36:304–307

Walters C, Kitchell JF (2001) Cultivation/depensation effects on juvenile survival and recruitment: implications for the theory of fishing. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 58:39–50

Walters CJ, Martell SJD (2004) Fisheries ecology and management. Princeton University Press, Princeton

Walters CJ, Collie JS, Webb T (1988) Experimental design for estimating transient responses to management disturbances. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 45:530–538

Walters CJ, Christensen V, Martell SJ, Kitchell JF (2005) Possible ecosystem impacts of applying MSY policies from single-species assessment. ICES J Mar Sci 62:558–568

Walters CJ, Hilborn R, Christensen V (2008) Surplus production dynamics in declining and recovering fish populations. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 65:2536–2551

Ward P, Myers RA (2005) Shifts in open-ocean fish communities coinciding with the commencement of commercial fishing. Ecology 86:835–847

Wilberg MJ, Miller TJ (2007) Comment on “Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services”. Science 316:1285b

Winters GH, Wheeler JP (1985) Interaction between stock area, stock abundance, and catchability coefficient. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 42:989–998

Worm B, Myers RA (2003) Meta-analysis of cod–shrimp interactions reveals top-down control in oceanic food webs. Ecology 84:162–173

Worm B, Barbier EB, Beaumont N, Duffy JE, Folke C, Halpern BS, Jackson JBC, Lotze HK, Micheli F, Palumbi SR, Sala E, Selkoe KA, Stachowicz JJ, Watson R (2006) Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 314:787–790

Worm B, Hilborn R, Baum JK, Branch TA, Collie JS, Costello C, Fogarty MJ, Fulton EA, Hutchings JA, Jennings S, Jensen OP, Lotze HK, Mace PM, McClanahan TR, Minto C, Palumbi SR, Parma AM, Ricard D, Rosenberg AA, Watson R, Zeller D (2009) Rebuilding global fisheries. Science 325:578–585

Zaitsev YI, Mamaev V (1997) Marine biological diversity in the Black Sea. UN Publications, New York

Zhou S (2007) Discriminating alternative stock–recruitment models and evaluating uncertainty in model structure. Fish Res 86:268–279