Marine Triassic faunas of North America: Their significance for assessing plate and terrane movements

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 71 Số 3 - Trang 1077-1104 - 1982
E. T. Tozer1
1Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Armstrong, J. E.: Fort St. James map-area, Cassiar and Coast Districts, British Columbia. Geol. Surv. Canada Mem. 252, 1949.

Berg, H. C.: Geology of Gravina Island, Alaska. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1373, 1973.

Burchfiel, B. C.: Tectonics of noncollisional regimes. The modern Andes and the Mesozoic Cordilleran orogen of the western United States. In: Continental Tectonics, Studies in Geophysics, Nat. Acad. Sci. Washington: 65–72, 1980.

Burckhardt, C.: Etude synthétique sur le Mésozoique mexicain. Mém. Soc. Pal. Suisse, 49 (4), 1930.

Burke, D. B. &Silberling, N. J.: The Auld Land Syne Group, of Late Triassic and Jurassic (?) age, north-central Nevada. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1394 E, 1973.

Cairnes, C. E.: Slocan mining camp, British Columbia. Geol. Surv. Canada Mem. 173, 1934.

Cameron, B. E. B. &Monger, J. W. H.: Middle Triassic conodonts from the Fergusson Group, northeastern Pemberton map-area, British Columbia. Geol. Surv. Canada Pap. 71-1 B: 94–96, 1971.

Chao, King-Koo: Lower Triassic ammonoids from western Kwangsi, China. Pal. Sinica, n. ser. B, 9, whole ser. 145, 1959.

Churkin, M. Jr.: Western boundary of the North American continental plate in Asia. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 83: 1027–1036, 1972.

— &Trexler, J. H.: Continental plates and accreted oceanic terranes in the Arctic. In: “The Ocean Basins and Margins”, A. E. M. Nairn, M. Churkin Jr. & F. G. Stehli Eds., 5, The Arctic Ocean, Plenum Press, New York & London: 1–20, 1981.

Clapp, C. H. &Shimer, H. W.: The Sutton Jurassic of the Vancouver Group, Vancouver Island. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 34 (12): 425–438, 1911.

Coney, P. J., Jones, D. L. &Monger, J. W. H.: Cordilleran suspect terranes. Nature, 288: 328–333, 1980.

Danner, W. T.: Limestone resources of southwestern British Columbia. Montana Bur. Mines & Geol., Special publ. 74: 171–185, 1976.

Davis, G. A., Monger, J. W. H. &Burchfiel, B. C.: Mesozoic construction of the Cordilleran “ collage”, central British Columbia to central California. Pacific Coast Paleography symposium 2, Soc. Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Los Angeles: 1–32, 1978.

De Cserna, G. A.: Fauna fósil de la Formación Santa Clara (Cárnico) del Estado de Sonora. Pal. Mexicana, 11 (3), 1961.

Dickinson, W. R.: Paleozoic plate tectonics and the evolution of the Cordilleran continental margin. Pacific Coast Paleogeography symposium 1, Soc. Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Los Angeles: 137–155, 1977.

—: Mesozoic forearc basin in central Oregon, Geology, 7: 166–170, 1979.

Diener, C.: The Trias of the Himalayas. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, 36 (3), 1912.

Donovan, D. T.: History of the North Atlantic Ocean. Meddr. Grønland, 168 (3): 31–33, 1972.

Eisbacher, G. H., Carrigy, M. A. &Campbell, R. B.: Paleodrainage patterns and lateorogenic basins of the Canadian Cordillera. Soc. Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Spec. Pap. 22: 143–166, 1974.

Eisbacher, G. H. &Gabrielse, H.: The molasse facies of the Columbian orogen. Geol. Rundschau, 64 (1): 85–100, 1975.

Fabricius, F., Friedrichsen, H. &Jacobshagen, V.: Palaotemperaturen und Palaoklima in Obertrias und Lias der Alpen. Geol. Rundschau, 59 (2): 805–826, 1970.

Finch, J. W. &Abbott, P. L.: Petrology of a Triassic marine section, Vizcaino Peninsula, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Sedimentary Geology, 19: 253–273, 1977.

Freeland, G. L. &Dietz, R. S.: Rotation history of Alaskan tectonic blocks. Tectonophysics, 18: 379–389, 1973.

Fujita, K.: Pre-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of northeast Siberia. J. Geol., 86: 159–172, 1978.

Gabb, W. M.: Descriptions of some Secondary fossils from the Pacific States. Am. J. Conchology, 5: 5–18, 1870.

Gabrielse, H.: McDame map-area, Cassiar District, British Columbia. Geol. Surv. Canada Mem. 319, 1963.

Gansser, A.: Geology of the Himalayas. Interscience, London, New York, Sydney, 1964.

Gibson, D. W.: Triassic rocks of the Rocky Mountain foothills and front ranges of north-eastern British Columbia and west-central Alberta. Geol. Surv. Canada Bull. 247, 1975.

Grant-Mackie, J. A.: Mode of life and adaptive evolution in the cosmopolitan Triassic bivalveMonotis. J. Malacological Soc. Australia, 4 (4): 242–243, 1980.

Gruber, B.: Neue Ergebnisse auf dem Gebiete der Ökologie, Stratigraphie und Phylogenie der Halobien (Bivalvia). Mitt. Ges. Geol. Bergbaust. Österreich, 23: 181–198, 1976.

Hamilton, W.: Continental drift in Eastern Asia and Alaska. Tectonophysics, 4: 569, 1967.

—: The Uralides and the motion of the Russian and Siberian platforms. Geol. Soc. Amer., Bull., 81: 2553–2576, 1970.

—: Complexities of modern and ancient subduction zones. In: Continental Tectonics, Studies in Geophysics, Nat. Acad. Sci. Washington: 33–49, 1980.

Hayami, I.: Notes on Mesozoic “planktonic” bivalves. J. Geol. Soc. Japan, 75 (7): 375–385, 1969.

Hillhouse, J. W.: Paleomagnetism of the Triassic Nikolai greenstone, McCarthy quadrangle, Alaska. Canadian J. Earth Sci., 14: 2578–2592, 1977.

Hillhouse, J. W. &Grommé, C. S.: Paleomagnetism of the Triassic Hound Island volcanics, Alexander terrane, southeastern Alaska. J. Geophysical Research, 85 (B 5): 2594–2602, 1980.

Hughes, T.: The case for the creation of the north Pacific ocean during the Mesozoic era. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 18: 1–43, 1975.

Imlay, R. W. &Detterman, R. L.: Some Lower and Middle Jurassic beds in Puale Bay-Alinchak Bay area, Alaska Peninsula. Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 61 (4): 607–611, 1977.

Irving, E.: Drift of the major continental blocks since the Devonian. Nature, 270: 304–309, 1977.

Jeletzky, J. A.: Mesozoic and? Tertiary rocks of Quatsino Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Geol. Surv. Canada Bull. 242, 1976.

Jenkyns, H. C.: Tethys: past and present. Proc. Geologists' Ass., 91: 107–118, 1980.

Jones, D. L. &Silberling, N. J.: Mesozoic stratigraphy — the key to tectonic analysis of southern and central Alaska. U. S. Geol. Surv., Open-file report 79–1200, 1979.

Jones, D. L.,Silberling, N. J.,Csejtey, B.,Nelson, W. H. &Blome, C. D.: Age and structural significance of ophiolite and adjoining rocks in the Upper Chulitna District, south-central Alaska. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 1121-A, 1980.

Jones, D. L., Silberling, N. J. &Hillhouse, J. W.: Wrangellia — a displaced terrane in northwestern North America. Canadian J. Earth Sci., 14: 2565–2577, 1977.

King, P. B.: The evolution of North America, Revised edition, Princeton University Press, 1977.

King, R. E.: Geological reconnaissance in northern Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 50: 1625–1722, 1939.

Kozur, H.: Faunenprovinzen in der Trias und ihre Bedeutung für die Klärung der Palaographie. Geol. Palaont. Mitt. Innsbruck, 3 (8): 1–41, 1973.

Kristan-Tollmann, E. &Tollmann, A.: Die Stellung der Tethys in der Trias und die Herkunft ihrer Fauna. Mitt. österr. geol. Ges. 74/75: 129–135, 1981.

Kuenzi, W. D.: Early Triassic (Scythian) ammonoids from northeastern Washington. J. Paleontol., 39: 365–378, 1965.

Kummel, B.: Ammonoids of the late Scythian (Lower Triassic). Bull. Museum Comparative Zoology, 137 (3): 311–702, 1969.

—: Lower Triassic (Scythian) molluscs. In: Atlas of palaeobiogeography, A. Hallam Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, London, New York: 225–233, 1973.

Lees, E. J.: Geology of the Laberge area, Yukon. Trans. Royal Canadian Inst., 20 (1): 1–48, 1934.

McGeary, S. E. &Ben-Avraham, Z.: Allochthonous terranes in Alaska: implications for the structure and evolution of the Bering Sea shelf. Geology, 9: 608–614, 1981.

McLearn, F. H.: The Neo-TriassicCassianella fauna of Tyaughton Creek valley, B. C. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 56 (7): 99–103, 1942.

Melville, R.: Continental drift, Mesozoic continents and the migrations of the Angiosperms. Nature, 211: 116–120, 1966.

Monger, J. W. H.: The Triassic Takla Group in McConnell Creek map-area, north-central British Columbia. Geol. Surv. Canada Paper 76–29, 1977 a.

—: Upper Paleozoic rocks of the western Canadian Cordillera and their bearing on Cordilleran evolution. Canadian J. Earth Sci., 14: 1832–1859, 1977 b.

Monger, J. W. H. &Irving, E.: Northward displacement of north-central British Columbia. Nature, 285: 289–294, 1980.

Monger, J. W. H. &Price, R. A.: Geodynamic evolution of the Canadian Cordillera — progress and problems. Canadian J. Earth Sci., 16: 770–791, 1979.

Monger, J. W. H., Price, R. A. &Tempelman-Kluit, D.: Tectonic accretion and the origin of the two major metamorphic and plutonic welts in the Canadian Cordillera. Geology, 10: 70–75, 1982.

Monger, J. W. H. &Ross, C. A.: Distribution of fusulinaceans in the western Canadian Cordillera. Canadian J. Earth Sci., 8: 259–278, 1971.

Muffler, L. P. J.: Stratigraphy of the Keku Islets and neighbouring parts of Kuiu and Kupreanof Islands, southeastern Alaska. U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 1241-C, 1967.

Muller, J. E.,Northcote, K. E. & Carlisle, D.: Geology and mineral deposits of Alert Bay-Cape Scott map-area, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Geol. Surv. Canada Paper 74–8, 1974.

Muller, S. W. &Ferguson, H. G.: Mesozoic stratigraphy of the Hawthorne and Tonopah quadrangles, Nevada. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 50: 1573–1624, 1939.

Nichols, K. M. &Silberling, N. J.: Stratigraphy and depositional history of the Star Peak Group (Triassic), northwestern Nevada. Geol. Soc. Amer. Special Paper 178, 1977.

- & -: Early Triassic (Smithian) ammonites of paleoequatorial affinity from the Chulitna terrane, south-central Alaska. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 1121-B, 1979.

Nur, A. &Ben-Avraham, Z.: Lost Pacifica continent. Nature, 270: 41–43, 1977.

— & —: Speculations on mountain building and the lost Pacific continent. J. Physics of the Earth, 26: S 21–37, 1978.

Okulitch, A. V. &Cameron, B. E. B.: Stratigraphic revisions of the Nicola, Cache Creek and Mount Ida groups, based on conodont collections from the western margin of the Shuswap metamorphic complex, south-central British Columbia. Canadian J. Earth Sci., 13: 44–53, 1976.

Orchard, M. J.: Triassic conodonts from the Cache Creek Group, Marble Canyon, southern British Columbia. Geol. Surv. Canada Paper 81-1 A: 357–359, 1981.

Oldow, J. S.: Triassic Pamlico Formation: an allochthonous sequence of volcanogeniccarbonate rocks in west-central Nevada. Pacific Coast Paleogeography symposium 2, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Los Angeles: 223–235, 1978.

Panuska, B. C. &Stone, D. B.: Late Palaeozoic palaeomagnetic data for Wrangellia: resolution of the polarity ambiguity. Nature, 293: 561–563, 1981.

Patton, W. W. &Dutro, J. T.: Preliminary report on the Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary sequence on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 650-D: 138–143, 1970.

Petryk, A. A.: Mesozoic and Tertiary stratigraphy at Lake Hazen, northern Ellesmere Island. Geol. Surv. Canada Paper 68–17, 1969.

Rangin, C.: Speculative model of Mesozoic geodynamics, central Baja California to northeastern Sonora (Mexico). Pacific Coast Paleogeography symposium 2. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Los Angeles: 85–106, 1978

Sengor, A. M. C., Yilmaz, Y. &Ketin, I.: Remnants of a pre-Late Jurassic ocean in northern Turkey: fragments of Permian-Triassic paleotethys? Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 91: 599–609, 1980.

Shields, O.: Evidence for initial opening of the Pacific Ocean in the Jurassic. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 26: 181–220, 1979.

Silberling, N. J.: “Trachyceras Zone” in the Upper Triassic of the western United States. J. Paleontol., 30: 1147–1153, 1956.

—: Stratigraphic distribution of Middle Triassic ammonites at Fossil Hill, Humboldt Range, Nevada. J. Paleontol., 36: 153–160, 1962.

—: Biostratigraphy of marine Triassic in northern Alaska. American Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 54: 2504, 1970.

—: Geologic events during Permian-Triassic time along the Pacific margin of the United States. Canadian Soc. Petrol. Geol. Mem. 4: 345–362, 1973.

Silberling, N. J. &Roberts, R. J.: Pre-Tertiary stratigraphy and structure of north-western Nevada. Geol. Soc. Amer. Special Paper 72, 1962.

Silberling, N. J. &Tozer, E. T.: Biostratigraphic classification of the marine Triassic in North America. Geol. Soc. Amer. Special Paper 110, 1968.

Silberling, N. J &Wallace, R. E.: Stratigraphy of the Star Peak Group (Triassic) and overlying lower Mesozoic rocks Humboldt Range, Nevada, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 592, 1969.

Skwarko, S. K.: Middle and Upper Triassic mollusca from Yuat River, eastern New Guinea. Bureau Mineral Resources, Geol. & Geophysics, Canberra, Bull. 126: 27–50, 1973.

Smith, J. P.: Upper Triassic marine invertebrate faunas of North America. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 141, 1927.

-: Lower Triassic ammonoids of North America. U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 167, 1932.

Souther, J. G.: Volcanism and tectonic environments in the Canadian Cordillera — a second look. Geol. Ass. Canada Special Paper 16: 3–24, 1977.

Speed, R. C.: Collided Paleozoic microplate in the western United States. J. Geol., 87: 279–292, 1979.

Stanley, G. D.: Paleoecology, structure and distribution of Triassic coral buildups in western North America. Univ. Kansas Paleont. Contribution 5, 1979.

—: Early history of scleractinian corals and its geological consequences. Geology, 9: 507–511, 1981.

Stauber, H.: Die Triasablagerungen von Ostgrönland. Meddr. Grønland, 132 (1), 1942.

Stocklin, J.: Geology of Nepal and its regional frame. J. Geol. Soc. London, 137: 1–34, 1980.

Stoneley, R.: A note on the structural evolution of Alaska. J. Geol. Soc. London, 127: 623–628, 1971.

Surdam, R. C., Susuki, T. &Carlisle, D.: Upper Triassic section on Iron River, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Geol. Soc. Amer. Special Paper 76: 226, 1964.

Sutherland Brown, A.: Geology of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. British Columbia Dept. Mines Petrol. Resources Bulletin 54, 1968.

Tatzreiter, F.: Ammonitenfauna und Stratigraphie im hoheren Nor (Alaun, Trias) der Tethys aufgrund neuer Untersuchungen in Timor. Denkschr. Österr. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 121, 1981.

Tempelman-Kluit, D.: Stratigraphy and structure of the “Keno Hill quartzite” in the Tombstone River-Upper Klondike River map-areas, Yukon Territory (116 B/7, B/8). Geol. Surv. Canada Bull. 180, 1970.

-: Transported cataclasite, ophiolite and granodiorite in Yukon: evidence of arc-continent collision. Geol. Surv. Canada Paper 74–14, 1979.

Thorsteinsson, R. &Tozer, E. T.: Geology of the Arctic Archipelago. Geol. Surv. Canada, Economic Geol. Report 1 (Fifth ed.): 547– 590, 1970.

Tipper, H. W.: Geology, Prince George, Cariboo District, British Columbia. Geol. Surv. Canada, Map 49–1960, 1961.

—: Offset of an upper Pliensbachian geographic zonation in the North American Cordillera by transcurrent movement. Canadian J. Earth Sci., 18: 1788–1792, 1981.

Tozer, E. T.: Stratigraphy of the Lewes River Group (Triassic), central Laberge area, Yukon Territory. Geol. Surv. Canada, Bull. 43, 1958.

-: Triassic stratigraphy and faunas, Queen Elizabeth Islands, Arctic Archipelago. Geol. Surv. Canada, Mem. 316, 1961.

-: A standard for Triassic time. Geol. Surv. Canada, Bull. 156, 1967.

-: Marine Triassic faunas. Geol. Surv. Canada, Economic Geol. Report 1 (Fifth edition): 633–640, 1970.

—: Triassic time and ammonoids: problems and proposals. Canadian J. Earth Sci., 8: 989–1031, 1971.

—: Review of the Lower Triassic ammonoid succession and its bearing on chronostrati-graphic nomenclature. Österr. Akad. Wiss., Schrift. Erdwissenschaftlichen Komm. 4: 21–36, 1978.

—: Latest Triassic (Upper Norian) ammonoid andMonotis faunas and correlations. Riv. Ital. Paleont. 85 (3–4): 843–876, 1980.

-: Triassic Ammonoidea: geographic and stratigraphic distribution. In: “The Ammonoidea”, M. R. House & J. R. Senior Editors, Systematics Association Special vol. 18: 397–431, 1981.

Tozer, E. T. &Thorsteinsson, R.: Western Queen Elizabeth Islands, Arctic Archipelago. Geol. Surv. Canada Mem. 332, 1964.

Travers, W. B.: Overturned Nicola and Ashcroft strata and their relation to the Cache Creek Group, southwestern intermontane belt, British Columbia. Canadian J. Earth Sci., 15: 99–116, 1978.

Trettin, H. P.: Permian rocks of the Cache Creek Group in the Marble Range, Clinton area, British Columbia Geol. Surv. Canada Paper 79–17, 1980.

Trümpy, R.: Triassic of East Greenland. In G. O. Raasch, Ed., Geology of the Arctic, 1, University of Toronto Press: 248–254, 1961.

Vereshchagin, V. N. &Ronov, A. B. (Editors): Atlas of the lithological - paleogeographical maps of the U. S. S. R., 3, Triassic, Jurassic & Cretaceous. Ministry of Geol. & Acad. Sci. U. S. S. R., 1968.

Wang Yi-Gang, Chen Chu-Chen, He Guo-Xiong &Chen Jin-Hua: An outline of the marine Triassic in China. I. U. G. S. Publication 7, 1981.

Wardlaw, B. R. &Jones, D. L.: Triassic conodonts from eugeoclinal rocks of western North America and their tectonic significance. Riv. Ital. Paleont. 85 (3–4): 895–908, 1980.

Westermann, G. E. G.: The late Triassic bivalveMonotis. In: “Atlas of Palaeobiogeography”, A. Hallam Editor, Elsevier, Amsterdam, London, New York: 251–258, 1973.

Whetten, J. T., Jones, D. L., Cowan, D. S. &Zartman, R. E.: Ages of Mesozoic terranes in the San Juan Islands, Washington. Pacific Coast Paleogeography Symposium 2. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Los Angeles: 117–132, 1978.

Yancey, T. E.: Permian positions of the northern hemisphere continents as determined from marine biotic provinces. In: “Historical Biogeography, Plate Tectonics and the Changing Environment”, Jane Gray and A. J. Boucot Editors, Oregon State University Press: 239–247, 1979.

Yole, R. W. &Irving, E.: Displacement of Vancouver Island: paleomagnetic evidence from the Karmutsen Formation. Canadian J. Earth Sci., 17: 1210–1228, 1980.

Zacharov, Yu. D.: The importance of palaeobiogeographical data for the solution of the problem of the Lower Triassic division. Österr. Akad. Wiss. Schrift. Erdwissenschaftlichen Komm., 2: 237–243, 1974.

Zacharov, Yu. D., Naidin, D. P. &Teiss, R. V.: Oxygen isotopic composition of the Lower Triassic cephalopod shells from Arctic Siberia and salinity of boreal basins in early Mesozoic. Proc. U.S.S.R. Acad. Sci. Geol. ser. 4 (1975): 101–113, 1975 (In Russian).