Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm

Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) - Tập 21 Số 4 - Trang 163-169 - 1987
William E. Lorensen1, H. E. Cline1
1General Electric Company, Schenectady, NY

Tóm tắt

We present a new algorithm, called marching cubes , that creates triangle models of constant density surfaces from 3D medical data. Using a divide-and-conquer approach to generate inter-slice connectivity, we create a case table that defines triangle topology. The algorithm processes the 3D medical data in scan-line order and calculates triangle vertices using linear interpolation. We find the gradient of the original data, normalize it, and use it as a basis for shading the models. The detail in images produced from the generated surface models is the result of maintaining the inter-slice connectivity, surface data, and gradient information present in the original 3D data. Results from computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) illustrate the quality and functionality of marching cubes . We also discuss improvements that decrease processing time and add solid modeling capabilities.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Artzy , E. , Frieder , G. , and Herman , G.T. The Theory , Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Surface Detection Algorithm. Comptlter Graphics and Ima~,,e Processinj ,, 15 , 1 ( January 1981 ), 1-24. Artzy, E., Frieder, G., and Herman, G.T. The Theory, Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Surface Detection Algorithm. Comptlter Graphics and Ima~,,e Processinj,, 15, 1 (January 1981), 1-24.

Barillot , C. , Gibaud , B. , Scarabin , J. , and Coatrieux , J. 3D Reconstruction of Cerebral Blood Vessels. IEEE Comlmwr Graphk's attd Applk'ations 5 , 12 ( December 1985 ), 13-19. Barillot, C., Gibaud, B., Scarabin, J., and Coatrieux, J. 3D Reconstruction of Cerebral Blood Vessels. IEEE Comlmwr Graphk's attd Applk'ations 5, 12 (December 1985), 13-19.

Bates , R. H. , Garden , K. L. , and Peters , T. M. Overview of Computerized Tomography with Emphasis on Future Developments. Proc. of the IEEE 71 , 3 ( March 1983 ), 356-372. Bates, R. H., Garden, K. L., and Peters, T. M. Overview of Computerized Tomography with Emphasis on Future Developments. Proc. of the IEEE 71, 3 (March 1983), 356-372.

10.1109/PROC.1983.12593

10.1109/MCG.1984.6429351

Burk , D. L. , Mears , D. C. , Kennedy , W. H. , Cooperstein , L. A. , and Herbert , D. L. Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography of Acetabula Fractures. Radiology 155 , 1 ( 1985 ), 183-186. Burk, D. L., Mears, D. C., Kennedy, W. H., Cooperstein, L. A., and Herbert, D. L. Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography of Acetabula Fractures. Radiology 155, 1 (1985), 183-186.

10.1109/MCG.1985.276388

10.1145/965139.807388

Cline , H. E. , Dumoulin , C. L. , Lorensen , W. E. , Hart , H. R. , and Ludke , S . 3D Reconstruction of the Brain from Magnetic Resonance Images. Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( 1987 , to appear). Cline, H. E., Dumoulin, C. L., Lorensen, W. E., Hart, H. R., and Ludke, S. 3D Reconstruction of the Brain from Magnetic Resonance Images. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (1987, to appear).

Cline , H. E. , Lorensen , W. E. , Ludke , S ,, Crawford , C. R. , and Teeter , B. C . High-Resolution Three- Dimensional Reconstruction of Tomograms. Medical Physics ( 1987 , to appear). Cline, H. E., Lorensen, W. E., Ludke, S,, Crawford, C. R., and Teeter, B. C. High-Resolution Three- Dimensional Reconstruction of Tomograms. Medical Physics (1987, to appear).

Cook , L. T. , Dwyer , S. J. , Batnitzky , S. , and Lee , K. R. A Three-Dimensional Display System for Diagnostic Imaging Applications. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 3 , 5 ( August 1983 ), 13-19. Cook, L. T., Dwyer, S. J., Batnitzky, S., and Lee, K. R. A Three-Dimensional Display System for Diagnostic Imaging Applications. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 3, 5 (August 1983), 13-19.

Farrell , E. J. Color Display and Interactive Interpretation of Three-Dimensional Data. IBM J. Res. Develop 27 , 4 ( July 1983 ), 356-366. Farrell, E. J. Color Display and Interactive Interpretation of Three-Dimensional Data. IBM J. Res. Develop 27, 4 (July 1983), 356-366.

10.1109/MCG.1984.275989

10.1145/359842.359846

Gordon , D. and Reynolds , R. A. Image Space Shading of 3- Dimensional Objects. Computer Graphics and Image Processing 29 , 3 ( March 1985 ), 361-376. Gordon, D. and Reynolds, R. A. Image Space Shading of 3-Dimensional Objects. Computer Graphics and Image Processing 29, 3 (March 1985), 361-376.

10.1148/radiology.157.3.4059560

Hemmy , D. C. , David , D. J. , and Herman , G. T. Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Craniofacial Deformity Using Computed Tomography. Neurosurgery 13 , 5 ( November 1983 ), 534-541. Hemmy, D. C., David, D. J., and Herman, G. T. Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Craniofacial Deformity Using Computed Tomography. Neurosurgery 13, 5 (November 1983), 534-541.

Hemmy , D. C. and Tessier , P. L. CT of Dry Skulls with Craniofacial Deformities: Accuracy of Three- Dimensional Reconstruction. Radiology 157 , 1 ( October 1985 ), 113-116. Hemmy, D. C. and Tessier, P. L. CT of Dry Skulls with Craniofacial Deformities: Accuracy of Three- Dimensional Reconstruction. Radiology 157, 1 (October 1985), 113-116.

10.1109/MCG.1983.263213

Hinshaw , W. S. and Lent , A. H. An Introduction to NMR Imaging : From the Bloch Equation to the Imaging Equation. Proc. of the IEEE 71 , 3 ( March 1983 ), 338-350. Hinshaw, W. S. and Lent, A. H. An Introduction to NMR Imaging: From the Bloch Equation to the Imaging Equation. Proc. of the IEEE 71, 3 (March 1983), 338-350.

10.1148/radiology.155.3.4001378

10.1109/TMI.1986.4307738

10.1147/rd.191.0002

Knoll , G. F. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography. Proc. of the IEEE 71 , 3 ( March 1983 ), 320-329. Knoll, G. F. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography. Proc. of the IEEE 71, 3 (March 1983), 320-329.

10.1016/0146-664X(82)90104-6

Robb , R. A. , Hoffman , E. A. , Sinak , L. J. , Harris , L. D. , and Ritman , E. L. High-Speed Three-Dimensional X-Ray Computed Tomography: The Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor. Proc. of the IEEE 71 , 3 ( March 1983 ), 308-319. Robb, R. A., Hoffman, E. A., Sinak, L. J., Harris, L. D., and Ritman, E. L. High-Speed Three-Dimensional X-Ray Computed Tomography: The Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor. Proc. of the IEEE 71, 3 (March 1983), 308-319.

10.1145/965139.807390

10.1145/360767.360802

10.1109/TMI.1986.4307755

Udupa , J. K. Interactive Segmentation and Boundary Surface Formation for 3- D Digital Images. Computer Graphics and Image Processing 18 , 3 ( March 1982 ), 213-235. Udupa, J. K. Interactive Segmentation and Boundary Surface Formation for 3-D Digital Images. Computer Graphics and Image Processing 18, 3 (March 1982), 213-235.

Vannier , M. W. , Marsh , J. L. , and Warren , J. O. Three Dimensional CT Reconstruction Images for Craniofacial Surgical Planning and Evaluation. Radiology 150 , 1 ( January 1984 ), 179-184. Vannier, M. W., Marsh, J. L., and Warren, J. O. Three Dimensional CT Reconstruction Images for Craniofacial Surgical Planning and Evaluation. Radiology 150, 1 (January 1984), 179-184.

10.1109/TPAMI.1981.4767105

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)

Tập 21 Số 4

163-169

Thông tin tác giả